ZECH - Future Direction of Opt Data Storage - MediaTech LGB 10-2006 (Rev 03) - LR

The Future Direction of
Optical Data Storage

Technologies and Challenges in the 21st Century
Media-Tech 2006 Long Beach

Long Beach, California
October 10-11, 2006
< by >
Richard G. Zech, Ph.D.
Consultant & Expert Witness - Computer Storage & Photonics
President & Managing Principal
The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group
Colorado Springs, CO 80906
(719) 633-4377 v adventgrp@adelphia.net
Abstract
The advent of blue-laser (405nm) optical storage in the form of BD, HD DVD,
holographic memories, and UDO would seem to signal the end of optical
storage's technology life. But, in fact, the future of optical storage is still
very bright. Once theoretical methods of capacity growth, such as multi-
layer, multi-level, near-field, and holographic are ready to enter the product
mainstream. The engineering challenges of these advanced recording
methods on lasers, media, optical pickups, servos, and read/write channels
will be significant, but achievable. One can confidently predict the future of
optical storage will be 120-130mm disc media with capacities in the 100 GB
to 1 TB range.
October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 2

Content
Ø Part 1 - Introduction
Ø Part 2 - Near term Futures
Ø Part 3 - Bleeding Edge Futures
Ø Part 4 - Some Enabling Components
Ø Part 5 - Replication and Disc Manufacturing
Ø Part 6 - The Bottom line
Ø Part 7 - Appendices

Part 1
Introduction
Common Sense
Ø Optical data storage is subject to
Shannon’s channel capacity law:
C = Nxlog2(1+S/N), where N is a function of λ
and NA and S/N of media quality.
Ø In English, you can’t put 10 lbs of
polycarbonate in a 1 lb polyethylene
sack.
Ø I can’t, and neither can anyone else.

I started
research in
optical
storage at
an early age.

The ODS Product Technology Cycle

Optical Storage's Moore's Law
source: Unaxis

Classical Optical Storage - I
Is the end of the technology line in sight?
Ø Laser diode (LD) wavelengths (λ) have reached the
end of the visible spectrum at 405nm.
Ø Conventional objective lens have reached the limit
of usable numerical apertures (NAs).
Ø Spot size is a function of λ/NA; shorter λs and
bigger NAs yield smaller spot diameters and higher
areal densities.
Ø The technology life appears ended - but wait! This
is only true for linear thinking and design.

Classical Optical Storage - 2
Is the end of the technology line in sight?
Ø For λ fixed at 405nm, classical optical storage can increase
capacity in several ways, alone or in combination.
Ø Architecture Examples:
– Multilayer Discs (MLD); 2-N surfaces.
– MultiLevel Recording (MLR); replicated, phase change.
– Near-Field Recording (NFR); read-only and write/read.
– Fluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD); read and record.
Ø Attractive Combinations:
– MLD + MLR (25-50 GB/surface x 2.5 ML gain x N surfaces
or 250-500 GB/120mm disc).
– NFR + MLR + MLD (50-200 GB/surface x 2.5 ML gain x 1-2
surfaces or 125 GB - 1 TB/120mm disc).

Part 2
Near Term Futures
Today + 5 years Technologies
Ø Multilayer Recording
– Increases capacity without requiring a corresponding increase in areal density.
– 8-layer discs with 200 GB capacity demonstrated by TDK and Philips using Blu-ray layers.
– Increases optical media manufacturing and replication complexity significantly.
Ø UDO
– 30 GB cartridges shipping today; 60 GB cartridges expected in 2007.
– A blue-laser concept, but not Blu-ray (computer application oriented).
– Roadmap capacity to 120 GB/cartridge.
Ø Near-field Recording (NFR)
– Multiplies effective NA.
– Maximizes areal density and surface capacity.
– Trades MLD disc manufacturing complexity for optical head-disc interface complexity.
Ø MultiLevel Recording (MLR)
– Provides a practical 2.5x multiplier per layer (8 levels).
– Can be implemented with a single DSP; not too expensive.
– Works with any optical storage recording technology.
Ø 3-D Holographic Memories (Holomems) - Disc Architectures
– Deliverable products by end of 2006 after 43 years of R&D.
– Mainly professional AV storage, archiving, some general applications.
– Only two real players: InPhase Technologies & Optware (Japan).
Ø Fluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD)
– Great concept (discrete layer 3-D storage), but some inherent problems.
– Need some heavyweight funding for product development.
– Excellent HDTV playback demonstrated for 6-layer disc (red laser).

a) Multilayer Disc

Blu-ray Disc Standard Reference
Source: Philips

Blu-ray Disc Roadmap
Source: TDK

b) UDO

UDO - The Other Blue-laser Disc
Ø UDO = Ultra Density Optical (a Plasmon plc product)
Ø Original design by Sony as successor to 5.25" MO.
Ø Designed for computer applications (-R and -RW).
Ø 30 GB cartridge media (2-sided phase change disc).
Ø ANSI-standard 5.25" MO disc cartridge; jukebox
ready.

Source: Plasmon plc

MSFB = mean (cartridge) swaps between failures.
Source: Plasmon plc

c) Near-field Recording

Near-Field Recording with VSALs
Near-Field image of 60 nm
Ne ar Fie ld marks written by near-field
compared with Far-Field
d/2 NEAR FIELD
VSAL = Very Small Aperture Laser

Aperture Size Determines Resolution -- Independent of
Laser Wavelength.
Exceptionally Small Spot Sizes -- 60nm spots (134Gb/in2)
demonstrated in MO material.
Beam of any shape demonstrated -- Improves performance
& design flexibility. (source: Lucent Technologies)

d) MultiLevel Technology
Ø MultiLevel (ML) is not a product, but a
performance-enhancement technology.
Ø Fixed-size data cells support 8 reflection levels
(variable areas) on a dye-polymer (-R) or phase
change (-RW) recording layer. Yields about 2.5
bits per cell in practice (not the theoretical 3).
Ø The enabler is a proprietary DSP chip (core IC)
Ø ML-enhanced drives and media work for CD/DVD
and Blue-laser formats. Should work for all disc
formats.
Ø 60GB per 120mm Blue Disc lab demonstrated
(Calimetrics, now part of LSI Logic, and Philips research project).

e) Holomems

Holographic Memories (Holomems)

Holographic Memories - History
Ø Original concept by P.J. van Heerden (Polaroid) in 1963, based on D. Gabor’s
“wavefront reconstruction” (holography).
Ø Generally agreed to be impractical by 1975.
Ø Over 50 companies worldwide have invested in and abandoned the technology
(1965-2005).
Ø The early 1990s saw a resurgence in interest; for example, DARPA’s
HDSS/PRISM program helped to greatly advanced the art.
Ø The “no moving parts” (random access) BORAM model has been abandoned in
favor of the (direct access) optical disc model.
Ø Advances in lasers, storage media, photodetector arrays (PDAs), spatial light
modulators (SLMs), hologram stacking methods, data coding, and signal
processing have made 300GB 130mm discs feasible today.
Ø Today’s leading companies are InPhase Technologies and Optware (Japan).
Ø After more than 40 years of R&D, holographic memories (holomems) appear on
the threshold of commercial viability for a limited set of applications; for
example, general archiving and digital video storage. Holomems are not suitable
for consumer electronics applications today. However, they can effectively
support the creation and delivery processes.

Pros and Cons of Holomems
Pros
Ø Parallel write/read of large data pages (1024 x 1024 pixels common).
Ø 3D stacking of holograms in a common volume (increases 2D areal
storage density by a factor of 1,000x, or more).
Ø Simple read mechanisms, which reconstruct each data page
independently (ideally, with no crosstalk).
Cons
Ø Complex system designs.
Ø Demanding storage media requirements.
Ø Lack of infrastructure (photonic components challenging; optical
communications applications have driven lower pricing, volume, and
reliability).
Ø Expensive hardware ($15,000 drives) compared to competing storage
technologies (disc media competitive at $120/cartridge).

IBM Demon 2
Holomem Demonstrator
source: IBM Almaden Labs

Optware Holomem Products
Optware tabletop exhibit at ODS 2004 (source: ADVENT)

InPhase Technologies Prototype
Holomem Drive and Disc Cartridge
source: InPhase Technologies

InPhase Technologies
Holomem Drive Schematic
(record optical path) (read optical path)
HWP = half wave plate SLM = spatial light modulator source: InPhase Technologies

InPhase Holomem Recordable Technology "Roadmap"
Specs 2005 2008 2010

Effective Areal Density 480 Gb/in2 12800 Gb/in2 2560 Gb/in2
Raw Data Rate 160 Mbits/s 640 Mbits/s 960 Mbits/s
Estimated Capacity (raw GB) 300 800 1,600
NA of object beam 0.65 0.65 0.65
Bragg Null 2nd 2nd 1st
SLM Pixels 1280x1024 1200x1200 1200x1200
PDA Pixels 1280x1024 1696x1710 1696x1710
Camera sensitivity (Counts/(J/m2)) 176,000 350,000 700,000
Laser power (mW) 50 70 100
Wavelength (nm) 407 407 407
Material Thickness (mm) 1.5 1.5 1.5
Original table from InPhase; edited down by the author - capacity points for 130mm discs added.

source: Maxell

f) Fluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD)
Ø 5-100 storage layers on a substrate (claimed; about 20 actual)

Ø Read signal generated by laser-induced linear or non-linear fluorescence
Ø Minimal interaction between layers (adequate signal and SNR)
Ø Gives optical storage equivalent HDD multiple discs per spindle capability
Ø No standards issues (works with CD, DVD, and BD/HD DVD media formats)
Ø Read Only, Write Once, and ReWritable storage modes are possible
Ø Drives are feasible (may need dynamic aberration correction)
Ø Disc manufacturing is complex, likely to be expensive initially, but feasible
Ø Inventor C3D went out of business, but is back as D Data Inc (New York).

Part 3
Bleeding Edge Futures
Today + 10-15 years Technologies
Ø 3-D Holomems with BORAM (block-oriented random access memory)
Architectures
Ø UV disc (continuation of the classical optical roadmap - need UV laser
diodes)
Ø X-ray disc (digital holography)
Ø Atomic/Molecular (data storage by means of configuration or quantum
state)
Ø Biological (biorhodopsin and similar; brain simulation)
Ø Some enabling means:
– negative refraction (smaller spots, flat lenses)
– variable focus lenses
– MEMS (e.g., DMM)
– nanotech (e.g., self assembly, patterned media)
– nanophotonics (e.g., modulators, lasers, gratings)
– photonic sieves (for far UV and X-ray spot formation)

Ultraviolet “Optical” Storage
Ø Does optical storage end with λ = 405nm?
Ø Not if the technology is extended into the near and mid-
range ultraviolet (UV).
Ø Diagnosis: UV optical storage will be far more challenging
than near-IR and visible optical storage was.
Ø Front surface recording layer and reflection component OPU
(optical pickup unit).
Ø Prognosis: within 5 years optical storage at λ = 325nm
(frequency doubled 650nm) will be feasible. The technology will
"burn out" before reaching λ = 202.5nm (frequency doubled
405nm).
Ø The trade offs involve a 4x increase in areal density for λ =
202.5nm, versus the complexity and cost of UV components.
Ø Much of UV optical storage technology can/will be adapted
from semiconductor lithography.

UV “Optical” Storage Challenges
Ø UV laser diodes
Ø UV optical components
Ø UV recording media
Ø Design cost and complexity
Ø Mastering and replication processes
Ø Development costs
Ø Killer application motivation

UV Laser Diodes
Ø UV laser diode technology is in its infancy.
Ø Very few commercial products are available.
Ø Nichia is shipping a 20mW CW (100mW pulsed), 375nm product.
Ø DPSS (diode-pumped solid state) lasers, which can be
frequency tripled or quadrupled, must be greatly reduced in
size and cost to be candidates.
Ø Other options to UV laser diodes and DPSS (for example,
KrF or F2) have no possibility of meeting size and cost
requirements.
Ø Nanotech may hold the key to long-term prospects.
Ø Bottom Line: UV laser diodes are in about the same position
as blue lasers in 1995. Solutions are 3-5 years out.

UV Semiconductor Lasers

X-Ray “Optical” Storage
WRITE
Ø Concept designed for x-radiation with λ < 1nm
Ø 1D or 2D computer-generated FT Holograms
Ø Select page size (N or NxN) and offset angle
Ø Compute and sample analog interference pattern
Ø Apply Data Coding and EDAC
Ø Modulate and Scan Write Spot
READ
Ø Parallel read by means of holographic reconstruction
Ø Position read beam over hologram
Ø Project N or N x N pixels onto Photodetector Array
Ø Process and Format Serial Data Stream

The Challenges
Ø No compact, safe, inexpensive X-ray laser.
Ø All optics must generally be reflective.
Ø No compact photodetector arrays.
Ø New mastering (write) and replication methods required.
The Advantages
Ø No page composer (SLM) required.
Ø No 3D media and incoherent superposition (stacking) of
hologram pages required.
Ø Can apply method to all media formats (disc, card, or tape).
Ø Read servo requirements about the same as today’s DVD.

Performance Potential
Ø Assume a disc format; 50 mm diameter
and a recording area of 1600mm2.
Ø Areal Density ρ = 1/(2λF#)2
Ø For λ = 0.5nm and F# = 2, ρ = 250Gb/mm2 (160
Tb/in2)
Ø C = 50TB (30-40TB user)
Ø Access Time = same as DVD-ROM drive
Ø Read Data Rate = F(# of pixels, read
power, detector sensitivity, scan speed);
could achieve 50Gbps.
State-of-the-Art X-Ray Laser
A Free-Electron Laser (FEL)
Some engineering required to make suitable for optical storage applications
applications
Source: Un. of Hamburg

Part 4
Some Enabling Components
A Few Examples
Ø Negative Refraction
Ø Variable Focus Lenses
Ø Grating Light Valves
Ø Photon Sieves

Negative Refraction
normal
refraction
negative
refraction

Negative Refraction
a) negative refraction b) normal (positive) refraction
source: Physics Today (December 2003)

Negative Refraction
source: JB Pendry, Imperial College (April 2000)

Negative Refraction

Variable Focus Lenses

source: http://physicsweb.org (Feb 3 2006)

source: Photonics Spectra, March 01 , 2005

Grating Light Valve (MOEMS device)
source: Silicon Light Machines


The minimum finger deflection is 0.002nm; the device dynamic range provides 4096 intensity levels.

Photon Sieve
A means for focusing UV and X-ray beams to small spots
source: http://www.photonsieve.de/

Photon Sieve
Intensity profile of the photon sieve is on the left;
its Gaussian counterpart is on the right.
source: http://www.photonsieve.de/

Part 5
Replication and Disc
Manufacturing
Mastering & Replication
Ø The future of optical disc storage will ultimately be determined by disc
mastering and replication processes.
Ø Near-UV mastering and modified replication processes already exist and
are proven. Phase transition mastering using a 405nm laser and a highly
non-linear photoresist (inorganic) looks promising for BD.
Ø For C > 100GB per layer per 120mm disc, extreme UV or e-beam
mastering machines (EBMM) may be required.
Ø EBMM have already achieved 50nm wide pits (DVD uses 300nm); 15nm
features are feasible.
Ø Molding processes that preserve the fine structure of the stamping
master will be a challenge for ultra-high density optical discs. New
molding materials may be needed.
Ø Bonding should be eliminated, if possible; 2P processes should be
avoided, if possible.
Ø 100GB (recordable/rewritable) and 200GB (read-only) per layer for
120mm disc have been demonstrated at the research level. TDK and
Sharp, for example, have demonstrated 8-layer/25 GB per layer (BD) 200
GB and 2-layer/50 GB per layer (not BD) 100 GB optical disc capacities,
respectively. Mastering and replication in a production environment has
yet to be demonstrated.
Optical Disc Mastering- AFM Images
(source: Optical Disc Corporation)

This method was
developed by Plasmon in
the mid-1980s to master
its “moth’s eye” write-
once optical disc. A
simple interferometer
(argon laser λ = 488nm)
was used. Between
exposures, the master
disc was rotated by 90
degrees. This also
provided an early
example of “patterned”
media.

Challenges & Opportunities for
the Optical Media Industry
Ø The technology and equipment for CD and DVD is proven and mature.
Most of the key problems for BD and HD DVD have been solved. That
was the easy part.
Ø Optical media in the next generations will be more complex. Required
yield, throughput, and quality will be harder to achieve, regardless of the
future technology winner(s).
Ø The cost and complexity of processes and equipment and the unit cost
of media will increase, perhaps significantly in some cases. A major
challenge to the industry is to prevent or minimize this.
Ø New or modified processes, manufacturing equipment, and quality
control methods will be required for MLD, holographic, and NFR media.
Ø More sophisticated and complex in-line and off-line test and
measurement equipments will be required.
Ø The cost of R&D will increase significantly; expect to hire more materials
scientists, chemists, and physicists.
Ø On the positive side, new opportunities are plentiful, and provide a
natural evolutionary path. On the negative side, a finite probability exists
that increasing the capacity optical storage media may well become too
expensive (diminishing economic returns).
Part 6
The Bottom Line
Summary and Conclusions
Ø Existing optical storage technologies still have at least a 10-year useful
product life cycle. However, classical optical storage will have reached
the end of its technology life by then.
Ø Future products will primarily be the blue-disc progeny of Blu-ray Disc.
Ø Optical storage 5-10 years from today will be provided mainly by evolved
versions of today’s proven technologies.
Ø Over the 10 year horizon, optical storage will likely be provided by a
mixture of today’s evolving and future technologies. Displacement
technologies cannot be ruled out.
Ø Optical storage will continue to dominate the removable-media AV
applications sector in consumer electronics. "HDTV" playback and
recording and personal storage applications will be the dominant
applications.
Ø Optical storage 10+ years from today will likely be provided by a mixture
of today’s evolving and future technologies.
Bottom Line: Although facing many challenges and competitors, the

future of optical storage for the next 10 years is still very bright.

A Recommendation
The Media-Tech Association should form a
standing committee of members and selected
non-members to:
1) Create an optical storage roadmap to track the
evolution of optical storage and related
technologies and components, as they relate to
optical media manufacturing and replication.
2) Publish an annual report on key findings.
3) Review the key results at the annual Frankfurt and
Long Beach meetings.

Part 7
Appendices
< Appendix A >
References
1) "Challenges and Opportunities of Optical Recording," Dr. Di Chen, Chen &
Associates, Proc. Of SPIE, Vol. 5966, September 15, 2005.
2) "Relevant Technologies for Future Generations of Optical Data Storage," Prof. M.
Mansuripur (Optical Sciences Center, Un. of Arizona), Media-Tech Conference,
Hollywood, CA, August 31, 2004.
3) "Optical Recording at 1 Tb/in2," Prof. T. D. Milster, (Optical Sciences Center, Un. of
Arizona), THIC Meeting, Louisville, CO, July 22-23, 2003.
Some of Dick Zech's papers:

Ø “Volume Hologram Optical Memories: Mass Storage Future Perfect?,” Optics and
Photonics News, August 1992, pp. 16-25.
Ø “Where do we go from here? Digital Media Futures for Consumer Electronics,”
Diskcon 2002, September 17-19, 2002, San Jose, CA.
Ø “UV Futures for Optical Disc (What’s Next for DVD after Blu-ray?),” adapted from
the International Storage Industry Consortium (INSIC) 2003 Conference on the
Future of Optical Data Storage, San Francisco, CA, January 23-25, 2003.
Ø “Technology Analysis: Optical Storage Futures - The Consumer Electronics
Perspective," IIST Workshop XVII, Asilomar Conference on Computer Storage,
Monterrey, CA, December 2003.
Ø The 2005-15 Roadmap: Optical Storage for Consumer Electronics," An ADVENT
Special Report, December 2004.
Copies in PDF format available upon request by e-mail to adventgrp@adelphia.net.

< Appendix B >
About the Author
Dr. Dick Zech has nearly 40 years of computer storage and photonics experience. His
academic focus was on modern optics, electromagnetic theory, communications theory,
advanced mathematics, and the chemistry/physics of optical materials. His doctoral
dissertation was entitled "Data Storage in Volume Holograms (supervised by Prof. Emmett N.
Leith at the University of Michigan). His primary expertise is in the fields of optical data
storage, holography, recording media, and optical disc replication processes and technology.
His main interests are data storage; lasers; materials physics, chemistry and processes;
control and positioning of light beams; and photonic components and their integration into
fully functional information processing systems. Much of Dick’s early work (1965-1979) was
for the US Department of Defense, NASA and various intelligence agencies. The primary goal
of this work was to use photonics technology for the rapid acquisition, processing, storage
and communication of data vital to national defense and the space program (including
holographic wideband recorders and BORAM holographic memories) . In addition, Dick also
has significant engineering, product and business development, and sales and marketing
management experience, which he has used as a consultant for the past 18 years. Since 1990
he has worked as an expert witness in numerous patent infringement litigations (and a few
involving breach of contract and theft of trade secrets) and evaluated over 200 patents for
technical and economic merit. Among his inventions are the projected real-image Lippmann-
Bragg hologram, volume manufacturing methods for holograms, and the multi-channel optical
disc recorder (DIGIMEM). He has published over 150 papers, reports, and presentations.

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The Future Direction of

Optical Data Storage

Media-Tech 2006 Long Beach

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 2

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 3

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 5

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October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 22

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 23

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 24

d/2 NEAR FIELD

VSAL = Very Small Aperture Laser

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 27

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October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 33

source: IBM Almaden Labs

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 34

Optware tabletop exhibit at ODS 2004 (source: ADVENT)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 35

source: InPhase Technologies

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 36

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 37

Specs 2005 2008 2010

Estimated Capacity (raw GB) 300 800 1,600

NA of object beam 0.65 0.65 0.65

Bragg Null 2nd 2nd 1st

SLM Pixels 1280x1024 1200x1200 1200x1200

PDA Pixels 1280x1024 1696x1710 1696x1710

Camera sensitivity (Counts/(J/m2)) 176,000 350,000 700,000

Laser power (mW) 50 70 100

Wavelength (nm) 407 407 407

Material Thickness (mm) 1.5 1.5 1.5

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 38

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 39

Ø 5-100 storage layers on a substrate (claimed; about 20 actual)

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 40

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 42

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October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 46

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 47

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Source: Un. of Hamburg

October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 50

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October 10, 2006 The ADVanced ENTerprises (ADVENT) Group 53

a) negative refraction b) normal (positive) refraction

source: Physics Today (December 2003)