Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
24-28,2010,Hangzhou, China
Abstract— The cascade line tripping is one of the main causes flow control by means of different FACTS devices. In
that can lead to power system breakdown. To avoid line tripping this case we have a long-term transient process that
during the post-disturbance period, new fast algorithms are lasts from tens of seconds to several hours.
required. This paper describes a new approach to distributed
coordination of FACTS which makes it possible to control power Analysis showed that it was noncritical overloading that
flow during the long-term transients. The proposed algorithm is occurred before cascade line tripping during the recent
based on the sensitivity analysis; it can be realized as a discrete- blackouts in different parts of the world. But usually the time
time controller and can be applied to different parts of a power between the first heavy contingency and the voltage collapse,
system independently. caused by the following line tripping, is not enough for
centralized control of power flow. Therefore, new fast
Keywords – Distributed control, FACTS, circuit sensitivity algorithms based on distributed principles are needed to avoid
analysis, load flow analysis, load flow control. line tripping during the post-disturbance period.
The paper describes a new approach to distributed
I. INTRODUCTION coordination of FACTS for power flow control during long-
The cascade line tripping is one of the main causes that can term transients. The proposed approach is based on the
lead to power system breakdown [1]. Usually power systems following assumptions: if a sampling interval of the monitoring
are designed to maintain normal operating state in case of the system that collects information on power system operation is
N-1 and some of the N-2 contingencies. Thus, a power system short enough, and if control actions performed by FACTS are
can withstand the first heavy disturbance in EHV transmission fast enough, the long-term transient process can be represented
system. The post-disturbance phase represents a deceptively by a chain of steady state load flows.
calm period that lasts several minutes with a normal level of
frequency. During this period, the voltage levels in the vicinity Paper [2] describes the development of strategies capable of
of the affected region become lower, line currents become controlling FACTS in combination with load shedding. These
higher and this process can lead to cascade line tripping and to control strategies are based on the sensitivity analysis. They are
the collapse of the whole system. mainly intended to eliminate overloads caused by lines outages
in transmission network.
Voltage drop during the post-disturbance period is not the
only cause of the cascade line tripping. Uncontrolled triggering The paper presents the technique that is also based on the
of the transmission lines can be caused by wrong or untimely sensitivity analysis. The new technique enables more accurate
control actions, overlapping of disturbances, etc. It is necessary analysis of the system topology and power flow. It uses the
to consider two types of overloading: optimization procedure of the linearized load flow equations.
This offers the possibility to perform control actions in an
• Critical overloading. When the affected power system optimal way.
experiences critical overload of a transmission line,
fast load shedding is usually the only way to prevent II. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS GENERAL ASPECTS
the line tripping and the following collapse of the
whole system [1]. In this case there will be a short-term The area of influence of a FACTS is determined by
transient process, and control actions to be performed analyzing the influence of control action on the nearest
should be fast but not optimal. electrical devices.
• Noncritical overloading. If the transmission line We considered Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
overload is not too high, we have time to perform (TCSC) as a means for power flow control, but of course, other
control actions without load shedding procedure being types of FACTS that enable active power flow control can also
triggered. These control actions can include be considered. The simplified TCSC model is based on the
redistribution of generator active outputs and power concept of variable series reactance. The series reactance of
The work is supported by the grants of the Federal Agency for Science
and Innovation of the Russian Federation: #1857.2008.8 of the Leading
Scientific School of the Russian Federation and #09-08-91330 of the Russian
Federation for Basic Researches; and by the government contract
#02.527.11.0004.
D. A. Panasetsky and N. I. Voropai are with Energy Systems Institute,
130, Lermontov str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia ( e-mail: panasetsky@gmail.com;
voropai@ieee.org ).
this FACTS device can be adjusted to change the active power As before, the Si 0 power flow through the i th transmission
flow transferred through it. line in this steady state load flow is a function of the node
Considering the load flow control problem by means of voltages and TCSC reactances:
TCSCs, we can say that the power flow Si through the i th
transmission line is a function of node voltages and TCSC Si 0 = f ( U 0 ,Y ) (7)
reactances:
Equation (5) is a linear approximation of the load flow
Si = f ( U, x1 , x2 ,... xk ) (1) equations. It describes accurately the power system behavior in
the vicinity of linearity region. The small disturbance Δxn in
where U - vector of the node voltages, x1 , x2 ,...xk - TCSC the reactance of the n th TCSC leads to the small change in the
reactances. voltage vector, and the power flow through the i th
transmission line in the disturbed state Sid is:
In the general case, the sensitivity of the S ith power flow to
the change in TCSC reactances can be expressed by the
following equation: Sid = f ( U d ,Yd ) (8)
⎧ Si Si
⎪10 Smax i − 9 if Smax i
> 1;
⎪
⎪
λi = ⎨2.33 Si S − 1.33 if 0.7 ≤ i
S
Smax i
< 1; (16)
⎪ max i
⎪ Si Si
⎪⎩ 0.43 Smax i if 0 ≤ Smax i < 0.7.