c



A "

 is a retail business that sells travel related products and services to customers on
behalf of suppliers such as airlines, car rentals, cruise lines, hotels, railways, sightseeing
tours and package holidays that combine several products. In addition to dealing with
ordinary tourists most travel agencies have a separate department devoted to making travel
arrangements for business travelers and some travel agencies specialize in commercial and business
travel only. There are also travel agencies that serve as general sales agents for foreign travel
companies, allowing them to have offices in countriesother than where their headquarters are located.

Operations

As the name implies, a travel agency's main function is to act as an agent, that is to say, selling travel
products and services on behalf of a supplier. Consequently, unlike other retail businesses, they do
not keep a stock in hand. A package holiday or a ticket is not purchased from a supplier unless a
customer requests that purchase. The holiday or ticket is supplied to them at a discount. The profitis
therefore the difference between the advertised price which the customer pays and the discounted
price at which it is supplied to the agent. This is known as the commission. A British travel agent
would consider a 10-12% commission as a good arrangement. In Australia, all individuals or
companies that sell tickets are required to be licensed as a travel agent.[3]

In some countries, airlines have stopped giving commission to travel agencies. Therefore, travel
agencies are now forced to charge a percentage premium or a standard flat fee, per sale. However,
some companies still give them a set percentage for selling their product. Major tour companies can
afford to do this, because if they were to sell a thousand trips at a cheaper rate, they still come out
better than if they sell a hundred trips at a higher rate. This process benefits both parties.

Other commercial operations are undertaken, especially by the larger chains. These can include the
sale of in-house insurance, travel guide books and timetables, car rentals, and the services of an on-
site Bureau de change, dealing in the most popular holiday currencies.

The majority of travel agents have felt the need to protect themselves and their clients against the
possibilities of commercial failure, either their own or a supplier's. They will advertise the fact that they
are surety bonded, meaning in the case of a failure, the customers are guaranteed either an
equivalent holiday to that which they have lost or if they prefer, a refund. Many British and American
agencies and tour operators are bonded with the International Air Transport Association (IATA),[4] for
those who issue air tickets, Air Travel Organisers' Licensing (ATOL) for those who order tickets in,
the Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) or the American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), for
those who sell package holidays on behalf of a tour company.

A travel agent is supposed to offer impartial travel advice to the customer. However, this function
almost disappeared with the mass-market package holiday and some agency chains seemed to
develop a 'holiday supermarket' concept, in which customers choose their holiday from brochures on
racks and then book it from a counter. Again, a variety of social and economic changes have now
contrived to bring this aspect to the fore once more, particularly with the advent of multiple, no-
frills, low-cost airlines.

[edit]V

 

Most travel agencies operate on a commission-basis, meaning that the compensation from
the airlines, car rentals, cruise lines, hotels, railways, sightseeing tours and tour operators, etc., is
expected in form of a commission from their bookings. Most often, the commission consists of a set
percentage of the sale.

In the United States, most airlines pay no commission at all to travel agencies. In this case, an agency
usually adds a service fee to the net price.


c

 
" 
Travel agency is a retail business, that sells travel related products and services to customers, on
behalf of suppliers, such as airlines, car rentals, cruise lines, hotels, railways, sightseeing tours and
package holidays that combine several products. In addition to dealing with ordinary tourists, most
travel agencies have a separate department devoted to making travel arrangements for business
travelers and some travel agencies specialize in commercial and business travel only. There are also
travel agencies that serve as general sales agents for foreign travel companies, allowing them to have
offices in countries other than where their headquarters are located. As the name implies, a travel
agency's main function is to act as an agent, that is to say, selling travel products and services on
behalf of a supplier. Consequently, unlike other retail businesses, they do not keep a stock in hand. A
package holiday or a ticket is not purchased from a supplier unless a customer requests that
purchase. The holiday or ticket is supplied to them at a discount. The profit is therefore the difference
between the advertised price which the customer pays and the discounted price at which it is supplied
to the agent. This is known as the commission. A British travel agent would consider a 10-12%
commission as a good arrangement. In some countries, airlines have stopped giving commission to
travel agencies. Therefore, travel agencies are now forced to charge a percentage premium or a
standard flat fee, per sale. However, some companies still give them a set percentage for selling their
product. Major tour companies can afford to do this; because if they were to sell a thousand trips at a
cheaper rate, they still come out better than if they sell a hundred trips at a higher rate. This process
benefits both parties. Other commercial operations are undertaken, especially by the larger chains.
These can include the sale of in-house insurance, travel guide books and timetables, car rentals, and
the services of an on-site Bureau de change, dealing in the most popular holiday currencies. The
majority of travel agents have felt the need to protect themselves and their clients against the
possibilities of commercial failure, either their own or a supplier's. They will advertise the fact that they
are surety bonded, meaning in the case of a failure, the customers is guaranteed either an equivalent
holiday to that which they have lost or if they prefer a refund. Many British and American agencies
and tour operators are bonded with the International Air Transport Association (IATA), for those who
issue air tickets, Air Travel Organisers' Licensing (ATOL) for those who order tickets in, the
Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) or the American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), for
those who sell package holidays on behalf of a tour company. A travel agent is supposed to offer
impartial travel advice to the customer. However, this function almost disappeared with the mass-
market package holiday and some agency chains seemed to develop a 'holiday supermarket'
concept, in which customers choose their holiday from brochures on racks and then book it from a
counter. Again, a variety of social and economic changes have now contrived to bring this aspect to
the fore once more, particularly with the advent of multiple, no-frills, low-cost airlines.



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ë Ordinary passport, [Tourist passport, Regular passport, ·assport]

Issued to citizens and other nationals, and generally the most-issued type of passport.
Sometimes it is possible to have children registered within the ordinary passport of the parent,
rendering the passport functionally equal to a family passport.

ë Official passport [Service passport, also Special passport]

Issued to government employees for work-related travel, and to accompanying dependents.

ë Diplomatic passport
Issued to diplomats for work-related travel, and to accompanying dependents. Although most
diplomats with diplomatic immunity carry diplomatic passports, having a diplomatic passport is
not the equivalent of having diplomatic immunity. A grant of diplomatic status, a privilege of
which is diplomatic immunity, has to come from the government of the country in relation to
which diplomatic status is claimed. Also, having a diplomatic passport does not mean visa-
free travel. A holder of a diplomatic passport usually has to obtain a diplomatic visa, even if a
holder of an ordinary passport may enter a country visa-free or may obtain a visa on arrival.
In exceptional circumstances, a diplomatic passport is given to a foreign citizen with no
.
passport of his own, such as an exiled VI· who lives, by invitation, in a foreign country
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Emergency passport [Temporary passport]

Issued to persons whose passports were lost or stolen, and who do not have time to obtain
replacement passports. Sometimes laissez-passer are used for this purpose.

Collective passport
Issued to defined groups for travel together to particular destinations, such as a group of
school children on a school trip to a specified country.

Family passport
Issued to family members²father, mother, son, daughter. There is one passport holder. The
passport holder may travel alone or with one or more other family members. A family member
who is not the passport holder cannot use the passport for travel unless accompanied by the
passport holder.
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 organization. In other cases they are issued more or less as a joke or for novelty souvenir
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purposes, such as those sold as Conch Republic passports.

Emigration clearance not required (ECNR)Y



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Application Form(Form No -2)Y

To apply for ECNR stamp in the passport, the applicant is required to fill
a Miscellaneous Application Form No. 2. The application form is available
at the Passport Office at a cost of Rs.5/- or can be downloaded from this
website. The filled-in application form may be submitted personally or
through a representative having an identity document and authority
letter signed by the applicant as per Annexure 'L'.Y

Application Fee Y
Y

An all inclusive fee of Rs.300/- is to be paid along with the application

form either in cash or by bank draft drawn in favour of Regional Passport
Officer, Delhi. In case of bank draft, full name and date of birth of the
applicant should be written on the reverse of the bank draft.Y

Applicants Entitled for ECNR Status :Y

Y

c
 

 


 
 

 




a) All holders of Diplomatic/Official passports.
b) All Gazetted Government servants.
c) All Income-Tax payees(including Agricultural Income-Tax Payees) in
their individual capacity. Proof of assessment of income-tax and actual
payment of income-tax for last one year or copy of PAN card. However, in
most cases as an assessment order is not issued separately by the income-
tax department, income-tax returns which are stamped by income-tax
authorities can be accepted.
d) All professional Degree holdera, such as Doctors holding MBBS degree
or equivalent degree in AYURVED or HOMOEOPATHY, accredited
journalists Engineer, Chartered Accountants, Cost Accountants,
Lecturers, Teachers, Scientists,Advocates, etc
e) Spouses and dependent children of category of persons listed from (b)
to (d).Spouses and dependent children of category of persons f)Persons
holding 10+2 qualifications or higher Degrees.Y

g) Seamen who are in possession of Indian or Foreign CDC or Sea Cadets/

or Deck Cadets ;
i) who have passed final examination of three years B.Sc Nautical
Sciences Courses at T.S. CHANAKAYA,MUMBAI; andY

ii) who have undergone three months pre-sea training at any of the
Government approved Training Institutes such as T.S. CHANAKAYA, T.S.
REHMAN, T.S. JAWAHAR, MTI (SCI) 7 NIPM, CHENNAI, after production of
identity cards issued by the Shipping Master,
MUMBAI/KOLKATTA/CHENNAI.
h) Dependent children of parents whose passports have the ECNR
endorsement. In the case of such children ECNR classification will be
restricted until they attain 24 years of age.
i) Persons holding Permanent Immigration Visa, such as the visas of UK,
USA and
Australia.
j) Persons possessing two years diploma from any institute recognized by
the National Council for Vocational Training(NCVT) or State Council of
Vocational Training(SCVT) or persons holding three year's
diploma/equivalent degree from institutions like Polytechnics recoginized
be Central/State Governments.
k) Nurses possessing qualifications recognized under the Indian Nursing
Council Act,1947.Y

l) All persons above the age of 50 years.

I) All persons who have staying abroad for more than three years (the
period of three years could either be at a stretch or broken), and their
spouses, and children up to24 years. This facility will be valid till the
minor attains the age of 24 years if the applicant falls into any of the
above categories and desiers to have ECNR stamp on his/her passport,
please submit the documentary proof of eligibility.
Y


: No emigration clearance is required for visiting Bangladesh,

Pakistan and all countries in Europe (excluding CIS states), North
America, Australia, Japan and New Zealand,SouthKorea,South Africa and
Singapore .Y

Documents Y
Y

YY

1.)Valid Passport in original.Y

YY

2.)Proof of ECNR eligibility.

Y
Visa
[1]

(from the Latin Ú


, lit. 1paper that has been seen1 ) is a document showing that a
person is authorized to enter the territory for which it was issued, subject to permission of an
immigration official at the time of actual entry. The authorization may be a document, but more
commonly it is a stamp endorsed in the applicant's passport. Some countries do not require a visa in
some situations, such as a result of reciprocal treaty arrangements. The country issuing the visa
typically attaches various conditions of stay, such as the territory covered by the visa, dates of validity,
period of stay, whether the visa is valid for more than one visit, etc.

A visa does not generally give a non-citizen any rights, including a right to enter a country or to remain
there. The possession of a visa is not in itself a guarantee of entry into the country that issued it, and
a visa can be revoked at any time. The visa process merely enables the host country to verify the
identity of the visa applicant before the entry of the applicant. Special permits may also be required,
such as a residency permit or work permit. A visitor may also be required to undergo and pass
security and/or health checks upon arrival at the border.

Visas are associated with the request for permission to enter (or exit) a country, and are thus, for
some countries, distinct from actual formal permission for an alien to enter and remain in the country.

Some countries require that their citizens, and sometimes foreign travelers, obtain an "
in
order to be allowed to leave the country

VISA TY·ES

ë 

, usually valid for 5 days or less, for passing through the country to a third destination.
ë



, required by some countries for passing through their airports even without
going through immigration clearance.
ë 
, for a limited period of leisure travel, no business activities allowed. Some countries do
not issue tourist visas. Saudi Arabia introduced tourist visas only in 2004 although it did (and still
does) issue pilgrimage visas for Hajj pilgrims.
ë 6

, for engaging in commerce in the country. These visas generally
preclude permanent employment, for which a work visa would be required.
ë 



, for approved employment in the host country. These are generally more
difficult to obtain but valid for longer periods of time than a business visa. Examples of these are
the United States' H-1B and L-1 visas.
ë 


, granted at a port of entry. This is distinct from not requiring a visa at all, as the
visitor must still obtain the visa before they can even try to pass through immigration.
ë 

or 


, granted to the spouse, civil partner or de facto partner of a resident
or citizen of a given country, in order to enable the couple to settle in that country.
ë 

, which allows its holder to study at an institution of higher learning in the issuing
country. Students studying in Algeria, however, are issued tourist visas.
ë  

, for individuals traveling between nations offering a working holiday program,
allowing young people to undertake temporary work while traveling.
ë 
Ú
(sometimes Ú

), is normally only available to bearers of diplomatic
passports.
ë Ú

issued to representatives of foreign governments or international organizations who
do not qualify for diplomatic status but do merit expedited, courteous treatment - an example of
this is Australia's Special purpose visa.
ë º

, which some countries require of people in that occupation when traveling for their
respective news organizations. Countries which insist on this include Cuba, Iran, 2orth Korea,
Saudi Arabia, the United States (I-visa) and Zimbabwe.
ë £



, granted for a limited period prior to intended marriage or civil partnership based on
a proven relationship with a citizen of the destination country. For example, a German woman
who wishes to marry an American man would obtain a Fiancee Visa (also known as a K-1 visa) to
allow her to enter the United States. 3A K1 Fiancee Visa is valid for four months from the date of
[9]
its approval.3
ë  

, granted for those intending to immigrate to the issuing country. They usually are
issued for a single journey as the holder will, depending on the country, later be issued a
permanent resident identification card which will allow the traveler to enter to the issuing country
an unlimited number of times. (for example, the United States ·ermanent Resident Card).
ë 


(also known as retiree visa or retirement visa), issued by a limited number of
countries (Australia, Argentina, Thailand, ·anama, etc.), to those who can demonstrate a foreign
source of income and who do not intend to work in the issuing country. Age limits apply in some
cases.
4
ë 
Ú



is a type of Australian visa granted to most ew Zealand citizens on arrival
4
in Australia. ew Zealand Citizens may then permanently reside in Australia under the Trans-
Tasman Travel Arrangement.
ë 
ÚÚ
. The visa is stored in a computer and is electronically tied to the passport number;
no label, sticker or stamp is placed in the passport prior to travel. While a visit to an embassy or
mission is usually required, Australia issues most non-immigrant visas electronically (unless the
applicant requires or specifically requests a label be placed in their passport) - tourist and short-
term business vist visas for nationals of certain countries can be applied for and issued entirely
online as an Electronic Travel Authority or e-visitor. The United States has a similar internet
system calledElectronic System for Travel Authorization, but this is a security pre-screening only
and does not technically qualify as a visa under US immigration law.
HEALTH REGULATIO S

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he J" 
" 

"
"  are legally binding regulations (forming international law)
that aim to a) assist countries to work together to save lives and livelihoods endangered by the spread
of diseases and other health risks, and b) avoid unnecessary interference with international trade and
travel.

The purpose and scope of IHR 2005 are to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public
health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and
restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic
and trade. (Art. 2, IHR 2005)

Travel insurance
Travel insurance is insurance that is intended to
cover medical expenses, financial default of travel suppliers, and other
losses incurred while traveling, either within one's own country, or
internationally. Temporary travel insurance can usually be arranged at
the time of the booking of a trip to cover exactly the duration of that trip,
or a more extensive, continuous insurance can be purchased from travel
insurance companies, travel agents or directly from travel suppliers,
such as cruise lines or tour operators. However, travel insurance
purchased from travel suppliers tends to be less inclusive than insurance
offered by insurance companies. Travel insurance often offers coverage
for a variety of travelers. Student travel, business travel, leisure travel,
adventure travel, cruise travel, and international travel are all various
options that can be insured.

Coverage types

The most common risks that are covered by travel insurance are:

ë Medical/dental expenses
ë Emergency evacuation/repatriation of remains
ë Return of a minor child
ë Trip cancellation/interruption
ë Accidental death, injury or disablement benefit
ë Overseas funeral expenses
ë Curtailment
ë Delayed departure, missed connection
ë Lost, stolen or damaged baggage, personal effects or travel documents
ë Delayed baggage (and emergency replacement of essential items)
ë Legal assistance
ë Trip Cancellation
ë Flight Connection was missed due to airline schedule
ë Travel Delays due to weather
ë Medical Emergency and hospital care (Accident or Sickness)