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Solubility in
Solid/Salt Application in QA
Water
Nitrates All nitrates are This means that
soluble. any ion, when
combined with the
nitrate ion in
solution, will not
precipitate.
Sodium, All sodium, This means that
potassium potassium and any ion, when
and ammonium salts combined with the
ammonium are soluble. sodium, potassium
salts and ammonium
ion in solution, will
not precipitate.
Sulphates All sulphates are When a solution
soluble except containing barium,
for BaSO4, calcium, or lead
CaSO4 andPbSO4 (II) ions are mixed
. with sulphate ions,
a precipitate will
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be formed.
Chlorides All chlorides are When solutions
soluble except containing silver
for AgCl, PbCl2. or lead(II) ions are
mixed with
sulphate ions, a
precipitate will be
formed.
Carbonates All carbonates Any cation except
are insoluble NH4+and Group I
except for cations e.g. Na+,
Na2CO3, K+, and will
K2CO3 and combine with
(NH4)2CO3. carbonate ions in
solution to form a
precipitate.
Oxides and All oxides and Most cations
Hydroxides hydroxides are except NH4+ and
insoluble except Group I cations
for Na2O, K2O, e.g. Na+, K+, and
NaOH, KOH and will combine with
Ca(OH)2 [slightly hydroxide ions in
soluble]. solution to form
precipitates.
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NH4NO3
CuSO4.5H2O (hydrated) as
Blue crystals shown.
Cu(NO3)2
CuCl2
Green crystals
Hydrated iron(II) salts e.g.
Pale green FeSO4.7H2O
crystals
Fe(III) salts e.g. hydrated
Brown crystals FeCl3
K2Cr2O7
Orange crystals
KMnO4 (purple lustre)
Purple crystals
Iodine crystals
Black crystals
CaCO3, ZnCO3, ZnO (when
White powder cold); Anhydrous CuSO4
Lead(II) oxide, PbO as
shown.
Yellow powder
ZnO (yellow when hot and
white when cold),
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Green powder CuCO3
Identity
Aluminium Aluminium
of Iron filings
powder foil
metal
Colour silver silver grey
Colours of Solutions
Colour of
Unknown Inference
solution
GpI, II & III cations; most acids
and alkalis;hydrogen peroxide,
Colourless
limewater
Cu2+ ions in solution
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Blue
Fe2+ ions in solution (pale
Pale green green), Cr3+, Ni
Cr3+, Ni2+, CuCl2 solution
Green
Fe3+ ions in solution
Yellow/yellow K2CrO4 [potassium
brown chromate(VI)]
Iodine solution
Brown
Complex ion of Cu2+ :
Dark blue Cu(NH3)42+
KMnO4 (potassium
Purple permanganate)
K2Cr2O7 (potassium
Orange dichromate) in acidic medium
Precipitation Reactions
Precipitation is a chemical reaction where a solid
separates from the solution by combination of ions. The
solid formed is called a precipitate.
When two salt solutions are mixed, new salt
combinations become possible. The positive metal ion in
one salt solution combines with the negative ion in the
other and vice versa. If one of these salts is insoluble,
then it will precipitate from the solution.
The general formula for a precipitation reaction is:
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AB (aq) + XY (aq) AY (s) + XB (aq)
Precipitation Explained
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ions because they do
not take part in the
precipitation reaction.
Thermal Decomposition
Thermal decomposition is a chemical reaction where a
single compound breaks up into two or more simpler
compounds or elements when heated. It is also an
endothermic reaction as heat is required to break
chemical bonds in the compound undergoing
decomposition. The decomposition reaction is
irreversible.
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s s
Most Stable, Stable, Decompose
reactive does not does not to metal
decompose decompose nitrite +
K on heating on heating oxygen
Na
Ca
Mg
Al Decompose
Decompose
Decompose to metal
to metal
Zn to metal oxide +
oxide +
oxide + oxygen +
Fe carbon
steam nitrogen
dioxide
dioxide
Pb
Cu
Least
reactive
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Copper(II) compounds,
Black powdery iron(II) compounds.
residue Residue is likely to be CuO,
FeO
Yellow residue
when hot, Zinc compounds; residue is
white residue zinc oxide.
when cold.
Solid changes
Solid is Copper(II)
colour from green
carbonate.
to black powder
CuO residue formed.
residue.
Black residue from
Organic compound present;
charring, usually
residue is carbon.
with burning odour
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All sulphites SO32-, eg.
Sulphur dioxide
iron(II) sulphate
Water droplets are
produced. Water of
Colourless
crystallisation from hydrated
droplets of liquid
crystals e.g. CuSO4.5H2O,
condensed on
FeSO4.7H2O, Na2CO3.10H2O or
cool walls of test
water from thermal
tube.
decomposition of metal
hydroxides
Examples:
1) Thermal decomposition of Copper(II) carbonate:
Before heating, copper(II) carbonate is a green powder.
When copper(II) carbonate is heated, it undergoes
thermal decomposition to produce: i) a black powder,
copper(II) oxide, ii) a colourless gas, carbon dioxide,
which turns limewater milky.
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3) Thermal decomposition of Pb3O4: When dilead(II)
lead(IV) powder are heated, they melt to form a dark
brown liquid. On stronger heating, oxygen gas which
relights a glowing splint is evolved. Complete
decomposition produces a yellow residue of lead(II)
oxide.
Acid-base Reactions
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions
when dissolved in water. Eg. hydrochloric acid, nitric
acid and sulphuric acid
Neutralisation Reaction
In a neutralisation reaction, an acid reacts with an
alkali to produce a salt and water. For example:
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Before mixing After mixing
Hydrochloric acid 1. Hydrogen ions
dissociates completely in combine with
water to form a solution hydroxide ions to
of hydrogen ions and form water
chloride ions: molecules in the
solution.
HCl (aq) H+ (aq) +
Cl-(aq) H+(aq) + OH-
(aq) H2O(l)
Sodium hydroxide also This is the
dissociates completely in neutralisation
water to form a solution reaction.
of hydroxide and sodium
ions. 2. Sodium ions and
chloride ions
NaOH (aq) OH- remain as free,
(aq) +Na+ (aq) mobile ions in the
solution.
The sodium and
chloride ions are
called spectator
ions because they
do not take part in
the neutralisation
reaction.
In general:
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2) Metal oxide + Acid Salt + Water
3) Metal hydroxide + Acid Salt +
Water
4) Carbonate + Acid Salt + Carbon
dioxide + Water
Yes
No React an acid with an excess of a
solid metal(if suitably reactive),
metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate
Is it a sodium
potassium or
ammonium
salt? Use titration method. React an acid
with a solution of sodium or
Yes potassium hydroxide or carbonate(or
use ammonia solution).
Redox Reactions
A redox reaction is a chemical reaction whereby both
reduction and oxidation occur simultaneously. Reduction
and oxidation always occur together.
Definition Oxidation
Reduction Reaction
in terms of Reaction
Oxygen 1. Substance 1. Substance loses
gain or loss gains oxygen oxygen
Hydrogen 2. Substance 2. Substance gains
gain or loss loses hydrogen hydrogen
Electron 3. Substance 3.Substance gains
transfer loses electrons to electrons from
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another reactant another reactant
OILRIG OILRIG
Oxygen is loss Reduction is gain.
Oxidation 4. Increase in 4. Decrease in
number oxidation number oxidation number
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The displacement of metals from solution is a redox
reaction. In general, a more reactive metal will displace
a less reactive metal from a solution of its ions.
General Summary:
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Test For Cations
Cations (postively charged ions) are usually identified
using two main reagents:
1. Sodium hydroxide
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c) In the case of ammonium ion, NH4+, no precipitate is
formed with aqueous sodium hydroxide. However, when
the mixture of ammonium ions and sodium hydroxide is
warmed gently, ammonia gas is liberated
2. Aqueous ammonia
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Add dilute 1a) Add dilute NH3 (aq)
NH3 (aq) until until a change is
no further observed.
change is
observed 1b) Add an excess of
dilute NH3 (aq) to the
mixture in test 1(a).
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that dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be used as it
introduces chloride ions that interfere with the test.
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coat the solid carbonate, stopping the reaction. As all
nitrates are soluble it is best to use dilute nitric acid.
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precipitate of Calcium carbonate.
CO2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
(bleaching agent)
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Cobalt chloride paper is filter paper that has been
dipped into cobalt(II)chloride solution and then dried
thoroughly in a desiccator. A dessiccator is a piece of
glassware or a small cabinet that contains a tray of some
substance which absorbs water.
Flame tests:
Potassium (K+) Lilac
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