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Multi-terabit/s transmission
over Alcatel TeraLight™ fiber
> Alcatel has demonstrated a transmission capacity of 5.12 Tbit/s over 300 km
of TeraLight™ fiber – comparable to 100 million voice calls or 640 000 high
speed ADSL internet links over a single fiber.
achieved 7 Tbit/s over a more limi- spaced every 50 GHz. In such sys-
Introduction
ted 50 km using bidirectional trans- tems, the amount of information
mission. However, the Alcatel con- per unit optical bandwidth, also
he dramatic growth in Inter- tribution to ECOC 2000 [6] reported known as the spectral efficiency,
T net traffic is forcing network
operators to deploy ever higher
the largest ever capacity x dis-
tance product at 40 Gbit/s [7].
corresponds to h=0.2 bit/s/Hz,
where h = bitrate/spectral spacing
transmission capacities in their This article reports on the trans- of the optical channels. However,
terrestrial fiber backbone net- mission of 128 WDM channels 10 Gbit/s DWDM systems using a
works. It is anticipated that in the spanning the C and L bands. Each 25 GHz channel spacing are now
near future it will be necessary to channel is modulated at 40 Gbit/s, being considered to realize a spec-
offer multi-terabit capacities over based on full Electrical Time Divi- tral efficiency of h=0.4 bit/s/Hz.
a single fiber, based on the use of sion Multiplexing (ETDM) terminal With respect to such systems, mov-
Dense Wavelength Division Multi- equipment. The total transmission ing from the 10 Gbit/s channel
plexing (DWDM). capacity of 5.12 Tbit/s is achieved rate to 40 Gbit/s is beneficial in
To cope with this demand, it is over 3 x 100 km of TeraLight™ terms of total capacity only if, at
likely that the next generation of fiber, using a combination of the same time, the channel spacing
Wavelength Division Multiplexing EDFAs and Raman amplifiers. is less than 100 GHz, so that the
(WDM) systems will use a 40 Gbit/s efficiency h is increased beyond
channel rate [1], which is the next 0.4 bit/s/Hz.
transmission system hierarchy [2].
In mid-2000, two experimental lab- High Spectral Efficiency DWDM
Systems
oratory systems using this channel New DWDM Approach
rate demonstrated that a total In this article, we propose a new
throughput of 3 Tbit/s [1,3] could Moving from a 10 Gbit/s channel wavelength allocation scheme in
be achieved by making full use of rate to a 40 Gbit/s channel rate in combination with Vestigial Side-
the C and L bands opened up by WDM systems is expected to offer Band (VSB)-like demultiplexing
the use of Erbium-Doped Fiber cost benefits, not only because at the receiver to achieve a high
Amplifiers (EDFA). just one quarter the number of spectral efficiency of h=0.64
At the European Conference on channels is required to provide bit/s/Hz using the well known Non-
Optical Communication (ECOC) the same capacity, but also because Return-to-Zero (NRZ) format.
in September 2000, even higher it eases optical network manage- Conventional optical demultiplex-
capacities were reported using the ment. However, a greater advan- ing of 40 Gbit/s NRZ modulated
40 Gbit/s channel bitrate. A team tage is that operation at 40 Gbit/s channels requires filters with about
from NEC [4] used polarization makes it possible to achieve higher 60 GHz of optical bandwidth [1,5].
division multiplexing to reach throughputs than at 10 Gbit/s. As both optical sidebands of an
6.4 Tbit/s over 186 km of fiber, In today’s most advanced 10 Gbit/s NRZ modulated optical spectrum
while a team from Siemens [5] DWDM systems, channels are generally contain redundant infor-
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Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2000
289
Multi-terabit/s transmission over Alcatel TeraLight™ fiber
Q
D1
Channel no
D2
1 odd channels
D3 4:1 63 M-Z
10 Gbit/s MUX
215 -1 D4 C band
215 -1 2
M-Z even channels
C 64
Q
Pattern drivers
Generators
Q
D1
D2 65 odd channels
127 M-Z
D3 4:1 L band
10 Gbit/s
D4 MUX
223 -1 66 even channels
223 -1 M-Z
128
C*
Q
Four additional 10 Gbit/s decision The WDM transmitter sources are received optical power to 10 dBm on
circuits can optionally be used to 128 continuous light emitting Dis- the 40 Gbit/s PIN photodiode feed-
reshape the 10 Gbit/s input signals tributed Feedback (DFB) lasers ing directly the decision circuit with-
to enhance sensitivity. However, with wavelengths ranging from out any electrical preamplification.
these were not required for the 1529.94 to 1561.22 nm in the C band The 40 Gbit/s data signal is elec-
5.12 Tbit/s experiment. (channels 1 to 64) and 1569.59 to tronically demultiplexed by two cas-
1602.53 nm in the L band (chan- caded SiGe flip-flops which sample
nels 65 to 128). In each band, two at 20 GHz and 10 GHz repetition
ETDM/WDM Transmitter sets of 125 GHz-spaced channels, rates. At the receiver output, the
Configuration
consisting of the odd and even chan- 10 Gbit/s Bit Error Ratio (BER)
nels, are combined by arrayed detector monitors the overall trans-
Figure 4 shows the transmitter waveguide gratings. The optical mission performance. A separate
configuration. Two different PRBSs modulators are arranged so that PIN photodiode supplies the clock
are generated electrically by two the interleaved odd and even chan- recovery circuit with PRBS data.
10 Gbit/s pattern generators with nels from the C and L bands have The clock is recovered by nonlinear
different pattern lengths and uncor- different modulation patterns to signal processing followed by a
related clocks. Each generator deliv- guarantee perfect decorrelation of phase-locked loop which locks itself
ers four 10 Gbit/s tributaries, which all neighboring channels, as required onto one of the four 10 Gbit/s trib-
are combined in the 4:1 multiplexer for a realistic WDM system demon- utaries and delivers the 10 GHz
(see Figure 2). Both 40 Gbit/s strator. The channel spacing is clock for the BER detector.
multiplexes have two complemen- unequal (50 GHz and 75 GHz) and
tary outputs (Q and Q) delivering, the achieved spectral efficiency is
Alcatel TeraLight™ Fiber
at 40 Gbit/s, a real PRBS with 215-1 0.64 bit/s/Hz.
and 223-1 bits, respectively. These
sequences are boosted by four elec- ETDM Receiver Configuration Generally, a high spectral efficiency
trical drivers, which supply four Figure 5 shows the configuration of for DWDM systems increases non-
LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulators the 40 Gbit/s ETDM receiver, which linear interactions between optical
with a 5 to 6 V swing. incorporates an EDFA to boost the channels as a result of fiber nonlin-
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Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2000
C band
EDFAs
Q 1x
32 M-Z
C band
40 Gbit/s 100 km EDFAs
215 -1 Teralight™
PBS DCF
1x
Q 32 M-Z
C C DCF C
Rx
DCF
L L L
1x VSB Filter
Q 32 M-Z DCF
PBS
40 Gbit/s
223 -1 L band
Raman Pumps EDFAs
1x M-Z
Q 32 L band x3
EDFAs
Figure 6 – Block diagram of the 5.12 Tbit/s transmission experiment over 300 km of TeraLight fiber
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Alcatel Telecommunications Review - 4 th Quarter 2000
TeralightTM Fibers Raman Pumps C and L Band 40 Gbit/s ETDM 64 L band Lasers 64 C band Lasers
EDFAs Tx and Rx
Figure 9 – Arrangement of the 5.12 Tbit/s transmission experiment in the CRC laboratory in Marcoussis
fiber spools, Raman pump lasers, lated Raman Scattering (SRS). about 20 km before the next
EDFAs, 40 Gbit/s ETDM equip- This process can improve the repeater. At this point, the power
ment together with two pattern SNR because it is a distributed level is δP=6 dB higher than at
generators and a BER detector, process, in contrast to the lumped the input of a regular EDFA. This
two racks with the L band DFB scheme involved in EDFAs. A bet- minimum power level in the span
lasers (behind the ETDM equip- ter insight into this phenomenon mainly sets the amount of noise
ment) and two racks with the can be obtained by simulating generated by the overall amplifi-
C band DFB lasers. the relative change in signal cation process. Therefore, deploy-
power along a 100 km span, as ing Raman amplifiers effectively
depicted in Figure 10. In the reduces the span loss by several
Challenges on Optical presence of 10 dB Raman ampli- dB (typically 5 dB), or else effec-
Amplification and Dispersion fication, the power decay result- tively increases the SNR by the
Compensation
ing from fiber loss is stopped at same amount.
Raman Amplification
Raman amplification was used in Distance (km)
combination with the EDFAs to 0 20 40 60 80 100
improve the overall SNR. This 0
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Multi-terabit/s transmission over Alcatel TeraLight™ fiber
-15
5 (b)
Optical Power (dBm)
0
EDFAs Raman EDFAs
-5
(C and L band) Pumps (C and L band)
-15
(c)
-20 (x) Fiber Loss
25
Loss
-25
(dB)
20
-8 (d) 15
-13 5
loss/gain (dB)
-(b)+(x)+(c)
SI-SRS
-18 0
1525 1545 1565 1585 1605
-5
1525 1545 1565 1585 1605
Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 11 – Gain flatness management; the objective is that the spectrum at (a) and the spectrum at (d) should be identical: (a) EDFA
input, (b) EDFA output, (c) Raman pumps off and (d) Raman pumps on. The SI-SRS-induced gain/loss is given by (c) – (b) + (x)
Raman amplifiers provide maxi- channels to longer wavelength inputs of all the EDFAs. To com-
mum gain at about 100 nm away ones, resulting in strong spectral pensate for SI-SRS, the length of
from the pump wavelength. In our distortion. We characterized this Erbium-doped fiber in each C and
experiment, to achieve a flat gain effect in our link for each fiber L band EDFA was carefully
simultaneously over the C and span. By evaluating the measured adjusted to provide higher gain
L bands, we launched the light spectra (b) and (c) and taking the (approximately 3 dB) in the
from four multiplexed semicon- fiber loss into account (see Fig- shorter wavelength region than in
ductor lasers, used as pumps, at ure 11), the SI-SRS loss/gain vari- the longer wavelength one, as illus-
wavelengths of 1427, 1439, 1450 ation was shown to be very linear trated in Figure 11b. Under these
and 1485 nm. By varying the as a function of wavelength conditions, the spectrum in each
power of each laser, it was possi- Taking into account SI-SRS is like band is flat at the next amplifier
ble to tune the overall Raman passing through a filter which is input when the Raman pumps are
amplifier gain to maintain a fairly free of loss, on average, that is, the off (Figure 11c), but the C band
good flatness throughout the link. number of photons lost by shorter is depleted by 4 dB to the benefit
wavelength channels is equal to of the L band. With the Raman
Gain Flatness Management the number of photons gained by pumps on (Figure 11d), the
It is difficult to maintain an overall longer wavelength channels. The depletion is partly corrected, as
flat gain distribution because of the major property of this filter is Raman amplification provides an
presence of Self-Induced Stimu- that it is remarkably linear in dB average gain of 12 dB in the C band
lated Raman Scattering (SI-SRS), as a function of wavelength and 10 dB in the L band. Thus, the
a nonlinear phenomenon specific to throughout both the C and relatively flat power distribution of
WDM systems that utilize a large L bands, in close accord with ana- Figure 11a is recovered, within
number of wavelengths. This effect lytical predictions [11]. Here the satisfactory limits, as shown in
originates from the same physical total power ratio between chan- Figure 11d.
phenomenon as that used for nel 1 and channel 128 is just 6 dB,
Raman amplification, but is caused or 3 dB per band. Dispersion Management
by the sole propagation of the The strategy for controlling the In the booster, line amplifiers and
channel multiplex. SI-SRS transfers power distribution of the DWDM preamplifier, the length of DCF in
energy from shorter wavelength channels was to keep it flat at the each band was optimized using a
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