f(t) t t≥0 f(t)

L[f(t)]
∞
L[f(t)] = F(s) = ∫ e−st f(t)dt.
0

s s

F(t)
∞
∫ e−st f(t)dt
0

∞
limb⟶∞ ∫ e−st f(t)dt
0

∞ ∞
L[F(t)] = F(s) = ∫ e−st f(t)dt = limb⟶∞ ∫ e−st f(t)dt
0 0

f(t) = c, f(t) = t.

⟶
f(t) = c, c
∞ ∞ ∞
L[c] = ∫ e−st c dt = limb⟶∞ ∫ e−st c dt = climb⟶∞ ∫ e−st c dt ⟹
0 0 0

b
e−st c 1 b c 1 1
L[c] = climb⟶∞ [− ] = − limb⟶∞ [ st ] = − limb⟶∞ [ s(b) − s(0) ] ⟹
s 0 s e 0 s e e
c c c c
L[c] = − limb⟶∞ [0 − 1] = − limb⟶∞ [−1] = − (−1) = ⟹
s s s s
c
L[c] = s > 0.
s
s > 0, −sb e−sb
∞
b s < 0, limb⟶∞ ∫0 e−st c dt

𝐋
∞ ∞
L[f(t)] = F(s) = ∫0 e−st f(t)dt L[g(t)] = G(s) = ∫0 e−st g(t)dt.

∞ ∞ ∞
∫0 e−st [αf(t) + βg(t)dt]dt = α ∫0 e−st f(t)dt + β ∫0 e−st g(t)dt,

L[αf(t) + βg(t)] = αL[f(t)] + βL[g(t)] = αF(s) + βG(s).

f(t) = t.
∞ ∞
−st
L[t] = ∫ e t dt = limb⟶∞ ∫ e−st t dt ⟹
0 0
 e−st
u = t ⟹ du = dt, dv = e−st ⟹ v = − s

e−st e−st e−st 1

∫ e−st tdt = t [− ]−∫ − dt = −t + ∫ e−st dt ⟹
s s s s

−st
e−st 1 e−st te−st e−st
∫ e tdt = −t + [− ]=− − 2 ⟹
s s s s s

te−st e−st
∫ e−st tdt = − − 2 .
s s

f(t) = t
∞ b b
−st
te−st e−st ste−st + e−st
L[t] = limb⟶∞ ∫ e t dt = −limb⟶∞ [ + 2 ] = −limb⟶∞ [ ] ⟹
0 s s 0 s2 0

b
1 −st (st b
1 1
L[t] = − lim b⟶∞ [e + 1)] 0 = − l𝑖𝑚 [
b⟶∞ st (st + 1)] ⟹
s2 s2 e 0

1 1 1 1 sb + 1
L[t] = − 2
limb⟶∞ [ sb (sb + 1) − s(0) (s(0) + 1)] = 2 limb⟶∞ [1 − sb ] ⟹
s e e s e

1 sb + 1 1 sb + 1
L[t] = [limb⟶∞ [1 − ]] = [lim b⟶∞ 1 − limb⟶∞ [ ]] ⟹
s2 esb s2 esb

1 sb+1
L[t] = s2 [1 − limb⟶∞ [ esb ]]

sb+1
limb⟶∞ [ esb ],

sb+1 s 1
limb⟶∞ [ esb ] = limb⟶∞ [sesb ] = limb⟶∞ [esb ] = 0.

1 1
L[t] = 2
[1 − 0] = 2 ⟹
s s
1
L[t] = .
s2
 f (x) f '(x)
lím  lím
x  x0 g (x) x  x0 g '(x)

𝑳.

𝑓(𝑡) [0, ∞)
𝑐 𝑡 > 𝑇, 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] 𝑠 > 𝑐.

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]:

● 𝑓(𝑡),
[0, ∞).
● 𝑓(𝑡)

𝑓(𝑡).
[0, ∞), 0 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏,
𝑡𝑘 , 𝑘 = 1, 2, ⋯ , 𝑛 𝑡𝑘−1 < 𝑡𝑘 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡𝑘−1 < 𝑡 < 𝑡𝑘 .

𝑓 𝑐
𝑀>0 𝑇>0

|𝑓(𝑡)| ≤ 𝑀𝑒 𝑐𝑡 𝑡 > 𝑇.
𝑓 |𝑓(𝑡)| ≤ 𝑀𝑒 𝑐𝑡 𝑡>T
𝑓 [0, ∞)
𝑀𝑒 𝑐𝑡 𝑐

𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡, 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 , ℎ(𝑡) = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑐 = 1,

|𝑡| ≤ 𝑒 −𝑡 , |𝑒 −𝑡 | ≤ 𝑒 𝑡 , |4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡| ≤ 4𝑒 𝑡 .

𝑒𝑡
𝑒, 0 < 𝑐 < 𝑡.

𝑡𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑐 > 0,

𝑡𝑛
|𝑡 𝑛 | ≤ 𝑀𝑒 𝑐𝑡 ⟹ | 𝑐𝑡 | ≤ 𝑀 𝑡 > 𝑇.
𝑒

𝑡𝑛
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑡⟶∞ |𝑒 𝑐𝑡 | 𝑛 = 1,2,3, ⋯.

𝑡𝑛.

1 𝑡𝑘
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 (𝑠𝑛−(𝑘−1)).

𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ].
∞ 𝑏
𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 ⟹
0 0
 𝑏
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡
0

𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡

= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [𝑡 𝑛 ( ) − 𝑛𝑡 𝑛−1 ( 2 ) + (𝑛)(𝑛 − 1)𝑡 𝑛−2 ( 3 )
−𝑠 𝑠 −𝑠
−𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
− (𝑛)(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑡 𝑛−3 ( 4 ) + ⋯ − (𝑛)(𝑛 − 1) ⋯ (4)𝑡 3 ( 𝑛−2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑏
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 e−𝑠𝑡
− (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) ⋯ (3)𝑡 2 ( 𝑛−1 ) − 𝑛! 𝑡1 ( 𝑛 ) − 𝑛! 𝑡 0 ( 𝑛+1 )] ⟹
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 0

𝑏
𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡
0
1 𝑡𝑛 𝑛𝑡 𝑛−1 (𝑛)(𝑛 − 1)𝑡 𝑛−2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ( 𝑠𝑡 ) [( ) + ( 2 ) + ( )
𝑒 𝑠 𝑠 −𝑠 3
(𝑛)(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑡 𝑛−3 (𝑛)(𝑛 − 1) ⋯ (4)𝑡 3
+( ) + ⋯( )
𝑠4 𝑠 𝑛−2
𝑏
(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) ⋯ (3)𝑡 2 𝑛! 𝑡1 𝑛!
+( ) + ( 𝑛 ) + ( 𝑛+1 )]
𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑠 𝑠 0

1 𝑡𝑘
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 (𝑠𝑛−(𝑘−1)), 𝑘 ≠ 0,

1 𝑛!
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ (− ) [ ]⟹
𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑠 𝑛+1
𝑛! 1 𝑏 𝑛! 1 1
− 𝑛+1 |𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ 𝑠𝑡 | ⟹ − 𝑛+1 [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ( 𝑠(𝑏) − 𝑠(0) )] ⟹
𝑠 𝑒 0 𝑠 𝑒 𝑒
𝑛! 𝑛!
− 𝑛+1
[0 − 1] = ⟹
𝑠 𝑠 𝑛+1
𝑛!
𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = .
𝑠 𝑛+1
 𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ].

∞ 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎𝑡 ] −𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡
𝐿[𝑒 =∫ 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⟹
0 0 0

𝑏
𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
0

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = (𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = ⟹
(𝑎 − 𝑠)

𝑏
𝑎𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝐿[𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ [𝑒 𝑢 ]= 𝑒𝑢 = 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 ⟹
0 (𝑎 − 𝑠) 𝑎−𝑠 𝑎−𝑠

𝑏 𝑏
𝑎𝑡 ] (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
1 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
1 𝑏
𝐿[𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [| 𝑒 | ]= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [|𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 |0 ] ⟹
0 𝑎−𝑠 0 𝑎−𝑠

𝑎𝑡 ]
1 1 𝑏 1 1 1
𝐿[𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [| (𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 | ] = [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ( (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 − (𝑠−𝑎)0 )] ⟹
𝑎−𝑠 𝑒 0 𝑎−𝑠 𝑒 𝑒

1 1 1 1 1
𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ( (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 − 1)] = [(0 − 1)] = − = ⟹
𝑎−𝑠 𝑒 𝑎−𝑠 𝑎−𝑠 𝑠−𝑎
1
𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = .
𝑠−𝑎
 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡].
∞
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
0

𝑒 𝐽𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐽𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝜃,

𝑒 −𝐽𝜃 = 𝑒 𝐽(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) + 𝐽𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃),

𝑒 −𝐽𝜃 = 𝑒 𝐽(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝐽𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃),

𝑒 𝐽𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝐽𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝐽𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) − 𝐽𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) ⟹

𝑒 𝐽𝜃 +𝑒 −𝐽𝜃
𝑒 𝐽𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝐽𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = ,
2
𝑒 𝐽𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝐽𝑎𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡) = ( ).
2

𝑒 𝐽𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝐽𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝐽𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝐽𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) ⟹

𝑒 𝐽𝜃 −𝑒 −𝐽𝜃
𝑒 J𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝐽𝜃 = 2𝐽𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) = ,
2𝐽
𝑒 𝐽𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝐽𝑎𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡) = ( ).
2
∞
∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑏 𝑒 𝐽𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝐽𝑎𝑡
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 =
2
𝑏 𝑒 𝐽𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡 +𝑒 −𝐽𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 ⟹
2

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
−𝑠𝑡
1 𝐽𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ (𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ (𝑒 −𝐽𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡]
0 2 0 0
⟹
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 (𝐽𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝐽𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
0 2 0 0
⟹
𝑏 𝑏
1 e(𝐽𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝐽𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | ]⟹
2 −(𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎) 0 −(𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎) 0
 𝑏
1 𝑒 (𝐽𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝐽𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = − [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | + | ]=
2 (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎)
0
𝑏
1 (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎)𝑒 (𝐽𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 + (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎)𝑒 −(𝐽𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
= − [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | +| ]
2 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )
0
𝑏
1 1 (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎)
= − [ 2 ] [𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏⟶∞ | + (𝑠+𝐽𝑎)𝑡 | ] ⟹
2 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑒 (𝑠−𝐽𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 0

1 1 (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎)

𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = − [ 2 ] 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏⟶∞ [( + ) − ( + )] ⟹
2 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑒 (𝑠−𝐽𝑎)𝑏 𝑒 (𝑠+𝐽𝑎)𝑏 𝑒 (𝑠−𝐽𝑎)0 𝑒 (𝑠+𝐽𝑎)0
1 1 1 −2𝑠
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = − [ 2 ] [0 − (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎 + 𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎)] = − [ 2 ]⟹
2 (𝑠 + 𝑎 )
2 2 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 )
𝑠
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = .
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡

𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡].
∞
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
0

𝑒 J𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝐽𝑎𝑡 :
𝑒 𝐽𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝐽𝑎𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡) = ( ),
2

𝑏 𝑏
𝑒 𝐽𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝐽𝑎𝑡
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( ) 𝑑𝑡
0 0 2𝐽
𝑏
𝑒 𝐽𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝐽𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡
0 2𝐽
𝑏 𝑏
1 (𝐽𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝐽𝑎+𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡] =
2𝐽 0 0

𝑏 𝑏
1 −(𝑠−𝐽𝑎)𝑡
[𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝐽𝑎+𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡] =
2𝐽 0 0

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝐽𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑗𝑎)𝑡 1 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑗𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑗𝑎)𝑡
[𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | ] = [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | − | ]=
2𝐽 −(𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎) 0 −(𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎) 0 2𝐽 (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎) 0
 𝑏
1 (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎)𝑒 −(𝑠+𝐽𝑎)t − (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎)𝑒 −(𝑠−𝐽𝑎)𝑡
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | ]=
2𝐽 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )
0

𝑏
1 1 (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎)
[ 2 ] [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | (𝑠+𝐽𝑎)𝑡 − (𝑠−𝐽𝑎)𝑡 | ],
2𝐽 (𝑠 + 𝑎 )
2 𝑒 𝑒 0

1 1 (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎)

𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = [ 2 ] [( − ) − ( − )] ⟹
2𝐽 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑒 (𝑠+𝐽𝑎)𝑏 𝑒 (𝑠−𝐽𝑎)𝑏 𝑒 (𝑠+𝐽𝑎)0 𝑒 (𝑠−𝐽𝑎)0

1 1 (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎)
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = [ 2 ] [( (𝑠+𝐽𝑎)𝑏 − (𝑠−𝐽𝑎)b ) − (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎 − (𝑠 + 𝐽𝑎))] ⟹
2𝐽 (𝑠 + 𝑎 )
2 𝑒 𝑒
1 1
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = [ 2 ] [(0) − (𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎 − 𝑠 − 𝐽𝑎))] ⟹
2𝐽 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 )
1 1 𝑎
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = [ 2 ] (2𝐽𝑎) = 2 ⟹
2𝐽 (𝑠 + 𝑎 )
2 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 )
𝑎
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = .
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡).
∞
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑡.
0

𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥) = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥) = .
2 2

∞ 𝑏 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ⟹
0 2 0 2
 𝑏
𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 + 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑠)𝑡
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑑𝑡
0 2
𝑏 𝑏
1 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
2 0 0
𝑏 𝑏
1 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡] ⟹
2 0 0

𝑏 𝑏
1 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] = [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡] =
2 0 0

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 1 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡
[𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | ] = − [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | + | ]=
2 −(𝑠 − 𝑎) 0 −(𝑠 + 𝑎) 0 2 (𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝑎) 0
𝑏
1 (𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 + (𝑠 − 𝑎)𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡
− [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | ]⟹
2 (𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
0

1 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠−𝑎 𝑏
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] = − [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | (𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 + (𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 | ].
2(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑒 𝑒 0

1 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠−𝑎

𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] = − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [( (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 + (𝑠+𝑎)𝑏 ) − ( (𝑠−𝑎)0 + (𝑠+𝑎)0 )] ⟹
2(𝑠 2 −𝑎 )
2 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
1 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠−𝑎
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] = − 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏⟶∞ [( + ) − (𝑠 + 𝑎 + (𝑠 − 𝑎))] ⟹
2(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑒 (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 𝑒 (𝑠+𝑎)𝑏
1
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] == − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [(0) − (𝑠 + 𝑎 + 𝑠 − 𝑎))] ⟹
2(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
1 1 𝑠
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] = − [ 2 ] (−2𝑠) = 2 ⟹
2 (𝑠 − 𝑎 )
2 (𝑠 − 𝑎2 )
𝑠
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑡)] = .
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )

∞
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑡.
0
 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥) = .
2

∞ 𝑏 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 − e−𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ⟹
0 2 0 2
𝑏
𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 − 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑠)𝑡
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑑𝑡
0 2
𝑏 𝑏
1
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
2 0 0
𝑏 𝑏
1
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡] ⟹
2 0 0

𝑏 𝑏
1
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] = [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡] =
2 0 0

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 1 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡
[𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | ] = − [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | − | ]=
2 −(𝑠 − 𝑎) 0 −(𝑠 + 𝑎) 0 2 (𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝑎) 0
𝑏
1 (𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 − (𝑠 − 𝑎)𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡
− [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ | | ]⟹
2 (𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
0

1 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠−𝑎 𝑏
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] = − [𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏⟶∞ | − | ].
2(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑒 (𝑠−𝑎)t 𝑒 (𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 0

1 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠−𝑎

𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] = − 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏⟶∞ [( − ) − ( − )] ⟹
2(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑒 (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 𝑒 (𝑠+𝑎)𝑏 𝑒 (𝑠−𝑎)0 𝑒 (𝑠+𝑎)0
1 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠−𝑎
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] = − 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏⟶∞ [( − ) − (𝑠 + 𝑎 − (𝑠 − 𝑎))] ⟹
2(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑒 (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 𝑒 (𝑠+𝑎)𝑏
1
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] == − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [(0) − (𝑠 + 𝑎 − 𝑠 + 𝑎))] ⟹
2(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
1 1 𝑎
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] = − [ 2 ] (−2𝑎) = 2 ⟹
2 (𝑠 − 𝑎 )
2 (𝑠 − 𝑎2 )
𝑎
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑡)] = .
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ].

∞ 𝑏 𝑏
𝐿[𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫0 𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫0 𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡.

𝑢 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑣 = ,
𝑎−𝑠

𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 1

∫ 𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 −∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 − ∫ 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⟹
𝑎−𝑠 𝑎−𝑠 𝑎−𝑠 𝑎−𝑠

𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
∫ 𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 − .
𝑎−𝑠 (𝑎 − 𝑠)2

𝑏
𝑎𝑡 ]
𝑏
(𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
𝐿[𝑡𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [|𝑡 − | ]
0 𝑎−𝑠 (𝑎 − 𝑠)2
0
𝑏
(𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 − 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [| | ]
(𝑎 − 𝑠)2
0
1 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑏
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [|(𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑡𝑒 − 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 |0 ] ⟹
(𝑎 − 𝑠)2
𝑏
𝑎𝑡 ]
1 (𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑡 1
𝐿[𝑡𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏⟶∞ [| − | ]
(𝑎 − 𝑠)2 𝑒 (𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 0
1 (𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑏 1 (𝑎 − 𝑠)0 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [( (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 − (𝑎−𝑠)𝑏 ) − ( (𝑠−𝑎)0 − (𝑎−𝑠)0 )] ⟹
(𝑎 − 𝑠) 2 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
1 1
𝐿[𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = [(0 − 0) − (−1)] = ⟹
(𝑎 − 𝑠) 2 (𝑎 − 𝑠)2
1
𝐿[𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝑠 > 𝑎.
(𝑎 − 𝑠)2
 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ].
∞ 𝑏 𝑏
2 𝑎𝑡 ] −𝑠𝑡 2 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
𝐿[𝑡 𝑒 =∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
0 0 0

𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
𝑢 = 𝑡 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑣 = ,
𝑎−𝑠
𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 2
∫ 𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 −∫ 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − 𝑎−𝑠 ∫ 𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
𝑎−𝑠 𝑎−𝑠 𝑎−𝑠

𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
∫ 𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑎−𝑠)
− (𝑎−𝑠)2 .
𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 2
∫ 𝑡 𝑒 2 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2
− ∫ 𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⟹
𝑎−𝑠 𝑎−𝑠

𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 2 𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡

∫ 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − [ − ]=
𝑎 − 𝑠 𝑎 − 𝑠 (𝑎 − 𝑠) (𝑎 − 𝑠)2

𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 2𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 2𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡

∫ 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − + ⟹
𝑎−𝑠 (𝑎 − 𝑠)2 (𝑎 − 𝑠)3
𝑏
2 𝑎𝑡 ]
𝑏
2 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑡
𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 2𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 2𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
2
𝐿[𝑡 𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [|𝑡 − + | ]⟹
0 𝑎−𝑠 (𝑎 − 𝑠)2 (𝑎 − 𝑠)3
0

𝑏
2 𝑎𝑡 ]
(𝑎 − 𝑠)2 𝑡 2 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 − 2(𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑡𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡 + 2𝑒 (𝑎−𝑠)𝑡
𝐿[𝑡 𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [| +| ] =
(𝑎 − 𝑠)3
0

1 𝑏
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [|(𝑎 − 𝑠)2 𝑡 2 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 − 2(𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑡𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 + 2𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 |0 ] =
(𝑎 − 𝑠) 3

𝑏
1 (𝑎 − 𝑠)2 𝑡 2 2(𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑡 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏⟶∞ [| − + | ]=
(𝑎 − 𝑠)3 𝑒 (𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑒 (𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 0

1 (𝑎 − 𝑠)2 𝑏 2 2(𝑎 − 𝑠)𝑏 2

𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [( (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 − (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 + (𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 )
(𝑎 − 𝑠) 3 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
2
(𝑎 − 𝑠) 0 2
2(𝑎 − 𝑠)0 2
− ( (𝑠−𝑎)0 − (𝑠−𝑎)0 + (𝑠−𝑎)0 )] ⟹
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
1 2 2
[(0 − 0 + 0) − (0 − 0 + 2)] = − = ⟹
(𝑎 − 𝑠) 3 (𝑎 − 𝑠) 3 (𝑠 − 𝑎)3

2
𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝑠 > 𝑎.
(𝑠 − 𝑎)3
 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)],

𝑓(𝑡) = {0 𝑠𝑖 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 3 2 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 ≥ 3 }
∞ 𝑏
−𝑠𝑡
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑓(𝑡) 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]

𝑏 3 ∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 (0) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 (2) 𝑑𝑡] ⟹
0 0 3

∞ ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [0 + 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑑𝑡] = 2𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [| | ] = − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [|𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 |∞
3]⟹
3 −𝑠 3 𝑠

2 1 ∞ 2 1 1 2 1
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [| 𝑠𝑡 | ] = − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ [( 𝑠∞ ) − ( 𝑠3 )] = − [(0) − ( 3𝑠 )] ⟹
𝑠 𝑒 3 𝑠 𝑒 𝑒 𝑠 𝑒
2
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ⟹
𝑠𝑒 3𝑠
2
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) = {0 𝑠𝑖 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 3 2 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 ≥ 3 }] = .
𝑠𝑒 3𝑠

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡.
 𝐿.

𝐿[𝑠i𝑛2 𝑡].

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 ⟹

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = −(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 ⟹

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = ⟹
2
∞ 𝑏 𝑏
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏⟶∞ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 [ ] 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0 2
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 1
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡] = 𝐿 [ − ] = 𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡].
2 2 2

𝑐 𝑠
𝐿[𝑐] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ).

1 1 1 1 𝑠
𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = [𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)] = [ − 2 ]⟹
2 2 2 𝑠 (𝑠 + 22 )
1 𝑠2 + 4 − 𝑠2 2
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡] = [ ]= ⟹
2 𝑠(𝑠 + 2 )
2 2 𝑠(𝑠 + 22 )
2

2
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡] = .
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 22 )
 𝑓(𝑡) 𝐹(𝑠)

𝑐
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑐 𝐿[𝑡] = 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠>0
𝑠

1
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝐿[𝑡] = 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠2

𝑛!
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠 𝑛+1

1
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠−𝑎

𝑠
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

𝑎
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

1
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠 > 𝑎.
(𝑎 − 𝑠)2

2
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝑠 > 𝑎.
(𝑠 − 𝑎)3

𝑎
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )

𝑠
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
 𝑓(𝑡) 𝐹(𝑠)

∞
∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
0

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)

𝐹(𝑠)
𝑓(𝑡). 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑓(𝑡)

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)],

𝑓(𝑡) 𝐹(𝑠).
 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]

𝑐
𝑐 = 𝐿−1 [ ] 𝑠>0
𝑠

1
𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ 2 ]
𝑠

𝑛!
𝑡 𝑛 = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠 𝑛+1

1
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠−𝑎

𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

1
𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ ] 𝑠 > 𝑎.
(𝑎 − 𝑠)2

2
𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ ] 𝑠 > 𝑎.
(𝑠 − 𝑎)3

𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )

𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 )
 𝑳−𝟏

𝐿
−1
𝐿 ,

𝛼 𝛽

𝐿−1 [𝛼𝐹(𝑠) + 𝛽𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝛼𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] + 𝛽𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)]

𝐹 𝐺 𝑓 𝑔

1
𝐿−1 [𝑠4 ].

𝑛!
𝑡 𝑛 = 𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑛+1 ],

1 𝑛!
[𝑠𝑛+1 ], 𝑛 = 3,
𝑠4

1 1 3! 1
𝐿−1 [ 4 ] = ∙ 𝐿−1 [ 4 ] = 𝑡 3 .
𝑠 3! 𝑠 6
 1
𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +16].

𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )],

1 𝑎
, 𝑎 = 4,
𝑠2 +16 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )

1 1 −1 4 1
𝐿−1 [ ] = ∙ 𝐿 [ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡.
𝑠 2 + 16 4 𝑠 2 + 16 4

5𝑠+4
𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +9].

5𝑠 + 4 5𝑠 4
𝐿−1 [ 2
] ⟹ 𝐿−1 [ 2 + 2 ].
𝑠 +9 𝑠 +9 𝑠 +9

𝑎 𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ ], 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )

5𝑠 + 4 𝑠 4 −1 3 4
𝐿−1 [ ] = 5𝐿−1
[ ] + 𝐿 [ ] = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡.
𝑠2 + 9 𝑠2 + 9 3 𝑠2 + 9 3

𝑳−𝟏 .

1 𝑠−1 5𝑠 − 1
, , .
(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 − 1) 𝑠 2 (𝑠 − 2)3 𝑠 3 (𝑠 + 4)2
 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)(𝑠−5)(𝑠−2)].

1
,
(𝑠−3)(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1)
𝐴, 𝐵 𝐶,
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + .
(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 − 5)(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 + 3) (𝑠 − 5) (𝑠 − 2)

𝐴, 𝐵 𝐶.

1 𝐴(𝑠 − 5)(𝑠 − 2) 𝐵(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 − 2) 𝐶(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 − 5)

= + + =
(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 − 5)(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 + 3) (𝑠 − 5) (𝑠 − 2)

𝐴𝑠 2 − 7𝑠𝐴 + 10𝐴 + 𝐵𝑠 2 + 𝑠𝐵 − 6𝐵 + 𝐶𝑠 2 − 2𝑠𝐶 − 15𝑐 =

(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶)𝑠 2 + (−7𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶)𝑠 + (10𝐴 − 6𝐵 − 15𝐶).

𝑠2, 𝑠
0, 0 1.

{𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 − 7𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶 = 0 10𝐴 − 6𝐵 − 15𝐶 = 1 }

1 1 1
𝐴 = 40 , 𝐵 = 24 , 𝐶 = − 15.

1 1 1
1
= 40 + 24 − 15 ⟹
(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 − 5)(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 + 3) (𝑠 − 5) (𝑠 − 2)
1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1
𝐿−1 [ ]= 𝐿 [ ]+ 𝐿 [ ]− 𝐿 [ ]
(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 − 5)(𝑠 − 2) 40 (𝑠 + 3) 24 (𝑠 − 5) 15 (𝑠 − 2)

1 1 −3𝑡 1 5𝑡 1 2𝑡
𝐿−1 [ ]= 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 𝑒 .
(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 − 5)(𝑠 − 2) 40 24 15
 𝑥−𝑎 ∑∞ 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑎0 +
𝑎1 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑎2 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑎3 (𝑥 − 𝑎)3 + ⋯
2 (1).

𝑥 = 𝑎. 𝑥 a, 𝑥 = 𝑎,
(𝑥 − 𝑎)0 = 1.

𝑎 = 0,
∞

∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ (2).
𝑘=0

∑ 𝑎𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑘 ,
𝑘=0

𝑅 ≥ 0,

|𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝑅,

|𝑥 − 𝑎| > 𝑅,

∑ 𝑎𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑘
𝑘=0
 𝑎𝑘 + 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ | |=𝐿
𝑎𝑘

1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ |𝑎𝑘 |𝑘 = 𝐿

𝐿 = ∞, 𝑅 = 0. 𝑥 = 𝑎.

𝐿 = 0, 𝑅 = ∞. 𝑥.

1
𝑅 = 𝐿.

∞
2𝑘
∑ ( 𝑘 ) 𝑥𝑘 .
3
𝑘=0

2(𝑘+1)
𝑎𝑘 + 1 3𝑘+1 2(𝑘 + 1) 3𝑘
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ | | = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ |( 2𝑘 )| = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ ( (𝑘+1) )]
𝑎𝑘 2𝑘 3
3𝑘
2(𝑘 + 1) 𝑘−(𝑘+1) 2(𝑘 + 1) 1 2𝑘 + 2)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ (3 )] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ ] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ ]
2𝑘 3(2𝑘) 3 (2𝑘)
1 2𝑘 2 1 1 1 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ + ] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [1] + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ ] = ⟹
3 2𝑘 2𝑘 3 3 𝑘 3
𝑎𝑘 + 1 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ | |= .
𝑎𝑘 3
1 1 1
𝐿 = 3, 𝑅=𝐿⟹𝑅= 1 ⟹ 𝑅 = 3.
3
 𝑥

∞
𝑥𝑘
∑ ( ).
𝑘2𝑘
𝑘=1

1
𝑎𝑘 + 1 (𝑘+1)2𝑘+1 𝑘2𝑘
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ | | = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ |( 1 )| = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑘⟶∞ |( )|
𝑎𝑘 (𝑘 + 1)2𝑘+1
𝑘2𝑘
𝑘 2𝑘 𝑘
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ | ( (𝑘+1) )| = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ (2𝑘−(𝑘+1) )] =
(𝑘 + 1) 2 (𝑘 + 1)
𝑘
1 𝑘 1 𝑘 1 1 1 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ ] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ (𝑘+1) ] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ 1 ]= [ ]
2 (𝑘 + 1) 2 2 1+ 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ 1 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ 1
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
1 1 1
= ( )= ⟹
2 1+0 2
𝑎𝑘 + 1 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ | |= .
𝑎𝑘 2
1 1 1
𝐿 = 2, 𝑅=𝐿⟹𝑅= 1 ⟹ 𝑅 = 2.
2

|𝑥| < 2 |𝑥| > 2.

|𝑥| = 2:
𝑥𝑘 2𝑘 1
|𝑥| = 2 ∑∞ ∞
𝑘=1 (𝑘2𝑘 ) = ∑𝑘=1 = ∑∞
𝑘=1 𝑘,
𝑘2𝑘

𝑥𝑘 (−2)𝑘 1
|𝑥| = −2 ∑∞ ∞
𝑘=1 (𝑘2𝑘 ) = ∑𝑘=1 = ∑∞
𝑘=1 (−1) 𝑘,
𝑘2𝑘

[−2,2).
 ∞
𝑥𝑘
∑ .
(𝑙𝑛𝑘)𝑘
𝑘=1

1 1
1 1 𝑘 1𝑘 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ |𝑎𝑘 | = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ |
𝑘
𝑘
| = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ 1 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ = 0.
(𝑙𝑛𝑘) [(𝑙𝑛𝑘)𝑘 ]𝑘 𝑙𝑛𝑘

𝐿=0 𝑅=∞
(−∞, ∞).

∞
(𝑥 − 3)𝑘
∑ .
𝑘2
𝑘=1

1
𝑎𝑘 + 1 (𝑘+1)2 𝑘2 𝑘 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ | | = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ |( 1 )| = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ |( )| = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ |( ) |
𝑎𝑘 (𝑘 + 1)2 𝑘+1
𝑘2
2
𝑘
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ [ ]] = 12 = 1 ⟹
(𝑘 + 1)

𝑎𝑘 + 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑘⟶∞ | | = 1.
𝑎𝑘
1
𝐿 = 1, 𝑅 = 𝐿 ⟹ 𝑅 = 1.

|𝑥 − 3| < 1,

−1 < 𝑥 − 3 < 1 ⟹ 2 < 𝑥 < 4.

|𝑥 − 3| > 1.

|𝑥| = 2:
(2−3)𝑘 1
𝑥=2 ∑∞
𝑘=1 = ∑∞ 𝑘
𝑘=1 (−1) 𝑘 2 =.
𝑘2
𝑥=4
∞ ∞
(4 − 3)𝑘 1
∑ 2
= ∑ 2.
𝑘 𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

[2,4].

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=1

𝑅 > 0,
∞

∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑛=0

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0

𝑅>0 𝑓

𝑓 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0

𝑓, 𝑓´,
𝑥 (−𝑅, 𝑅).
∞

𝑓´ = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑛=0
 ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0

𝑅>0 𝑓

𝑓 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0

𝑓 (−𝑅, 𝑅)
𝑥 ∞
𝐶𝑛 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∑ 𝑥 .
0 𝑛+1
𝑛=0

𝑦´ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0 (1),

𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 (2).
𝑛=0

𝐶𝑛
 ∞

𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + ⋯
𝑛=0

𝑦´,

𝑦´ = 0 + 𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + 3𝐶3 𝑥 2 + ⋯

𝑛 = 1.
∞

𝑦´ = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 = 𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + 3𝐶3 𝑥 2 + ⋯

𝑛=1

∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 ,

𝑛=1 𝑛 = 0.
∞

𝑦´ = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 (3).

𝑛=1

𝑦´´,

𝑛=2 𝑛 = 1.
∞

𝑦´´ = ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 ,

𝑛=2

𝑦 𝑦´
∞ ∞
2 𝑛−1
𝑦´ − 𝑥 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0 ⟹
2

𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞
2 𝑛−1
𝑦´ − 𝑥 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2 = 0.
𝑛=1 𝑛=0

𝑥
 ∞

∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 ,
𝑛=1

𝑛 𝑛 = 1, 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 = 𝑥1−1 = 𝑥 0 ,

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2 (4),
𝑛=0

𝑛 𝑛 = 0, 𝑥 𝑛+2 𝑥 𝑛+2 = 𝑥 0+2 = 𝑥 2 ,

𝑥
𝑛 = 1, 𝑛 = 0.

𝑥.
𝑥,

∞ ∞
𝑛−1 1−1 2−1
∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 = (1)𝐶1 𝑥 + (2)𝐶2 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 ⟹
𝑛=1 𝑛=3
∞ ∞
𝑛−1
∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 = 𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑛=1 𝑛=3

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

𝑦´ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2 = 𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2 .

𝑛=1 𝑛=0 𝑛=3 𝑛=0

𝑥, 𝑥2.

𝑘, 𝑥

∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 ,
𝑛=3

𝑘 = 𝑛 − 1, 𝑥.
 ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2
𝑛=0

𝑘 = 𝑛 + 2, 𝑥.

𝑘, 𝑘

𝑛 =𝑘+1 𝑛 = 𝑘 − 2. 𝑛 = 3 ⟹ 𝑘 = 2,
𝑘 = 2,

∞ ∞
𝑛−1
𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2 ,
𝑛=3 𝑛=0

∞ ∞

𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + ∑ (𝑘 + 1)𝐶𝑘+1 𝑥 − ∑ 𝐶𝑘−2 𝑥 𝑘 .

𝑘

𝑘=2 𝑘=2

𝑥
𝑥2, 𝑘 = 2.

𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + ∑ (𝑘 + 1)𝐶𝑘+1 𝑥 𝑘 − 𝐶𝑘−2 𝑥 𝑘 ,

𝑘=2

𝑥𝑘
∞

𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + ∑ [(𝑘 + 1)𝐶𝑘+1 − C𝑘−2 ]𝑥 𝑘 (6).

𝑘=2

𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶𝑘+1 , 𝐶𝑘−2 ,
 𝑦´ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0,

𝐶𝑘,
𝐶𝑛

𝑦´ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0,
∞

𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 𝑥 + ∑ [(𝑘 + 1)𝐶𝑘+1 − 𝐶𝑘−2 ]𝑥 𝑘 = 0,

𝑘=2

𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 0, (𝑘 + 1)𝐶𝑘+1 − 𝐶𝑘−2 = 0,
𝐶𝑘−2
𝐶𝑘+1 = ,
(𝑘 + 1)

𝐶𝑛
𝑘 𝑘 = 2,
𝑘−2 𝐶 2−2 𝐶 𝐶0
𝑘 = 2 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+1 = (𝑘+1) ⟹ 𝐶2+1 = (2+1) ⟹ 𝐶3 = .
3

𝐶
𝑘−2 3−2 𝐶 𝐶1
𝑘 = 3 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+1 = (𝑘+1) ⟹ 𝐶3+1 = (3+1) ⟹ 𝐶4 = , 𝐶1 = 0 ⟹ 𝐶4 = 0.
4

𝑘−2 𝐶 𝐶2
𝑘 = 4 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+1 = (𝑘+1) ⟹ 𝐶5 = , 𝐶2 = 0 ⟹ 𝐶5 = 0.
5

𝐶 𝐶3 𝐶0 0 𝐶 𝐶
𝑘−2
𝑘 = 5 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+1 = (𝑘+1) ⟹ 𝐶6 = , 𝐶3 = ⟹ 𝐶6 = 3∗6 = 2∗30 2 .
6 3

𝑘−2𝐶 𝐶4
𝑘 = 6 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+1 = (𝑘+1) ⟹ 𝐶7 = ⟹, 𝐶4 = 0 ⟹ 𝐶7 = 0.
7

𝑘−2𝐶 𝐶5
𝑘 = 7 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+1 = (𝑘+1) ⟹ 𝐶8 = ⟹, 𝐶5 = 0 ⟹ 𝐶8 = 0.
8

𝐶 𝐶6 𝐶 𝐶
𝑘−2
𝑘 = 8 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+1 = (𝑘+1) ⟹ 𝐶9 = , 𝐶6 = 180 ⟹ 𝐶9 = 2∗3∗3
0
3.
9

𝐶4 = 𝐶5 = 𝐶7 = 𝐶8 = 0.

𝐶10 = 𝐶11 = 𝐶13 = 𝐶14 = ⋯ 0.

 𝐶6 , 𝐶9 , 𝐶12 , 𝐶15 , ⋯

𝐶0 𝐶0
𝐶3 = . 𝐶6 = .
3 2 ∗ 32
𝐶0
𝐶9 = .
2 ∗ 3 ∗ 33
𝐶0
𝐶12 = .
2 ∗ 3 ∗ 4 ∗ 34

𝐶0
𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛 = 3, 6, 9, 12, ⋯
𝑛! 3𝑛

𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + 𝐶4 𝑥 4 + 𝐶5 𝑥 5 + 𝐶6 𝑥 6 + 𝐶7 x 7 + 𝐶8 𝑥 8 + 𝐶9 𝑥 9
𝑛=0
+ 𝐶10 𝑥10 + 𝐶11 𝑥11 + 𝐶12 𝑥12 + ⋯ (7).

𝐶1 𝑥 = 𝐶2 𝑥 2 = 𝐶4 𝑥 4 = 𝐶5 𝑥 5 = 𝐶7 𝑥 7 = 𝐶8 𝑥 8 = 𝐶10 𝑥10 + 𝐶11 𝑥11 = 0.

𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + 𝐶6 𝑥 6 + 𝐶9 𝑥 9 + 𝐶12 𝑥12 + ⋯ ⟹
𝑛=0
∞
𝐶0 3 𝐶0 𝐶0 𝐶0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝑥 + 2
𝑥6 + 3
𝑥9 + 𝑥12 + ⋯ ⟹
3 2∗3 2∗3∗3 2 ∗ 3 ∗ 4 ∗ 34
𝑛=0
∞
𝐶0 3 𝐶0 𝐶0 𝐶0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝑥 + 2
𝑥6 + 3
𝑥9 + 𝑥12 + ⋯ ⟹
3 2! ∗ 3 3! ∗ 3 4! ∗ 34
𝑛=0
∞
𝐶0
𝑦=∑ 𝑥 3𝑛 (8).
𝑛! ∗ 3𝑛
𝑛=0
 𝑦´ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0

𝑦´ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0

2
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑥3
𝑦´ − 𝑥 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ −𝑥 𝑦 =0⟹ =𝑥 𝑦⟹ = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = +𝑐 ⟹
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 3
𝑥3
𝑙𝑛𝑦 +𝑐
𝑒 =𝑒 3 ⟹
𝑥3
𝑦 = 𝑐0 𝑒 3 (9).

𝑛
∞ ∞ 𝑥3
𝑥𝑛 𝑥3 ( )
𝑥
𝑒 =∑ ⟹ e3 = ∑ 3 .
𝑛! 𝑛!
𝑛=0 𝑛=0

𝑦´´ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0 (10),

∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´ = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´´ = ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 .
𝑛=0 𝑛=1 𝑛=2
 𝑦´´ 𝑦
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛−2 𝑛 𝑛−2
𝑦´´ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0 ⟹ ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 = ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1 ,
𝑛=2 𝑛=0 𝑛=2 𝑛=0

𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑛 = 2,
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑛 = 0,

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛−2 𝑛+1 𝑛−2
∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 = 2𝐶2 + ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1 = 0.
𝑛=2 𝑛=0 𝑛=3 𝑛=0

𝑥, 𝑥1 .

𝑘,
𝑥

∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2

𝑛=3

𝑘 = 𝑛 − 2, 𝑥, 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 2.

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑛=0

𝑘 = 𝑛 + 1, 𝑥, 𝑛 = 𝑘 − 1.

∞ ∞

2𝐶2 + ∑ (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1)𝐶𝑘+2 𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑘−1 𝑥 𝑘 = 0

𝑘
(11).
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
 𝑥
1
𝑥 , 𝑘 = 1.

∞ ∞

2𝐶2 + ∑ (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1)𝐶𝑘+2 𝑥 𝑘 + 𝐶𝑘−1 𝑥 𝑘 = 2𝐶2 + ∑ [(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1)𝐶𝑘+2 + 𝐶𝑘−1 ]𝑥 𝑘

𝑘=1 𝑘=1
= 0.

𝐶2 , 𝐶𝑘+2 , 𝐶𝑘−1 ,

𝑦´´ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0,

𝐶𝑘, 𝐶𝑛

𝑦´´ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0,

2𝐶2 = 0 ⟹ 𝐶2 = 0,
𝐶
𝑘−1
(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1)𝐶𝑘+2 + 𝐶𝑘−1 = 0 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+2 = −
(𝑘+2)(𝑘+1)

𝑘 = 1,
𝑘−1𝐶 1−1𝐶 0 𝐶
𝑘 = 1 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+2 = − (𝑘+2)(𝑘+1) ⟹ 𝐶2+1 = − (1+2)(1+1) ⟹ 𝐶3 = − 2∗3 .

𝑘−1𝐶 2−1𝐶 1 𝐶
𝑘 = 2 ⟹ 𝐶𝑘+2 = − (𝑘+2)(𝑘+1) ⟹ 𝐶2+2 = − (2+2)(2+1) ⟹ 𝐶4 = − 3∗4 .
 3−1 𝐶 2 𝐶
𝑘 = 3 ⟹ 𝐶3+2 = − (3+2)(3+1) ⟹ 𝐶5 = − 4∗5 , 𝐶2 = 0 ⟹ 𝐶5 = 0.

4−1 𝐶 3 𝐶 𝐶0 𝐶
0
𝑘 = 4 ⟹ 𝐶4+2 = − (4+2)(4+1) ⟹ 𝐶6 = − 5∗6 , 𝐶3 = − 2∗3 ⟹ 𝐶6 = 2∗3∗5∗6 .

5−1 𝐶 4 𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶
1
𝑘 = 5 ⟹ 𝐶5+2 = − (5+2)(5+1) ⟹ 𝐶7 = − 6∗7 , 𝐶4 = − 3∗4 ⟹ 𝐶7 = 3∗4∗6∗7 .

6−1 𝐶 5 𝐶
𝑘 = 6 ⟹ 𝐶6+2 = − (6+2)(6+1) ⟹ 𝐶8 = − 7∗8 , 𝐶5 = 0 ⟹ 𝐶8 = 0.

6 𝐶 0 𝐶 0 𝐶
𝑘 = 7 ⟹ 𝐶9 = − 8∗9 , 𝐶6 = − 2∗3∗5∗6 ⟹ 𝐶9 = − 2∗3∗5∗6∗8∗9.

𝐶0
𝐶4 , 𝐶7 , 𝐶10 , 𝐶13 , 𝐶1

𝐶9 ,
𝐶0 𝐶1 𝐶0
𝐶2 = 0, 𝐶3 = − , 𝐶4 = − , 𝐶5 = 0, 𝐶6 = ,
2∗3 3∗4 2∗3∗5∗6
𝐶1 𝐶0
𝐶7 = , 𝐶8 = 0, 𝐶9 = − .
3∗4∗6∗7 2∗3∗5∗6∗8∗9

𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + 𝐶4 𝑥 4 + 𝐶5 𝑥 5 + 𝐶6 𝑥 6 + 𝐶7 𝑥 7 + 𝐶8 𝑥 8 + 𝐶9 𝑥 9
𝑛=0
+ 𝐶10 𝑥10 + 𝐶11 𝑥11 + 𝐶12 𝑥12 + ⋯ (7).

𝐶2 𝑥 2 = 𝐶5 𝑥 5 = 𝐶8 𝑥 8 = 𝐶11 𝑥11 = ⋯ 0.
𝐶0 𝐶1 .

∞
𝐶0 𝐶1 𝐶0 𝐶1
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + (− )𝑥 3 + (− )𝑥 4 + ( )𝑥 6 + ( )𝑥 7
2∗3 3∗4 2∗3∗5∗6 3∗4∗6∗7
𝑛=0
𝐶0 𝐶0
+ (− )𝑥 9 + (− )𝑥10 ⋯
2∗3∗5∗6∗8∗9 3 ∗ 4 ∗ 6 ∗ 7 ∗ 9 ∗ 10
𝑦´ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2 ,
𝐶1
𝐶2

𝑥3 𝑥6 𝑥9
𝑦 = 𝐶0 [1 − + − +⋯]+
2∗3 2∗3∗5∗6 2∗3∗5∗6∗8∗9

𝑥4 𝑥7 𝑥10
𝐶1 [𝑥 − + − + ⋯ ].
3 ∗ 4 3 ∗ 4 ∗ 6 ∗ 7 3 ∗ 4 ∗ 6 ∗ 7 ∗ 9 ∗ 10

𝑦´ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0.

𝑥3 𝑥6 𝑥9 3𝑘−2
𝐶0 [1 − 2∗3 + 2∗3∗5∗6 − 2∗3∗5∗6∗8∗9 + ⋯ ] = 𝐶0 [1 + ∑∞ 𝑘 3𝑘
𝑘=1 (−1) (3𝑘)! 𝑥 ].

𝑥3 𝑥6 𝑥9
𝐶1 [𝑥 − + − +⋯]
2∗3 2∗3∗5∗6 2∗3∗5∗6∗8∗9
∞
3𝑘 − 1
= 𝐶1 [𝑥 + ∑ (−1)𝑘 𝑥 3𝑘−1 ].
(3𝑘 + 1)!
𝑘=1

∞ ∞
3𝑘 − 2 3𝑘
𝑘
3𝑘 − 1
𝑦 = 𝐶0 [1 + ∑ (−1) 𝑥 ] + 𝐶1 [𝑥 + ∑ (−1)𝑘 𝑥 3𝑘−1 ].
(3𝑘)! (3𝑘 + 1)!
𝑘=1 𝑘=1