Introduction

What is 3G?

3G is a wireless data standard that has been developed and agreed upon by wireless
infrastructure and equipment manufacturers. Developing a standard like 3G is no easy task.
There are many wireless data technologies out there and there are big dollars chasing these
technologies around not making the task any easier. The 3G specs have also been modified over
the years and currently we are looking at 3G release 6.

3G encompasses a group of technologies that are all aimed at bringing high speed data transfers
to mobile electronic devices. Many of the original 3G technologies have been built on W-CDMA
(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and TD-CDMA (Time Division Code Division
Multiple Access) radio technologies. But, there has been great success using the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standardized, GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication). GSM is used by companies like Cingular and AT&T Wireless. Today, HSDPA
is promising to bring broadband speeds to GSM wireless networks with downstream speeds of
up to 3.6Mbps and upstream of 384Kbps.

Role of the ITU in the definition of 3G Mobile Standards

In the mid 1980’s the ITU started work to define the next “generation” of mobile radio standards
to move these networks from National and Regional standards onto a global basis. This
necessitated finding a new globally available frequency band as well as attempting to maximize
convergence within the many existing 2G wireless technologies.
At the 1992 ITU World Radio Conference 230 MHz of new radio spectrum was identified for
‘Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems” (FPLMTS), later to be known as
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). Because of the extensive
deployment and investment in 2G radio technologies during the 1990’s IMT-2000 became a
“family of standards” offering evolution/revolution options from the major existing 2G network

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standards. In general an “evolution” option enabled backwards compatible evolution of a 2G
standard to its 3G equivalent within an operators existing spectrum allocation. Whereas a
“revolution” option typically required an operator to obtain additional spectrum, build an overlay
network, and utilize dual mode/band mobile equipment.
These 3G ITU standards were finalized in time for 3G services to be initially launched in 2000.
Not surprisingly an evolution option was the first IMT-2000 technology to be deployed. Wide
range of industry views on what constitutes a 3G technology
In order to separate 3G from 2G the ITU “raised the bar” and defined performance levels
significantly in excess of those currently obtainable from 2G mobile networks, in particular
minimum data speeds, for various specific radio operating environments, were defined. IMT-
2000 standards were based on industry submissions which met these new ITU higher
performance requirement capabilities.
Some of the new “IMT-2000” radio spectrum, identified in 1992, was auctioned in many
countries in the late 1990’s for vast sums of money and many country-specific regulations
controlled which IMT-2000 family option could be deployed in these new mobile frequency
bands. This naturally resulted in major media focus on the “revolutionary” members of the IMT-
2000 family of standards, which led to a belief in many circles that this was the only real 3G.
In fact the “evolutionary” members of the IMT-2000 family represent the vast majority of 3G
users today and are likely to do so for a considerable period of time. This is not at all surprising
in view of the ease of evolving to 3G in an operator’s existing frequency band, particularly when
the 3G technology is backwards compatible with the existing 2G technology, i.e. the 3G network
can serve both 2G and 3G users in the same frequency band.
Many industry organizations only consider part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards
as actual 3G technologies, in particular IMT-SC (EDGE) is excluded from most 3G mobile
statistics. This is particularly unfortunate because IMT-SC is the “evolutionary” option for the
vast installed GSM (2G) base and therefore will almost certainly become the dominant 3G
component in the near future. IMT-SC is typically excluded because many within the industry
view CDMA as the only 3G wireless technology.

IMT-2000 “Evolutionary” 3G standards

There are essentially two widely deployed “evolutionary” IMT-2000 standards:

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- for evolution from the 2G CDMA standard IS-95 (cdmaOne) –IMT-MC (cdma2000)
- for evolution from 2G TDMA standards (GSM/IS-136) – IMT-SC (EDGE)
Note that IS-136 can also evolve to IMT-MC since it has the same core network (IS-41).
IMT-2000 “Revolutionary” 3G standards .
These are IMT-2000 standards that generally require operators to obtain a new spectrum
allocation, for example IMT-DS (W-CDMA) because of the relatively wide channels (5 MHz),
and IMT-TC (TD-SCDMA/UTRA TDD) plus IMT-FT (DECT) because a TDD frequency
assignment is required. Note that it can in some cases be possible to deploy
IMT-DS in existing cellular bands if sufficient spare bandwidth can be made available. Impact of
technological advances
Early work on 3G in the ITU was directed towards obtaining a global spectrum allocation
since multi-band radios were at that time economically unattractive. Similarly a single
global standard for 3G seemed at the time the only realistic solution. However it became
rapidly clear that even the 230 MHz of new spectrum identified for IMT-2000 in 1992
would be insufficient for future mobile needs. At the ITU World Radio Conference in
2000 all the major existing cellular bands were also added, increasing the potential IMT-
2000 spectrum availability by approximately three times. Fortunately it also became
practical to produce economical multi-band radios.
Due to the rapid growth of 2G mobile during the 1990’s it became necessary for the ITU
to offer a number of possible routes from the various existing 2G systems to a 3G
capability. Fortunately it also became economically realistic to offer multi-mode/multiband
mobile equipment to smooth the transition from 2G to 3G operations.
Complications caused by increasing use of the term 4G
There is even more confusion within the wireless industry, as to what exactly constitutes
3G, because of the increasing use by some industry players of the term 4G. A number of
the so called 4G technologies are in fact actually evolutions of 3G technologies, eg. Long Term
Evolution (LTE) from 3GPP and Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) from 3GPP2. It will clearly
also be difficult to define the dividing line between 3G and 4G. One of the drivers for the
popular use of 4G has been the aggressive promotion within the industry of the IEEE 802.16e
(WiMax) mobile standard. A version of this standard was, however, recently accepted by the
ITU as an addition to the IMT-2000 family and therefore is clearly to be considered together

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with the other 3G IMT-2000 technologies. The ITU is studying future broadband mobile
capabilities under the name IMTAdvanced, which the ITU has recently defined as the fourth
generation (4G) of mobile technologies.
The generic designation IMT is now used by the ITU in the Radio Regulations, as revised at
WRC-07, to identify potential spectrum for Administrations wishing to implement IMT-2000
(3G) or IMT-Advanced (4G). The recently ITU World Radio Conference (WRC-07) identified
significant additional spectrum below 1 GHz, as well as additional bands above 2GHz, for
potential IMT use. IMT-2000 3G wireless technologies clearly have significant future
development potential, much as 2G technologies have already done, and it seems only
reasonable to allow these 3G technologies to fully develop before phasing in a fourth mobile
generation

Generations and history

3G refers to the third generation of developments in wireless technology, especially mobile

communications. The third generation, as its name suggests, follows the first generation (1G) and
second generation (2G) in wireless communications.

1G
The 1G period began in the late 1970s and lasted through the 1980s. These systems featured the
first true mobile phone systems, known at first as "cellular mobile radio telephone." These
networks used analog voice signaling, and were little more sophisticated than the repeater
networks used by amateur radio operators.

2G
The 2G phase began in the 1990s and much of this technology is still in use. The 2G cell phone
features digital voice encoding. Examples include CDMA and GSM. Since its inception, 2G
technology has steadily improved, with increased bandwidth, packet routing, and the
introduction of multimedia.

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3G includes capabilities and features such as:

• Enhanced multimedia (voice, data, video, and remote control).

• Usability on all popular modes (cellular telephone, e-mail, paging, fax,
videoconferencing, and Web browsing).
• Broad bandwidth and high speed (upwards of 2 Mbps).
• Roaming capability throughout Europe, Japan, and North America.

While 3G is generally considered applicable mainly to mobile wireless, it is also relevant to fixed
wireless and portable wireless. A 3G system should be operational from any location on, or over,
the earth's surface, including use in homes, businesses, government offices, medical
establishments, the military, personal and commercial land vehicles, private and commercial
watercraft and marine craft, private and commercial aircraft (except where passenger use
restrictions apply), portable (pedestrians, hikers, cyclists, campers), and space stations and
spacecraft.

3G offers the potential to keep people connected at all times and in all places. Researchers,
engineers, and marketers are faced with the challenge of accurately predicting how much
technology consumers will actually be willing to pay for. Another challenge faced by 3G
services is competition from other high-speed wireless technologies, especially mobile WiMAX,
and ability to roam between different kinds of wireless networks.

The current status of mobile wireless communications, as of July 2007, is a mix of 2nd and 3rd
generation technologies.

4G

Although the new, third generation (3G) wireless technology has not yet been implemented,
leading companies in the industry are already laying the groundwork for what some are calling
fourth generation (4G) technology. For the purposes of this article, 4G will be considered those
technologies that are still in the planning stages and will not be deployed within the next five
years.

5
Researchers are continuing their ideas in the development of an undefined wireless world,
which could become operational by 2010.
The first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) of mobile telephony were intended
primarily for voice transmission.
The third generation of mobile telephony (3G) will serve both voice and data applications.
There really is no clear definition of what 4G will be. It is generally accepted that 4G will be a
super-enhanced version of 3G – i.e., an entirely packet switched network with all digital network
elements and extremely high available bandwidth.
For the most part, it is believed that 4G will bring true multimedia capabilities such as high-
speed data access and video conferencing to the handset. It is also envisioned that 4G systems
will be deployed with software defined radios, allowing the equipment to be upgraded to new
protocols and services via software upgrades.

4G also holds the promise of worldwide roaming using a single handheld device.

Overview

The following common standards comply with the IMT2000/3G standard:

• EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G GSM based transmission
methods, utilizing the same switching nodes, basestation sites and frequencies as GPRS,
but new basestation and cellphone RF circuits. It is based on the three times as
efficient 8PSK modulation scheme as supplement to the original GMSK modulation
scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from existing
2G GSM infrastructure and cell-phones.
o EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and allows
peak data rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just as the original UMTS WCDMA
versions, and thus formally fullfills the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems.
However, in practice EDGE is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but
a 2.9G system. EDGE shows slightly better system spectral efficiency than the
original UMTS and CDMA2000 systems, but it is difficult to reach much higher

6
 peak data rates due to the limited GSM spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz, and it is
thus a dead end.
o EDGE was also a mode in the IS-135 TDMA system, today ceased.
o Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbits/s downstream and
400kbits/s upstream, but is not commercially used.
• The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP.
The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of of encoding methods and hardware,
although some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.
o W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated on the
2100 MHz band. A few others use the 900 and 1850 MHz bands.
o HSPA is a revision and upgrade to W-CDMA UMTS, used by AT&T
Wireless, Telstra and Telecom NZ, typically broadcasting on the 850 MHz band.
HSPA requires updates to the
 HSPA+ a revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide peak data rates up
to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and
22 Mbit/s in the uplink. It utilises multiple base stations to potentially
double the channels available utilising MIMO principles.
• The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, standardized by 3GPP2 (differing from the 3GPP,
updating the IS-95 CDMA system, used especially in North America and South Korea.
o EVDO Rev. B is the latest update, offering downstream peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s.
It is used primarily by the US carrier Verizon.
• While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the
IMT-2000 requirements, they are not usually considered due to their rarity and
unsuitability for usage with mobile phones.

Adoption

3G was relatively slow to be adopted globally. In some instances, 3G networks do not use the
same radio frequencies as 2G so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license
entirely new frequencies, especially so to achieve high-end data transmission rates. Other delays
were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially for UMTS, whose
deployment required the replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and

7
difficulties with deployment, many carriers were not able to or delayed acquisition of these
updated capabilities.

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks
were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In
Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology
with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional
spectrum licensing fees. The license fees in some European countries wereparticularly high,
bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and
initial excitement over 3G's potential.

The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of the mobile
communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mophone. An especially notable
development during this time is the smartphone (for example, the iPhone, and
the Android family), combining the abilities of a PDA with a mobile phone, leading to
widespread demand for mobile internet connectivity.3G has also introduced the term "mobile
broadband" because its speed and capability makes it a viable alternative for internet browsing,
and USB Modems connecting to 3G networks are becoming increasingly common.

Africa
The first African use of 3G technology was a 3G videocall made in Johannesburg on
the Vodacom network in November 2004. The first commercial launch was by Emtel-ltd in
Mauritius in 2004. In late March 2006, a 3G service was provided by the new company Wana in
Morrocco.In East Africa (Tanzania) in 2007 a 3G service was provided by Vodacom Tanzania.

Asia

China
China announced in May 2008, that the telecoms sector was re-organized and three 3G networks
would be allocated so that the largest mobile operator, China Mobile, would retain its GSM
customer base. China Unicom would retain its GSM customer base but relinquish its
CDMA2000 customer base, and launch 3G on the globally leading W-CDMA (UMTS) standard.
The CDMA2000 customers of China Unicom would go to China Telecom, which would then
launch 3G on the CDMA2000 1x EV-DO standard. This meant that China would have all three
main cellular technology 3G standards in commercial use. Finally in January 2009, Ministry of

8
industry and Information Technology of China awarded licenses of all three standards: TD-
SCDMA to China Mobile, W-CDMA to China Unicom and CDMA2000 to China Telecom. The
launch of 3G occurred on 1 October 2009, to coincide with the 60th Anniversary of the Founding
of the People's Republic of China.

India
In 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by
Government owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL). Later, MTNL launched 3G
in Delhi and Mumbai. Nationwide auction of 3G wireless spectrum was announced in April
2010.

The first Private-sector service provider that launched 3G services is Tata DoCoMo, on
November 5, 2010. And the second is by Reliance Communications, December 13, 2010. Bharti
Airtel launched their 3G services on 24 January 2011 in Bangalore and also launched in Delhi &
Jaipur on March 4, 2011. Aircel also launched 3G in Kolkatta in the month of February. Other
providers like Vodafone, Idea and are expected to launch 3G services by Q1 2011.

North Korea
North Korea has had a 3G network since 2008, which is called Koryolink, a joint venture
between Egyptian company Orascom Telecom Holding and the state-owned Korea Post and
Telecommunications Corporation (KPTC) is North Korea's only 3G Mobile operator, and one of
only two mobile companies in the country. According to Orascom quoted in BusinessWeek, the
company had 125,661 subscribers in May 2010. The Egyptian company owns 75 percent of
Koryolink, and is known to invest in infrastructure for mobile technology in developing nations.
It covers Pyongyang, and five additional cities and eight highways and railways. Its only
competitor, SunNet, uses GSM technology and suffers from poor call quality and
disconnections. Phone numbers on the network are prefixed with +850 (0)192.

Philippines
3G services were made available in the Philippines on December 2008.

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Europe
In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting in March 2003
by 3 (Part of Hutchison Whampoa) in the UK and Italy. The European Union Council suggested
that the 3G operators should cover 80% of the European national populations by the end of 2005.

North America
In Canada, Bell Mobility, SaskTel[15] and Telus launched a 3G EVDO network in 2005. Rogers
Wireless was the first to implement UMTS technology, with HSDPA services in eastern Canada
in late 2006. Realizing they would miss out on roaming revenue from the 2010 Winter
Olympics, Bell and Telus formed a joint venture and rolled out a shared HSDPA network
using Nokia Siemenstechnology.

Middle East
Mobitel Iraq is the first mobile 3G operator in Iraq. It was launched commercially on February
2007.

MTN Syria is the first mobile 3G operator in Syria. It was launched commercially on May 2010.

Turkey
Turkcell, Avea and Vodafone launched their 3G networks commercially on 30 July 2009 at the
same time. Turkcell and Vodafone launched their 3G service on all provincial centres. Avea
launched it on 16 provincial centres. It was after Turkey's monopoly mobile operator Turkcell
accepted number portability, mobile operators attended frequency band auction and frequencies
for 3G usage distributed around mobile operators. Turkcell got A band, Vodafone B and Avea C.
Currently Turkcell and Vodafone have 3G networks on most of crowded cities and towns.

Features

Data rates
ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment or
providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates

10
it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000
will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking
users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle, the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum or
average rates or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G
intended to meet customers expectations of broadband data.

Security
3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User
Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the
intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block crypto instead of the
older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher
have been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when

application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

Applications

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

 Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it

can be watched.
 Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.
 Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
 Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially
isolated subscriber.
 Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the
phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.

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Migration To 3G

Facts About 3G

How will 3G services help you?

3G services will enable video broadcast and data-intensive services such as stock transactions, e-
learning and telemedicine through wireless communications

All telecom operators are waiting to launch 3G in India to cash in on revenues by providing
high-end services to customers, which are voice data and video enabled. India lags behind many
Asian countries in introducing 3G services.

What is Trai's recommendation on 3G pricing?

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The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India has recommended auctioning radio frequencies for
3G telecom services at a reserve price of Rs 1,050 crore (Rs 10.50 billion) to companies seeking
to offer nationwide high-speed Internet and streaming video.

The base price for spectrum in cities like Mumbai and Delhi and Category A telecom circles is
Rs 80 crore (Rs 800 million); in cities like Chennai and Kolkata and Category B circles Rs 40
crore (Rs 400 million); and in all other cities Rs 15 crore (Rs 150 million).

What are the frequency bands and quota for CDMA?

Trai has recommended three sets of frequency bands - 450 mhz, 800 mhz and 2.1 ghz. For
CDMA players like Reliance and Tata Teleservices 1.25 MHz each is offered. CDMA operators
are free to bid both in the 2.1 GHz and the 450 MHz bands, but they will be allocated spectrum
only in one. The pricing of these two bands is linked to the auction in the 2.1 GHz band.

CDMA operators will pay the same as the second-highest GSM bidder. And if there is more than
one claimant in the 450 MHz band, the reserve price will be half of that arrived at in the 2.1 GHz
band. Another rider is that if the highest bid is a quarter more than the lowest, the lowest bidder
has to raise its bid to 75 per cent of the winning bid.

But CDMA operators are likely to face problems. Operating 3G services on 450 MHz is a
problem because we they do not have dual-band phones that work both in 450 MHz and in 800
MHz (the band in which CDMA operates in India).

What are the issues regarding 3G for providers and users?

3G has successfully been introduced in Europe. But several issues continue to hamper its growth.

High spectrum licensing fees for the 3G services

Huge capital required to build infrastructure for 3G services.

Health impact of electromagnetic waves.

Prices are very high for 3G mobile services.

Will 2G users switch to 3G services.

Takes time to catch up as the service is new.

What are the issues regarding 3G pricing?

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Pricing has been a cause of concern. Spectrum auctions ran into billions of euros in Europe. In
Europe, spectrum licensing fees were collected years before the 3G service was developed and it
required huge investments to build 3G networks, hitting mobile operators' margins.

However, in Japan and South Korea, spectrum licensing fees were not applicable as the focus of
these countries were national IT infrastructure development.

Which companies have applied for 3G license?

3G spectrum has been provided to GSM players like BSNL, MTNL, Bharti, and Hutch to carry
out an interface check on a non-commercial basis ahead of the start of 3G mobile services.

Trial spectrum has been given for a period of one month. This will be only 1/1000th of the actual
3G spectrum capability. Apart frm PSU majors, spectrum for carrying out 3G trials has been
given to all those who have applied under the National Frequency Allocation Plan on the 2.1
GHz band. GSM players operate on 900 MHz and 1,800 MHz, while CDMA players operate on
800 MHz.

What is the pricing issue in India?

While Tatas have welcomed Trai's Rs 1,400-crore (Rs 14 billion) base price for a nationwide
rollout of 3G services, the rest of the players find the price too exorbitant.

Bharti-Airtel is disappointed with the pricing as they were expecting it to be Rs 300-400 crore
(Rs 3-4 billion). The reserve price is a disincentive for telecom companies in India. Bharti has
appealed to lower the prices specially for rural penetration.

The Cellular Operators Association of India and the Association of Unified Service Providers of
India are studying TRAI's recommendations and have not given their comments.

However, Trai chairman Nripendra Misra has said that there is no reason to worry as players will
not bid exorbitantly and derail the auction. Misra said telecom operators had matured from their
experiences and global developments, and would bid sincerely.

Where was 3G spectrum first introduced?

Japan was the first country to introduce 3G on a large commercial scale. In 2005, about 40 per
cent of subscribers used only 3G networks. It is expected that during 2006 the subscribers would
move from 2G to 3G and upgrade to the next 3.5 G level.

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The success of 3G in Japan also shows that video telephony was the killer application for 3G
networks. Downloading music was the biggest draw in 3G services.

Wireless Broadband

Right now, wireless broadband is just becoming a reality here in the United States. Verizon
Wireless was the first to roll out their wireless broadband service using the EV-DO (Evolution
Data Only) technology. Sprint Nextel also offers an EV-DO system of broadband wireless.
Finally, Cingular has announced that they will be hurrying to upgrade their network via HSDPA
to provide broadband data speeds to their wireless customers.

Wireless Generations At-a-Glance

As with all technology progressions, the “next” upgrades must be in planning and development
phases while its predecessors are being deployed. This statement holds true with all mobile
telecommunications to date. It seems that it will also hold true for
the next generations of wireless networks.
The original analog cellular systems are considered the first generation of mobile telephony
(1G).
In the early 1980s, 1G systems were deployed. At the same time, the cellular industry began
developing the second generation of mobile telephony (2G).

The difference between 1G and 2G is in the signaling techniques used:

1G used analog signaling, 2G used digital signaling.

As experience shows, the lead-time for mobile phone systems development is about 10 years. It
was not until the early to mid 1990s that 2G was deployed.

15
Primary thinking and concept development on 3G generally began around 1991 as 2G systems
just started to roll out. Since the general model of 10 years to develop a new mobile system is
being followed, that timeline would suggest 4G should be operational some time around
2011.
4G would build on the second phase of 3G, when all networks are expected to embrace Internet
protocol (IP) technology.
During the last year, companies such as Ericsson, Motorola, Lucent, Nortel and Qualcomm
came up with "3G-plus" concepts that would push performance of approved, though still
emerging, standards beyond current ones.

Interoperability and the Evolution of Network Architectures

One of the most challenging issues facing deployment of 4G technologies is

how to make the network architectures compatible with each other. New signaling techniques are
being designed specifically to enhance today's second generation (2G) networks, deliver
unprecedented functionality for 3G, and successfully drive the Fourth Generation (4G) of
wireless, thus delivering immediate and long-term benefits to carriers.

With the architecture of each generation of wireless devices addressed in

the development of advanced technologies, carriers can easily evolve their systems without
additional network modifications, significantly reducing costs and implementation time.
Currently, different wireless technologies (e.g., GSM, CDMA, and TDMA1) are used throughout
the world for the 2G, 2.5G, and eventually 3G networks.
There are two approaches being used to develop 4G access techniques: 3xRTT (currently 1xRTT
for 2.5 and 3G) and Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA). These disparate access techniques currently
do not interoperate. This issue may be solved with software defined radios.

Link Air Communications is developing a new access technology called large-area-

synchronized code-division multiple access (LAS-CDMA). LASCDMA will be compatible with

16
all current and future standards, and there is a relatively easy transition from existing systems to
LAS-CDMA (using software defined radios).
Link Air emphasizes that LASCDMA will accommodate all the advanced technologies
planned for 4G and that LASCDMA will further enhance either 3xRTT or W-CDMA system’s
performance or capacity.

Internet Speeds

2.5G is the interim solution for current 2G networks to have 3Gfunctionality. 2.5G networks are
being designed such that a smooth transition (software upgrade) to 3G can be realized.
2.5G networks currently offer true data speeds up to 28kbps. In comparison, the theoretical speed
of 3G can be up to 2 Mbps, i.e., approximately 200 times faster than previous 2G networks. This
added speed and throughput will make it possible to run applications such as streaming video
clips. It is anticipated that 4G speeds could be as high as 100 Mbps. Thus, 4G will represent
another quantum leap in mobile Internet speeds and picture quality. Ericsson confirms that 4G
could bring connection speeds of up to 50 times faster than 3G networks and could offer three-
dimensional visual experiences for the first time. The following graph represents what has been
the typical progression of wireless

17

1 GSM – Global System for Mobile Communications
CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access

Quality of Service Challenges

In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the measure of the performance for a
system reflecting its transmission quality and service availability (e.g., 4G is expected to have at
least are liability of 99.99%).
Supporting QOS in 4G networks will be a major challenge. When considering QOS, the major
hurdles to overcome in 4G include: varying rate channel characteristics, bandwidth allocations,
fault tolerance levels, and handoff support among heterogeneous
Wireless networks.
Fortunately, QOS support can occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, and network levels. QOS
will be able to be tweaked at these different operating levels, making the network more flexible
and possibly more tolerant to QOS issues.
Varying rate channel characteristics refers to the fact that 4G applications will have varying
bandwidth and transition rate requirements. In order to provide solid network access to support
the anticipated 4G applications, the 4G networks must be designed with both flexibility and
scalability. Varying rate channel characteristics must be considered to effectively meet user
demand and ensure efficient network management.
Spectrum is a finite resource. Incurrent wireless systems, frequency licensing and efficient
spectrum management are key issues. In 4G systems, bandwidth allocations may still be a
concern.
Another concern is interoperability between the signaling techniques that are planned to be used
in 4G (e.g., 3xRTT, WCDMA).In comparison with current 2G and 2.5G networks, 4G will have
more fault tolerance capabilities built-in to avoid unnecessary network failure, poor coverage,
and dropped calls.

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4G technology promises to enhance QOS by the use of better diagnostic techniques and alarms
tools.
4G will have better support of roaming and handoffs across heterogeneous networks. Users, even
in today’s wireless market, demand service transparency and roaming. 4G may support
interoperability between disparate network technologies by using techniques such as LAS-
CDMA signaling. Other solutions such as software defined radios could also support roaming
across disparate network technologies in 4G systems.
These major challenges to QOS in 4G networks are currently being studied and solutions are
being developed. Developers believe that QOS in 4G will rival that of any current 2G or 2.5G
network. It is anticipated that the QOS in 4G networks will closely approximate the QOS
requirements in the wire line environment (99.999% reliability).

3G Applications and Their Benefits to Public Safety

One of the most notable advanced applications for 4G systems is location based services. 4G
location applications would be based on visualized, virtual navigation schemes that would
support a remote database containing graphical representations of streets, buildings, and other
physical characteristics of a large metropolitan area.
This database could be accessed by a subscriber in a moving vehicle equipped with the
appropriate wireless device, which would provide the platform on which would appear a virtual
representation of the environment ahead.
For example, one would be able to see the internal layout of a building during an emergency
rescue. This type of application is sometimes referred to as "Telegeoprocessing", which is a
combination of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
working in concert over a high-capacity wireless mobile system.
Telegeoprocessing over 4G networks will make it possible for the public safety community to
have wireless operational functionality and specialized applications for everyday operations, as
well as for crisis management.
The emergence of next generation wireless technologies will enhance the effectiveness of the
existing methods used by public safety.

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3G technologies and beyond, could possibly bring the following new features to public
safety:

Virtual navigation:
As described, a remote database contains the graphical representation of streets, buildings, and
physical characteristics of a large Metropolis. Blocks of this database are transmitted in rapid
sequence to a vehicle, where a rendering program permits the occupants to visualize the
environment ahead. They may also "virtually" see the internal layout of buildings to plan an
emergency rescue, or to plan to engage hostile elements hidden in the building.

Tele-medicine:
A paramedic assisting a victim of a traffic accident in a remote Location could access medical
records (e.g.-rays) and establish a video conference so that a remotely based surgeon could
provide “on-scene” assistance.
In such a circumstance, the paramedic could relay the victim's vital information (recorded
locally) back to the hospital in real time, for review by the surgeon.

Crisis-management applications:
These arise, for example, as a result of natural disasters where the entire communications
infrastructure is in disarray. In such circumstances, restoring communications quickly is
essential.
With wideband wireless mobile communications, both limited and complete communications
capabilities, including Internet and video services, could be set up in a matter of hours. In
comparison, it may take days or even weeks to re-establish communications capabilities when a
wire line network is rendered inoperable.

WCDMA – Technology for 3G Cellular Systems

What is 3G Mobile System?

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•Broadband Service
•Packet Based Transmission
•Transmission of text, digitized voice, video at data rate higher than 2 Mbps
•Consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users wherever they are located in the
world

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

One can directly dive straight into the mobile multimedia wave

One can directly dive straight into the mobile multimedia wave

UMTS Network

It consists of:
• UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
- WCDMA and FDD are used here

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• Core Network

Spread Spectrum System

• A kind of modulation system in which the modulated (spread spectrum) signal bandwidth is
much greater than the message signal bandwidth
• The spectral spreading is performed by a code that is independent of the message signal. The
same code is used at receiver to dispread the received signal and to recover the message signal.

Advantages of Spread Spectrum System

• It is Secure, difficult to intercept.

• A large number of codes can support a Large number of users.
• As a large bandwidth is used the system is less prone to distortion.
• Resistant to jamming.
• Asynchronous multiple access technology.

Different Spread Spectrum System

• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

• Frequency Hoping
• Hybrid System

Code division multiple access

• A multiple access technology using DS/SS

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Why WCDMA?
• WCDMA is a step further in the CDMA technology. It uses a 5 MHz wide radio signal and a
chip rate of 3.84 Mcps, which is about three times higher than the chip rate of CDMA2000 (1.22
Mcps)
• Higher spectrum efficiency thanks to improved trunking efficiency (i.e. a better statistical
averaging)
• Higher QoS

WCDMA Protocol Architecture

Three separate channels concepts in the UTRA: logical, transport, and physical channels.
•Logical channels define what type of data is transferred.
•Transport channels define how and with which type of characteristics the data is transferred by
the physical layer.
•Physical data define the exact physical characteristics of the radio channel.

WCDMA Protocol Architecture view

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 Detailed View

Physical Layer

Main 3G Requirements
1) High Bit Rates for better transmission.
2) Flexible Variable bit rate both in Uplink and Downlink.
3) Different services have been multiplexed on a single physical connection
4) Support for All-IP RAN
5) High Spectral Efficiency

Main Functions of Physical Layer

1) Error Detection
2) Multiplexing Demultiplexing

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3) Modulation Demodulation
4) Spreading Despreading
5) Synchronization
6) Measurement of Bit Error Rate, TX Power, Signal to Interference ratio
7) Handover

At physical layer
• W= 3.84 Mcps, one time slot 2560 chips
•Physical channel is characterize with frequency, code, duration, and in uplink with phase shift
•1 radio frame (10 ms) includes 15 time slots (one slot equal to power control period, 1/ (10
ms/15) =1500 Hz). Slot structure is just for controlling the physical Channel and radio
performance

Physical Layer to Transport Layer

•Several transport channels can be multiplexed together by physical layer to form a single Coded
Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCh)
•The physical layer combines several TFI information into the Transport

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Format Combination Indicator (TFCI), which indicate which transport
Channels are active for the current frame.
•Two types of transport channels: dedicated channels and common
Channels.

Dedicated channel –reserved for a single user only.

Support fast power control and soft handover.
Common channel – can be used by any user at any time.
Don’t support soft handover but some support Fast power control.
•In addition to the physical channels mapped from the transport Channels, there exist physical
channels for signaling purposes to carry only Information between network and the terminals.

Transport Channel
•Transport channels contain the data generated at the higher layers, which is carried over the air
and are mapped in the physical layer to different physical channels.
• The data is sent by transport block from MAC layer to physical layer and generated by MAC
layer every 10 ms.
• The transport format of each transport channel is identified by the Transport Format Indicator
(TFI), which is used in the interlayer
• Communication between the MAC layer and physical layer.

Different Transport Channels and Corresponding Physical

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RLC Layer

•The Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol (Layer2) operates in one of three modes: transparent,
unacknowledged or acknowledged mode
• It performs segmentation/re-assembly functions and, in acknowledged mode, provides an
assured mode delivery ser-vice by use of retransmission
• RLC provides a service both for the RRC signaling (the Signaling Radio Bearer) and for the
user data transfer (the Radio Access Bearer).

RRC Layer :

• The Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol (Layer 3) provides control of the handset from
the RNC
• It includes functions to control radio bearers, physical channels, mapping of the different
channel types, handover, measurement and other mobility procedures. Because of the flexibility
of the WCDMA radio interface, this is a fairly complex protocol

WCDMA System Overview

RAN Architecture
• The main purpose of the WCDMA Radio Access Network is to provide a connection between
the hand-set and the core network and to isolate all the radio issues from the core network.
•The advantage is one core network supporting multiple access technologies.

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The WCDMA Radio Access Network consists of two types of nodes:

Radio Base Station (Node B)

• The Radio Base Station handles the radio transmission and reception to/from the handset over
the radio
Interface (Uu). It is controlled from the Radio Network Controller via the Hub interface. One
Radio Base Station Can handle one or more cells.

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

• The Radio Network Controller is the node that controls all WCDMA Radio Access Network
functions. It connects the WCDMA Radio Access Network to the core network via the Iu
Interface.

Pictorial representation of RAN architecture:

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Overview of the 3GPP Long Term

Evolution Physical Layer

Introduction

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next step forward in cellular 3G services. Expected in the
2008 time frame, LTE is a 3GPP standard that provides for an uplink speed of up to 50 megabits
per second (Mbps) and a downlink speed of up to 100 Mbps. LTE will bring many technical
benefits to cellular networks.
Bandwidth will be scalable from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz. This will suit the needs of different
network operators that have different bandwidth allocations, and also allow operators to provide
different services based on spectrum. LTE is also expected to improve spectral efficiency in 3G
networks, allowing carriers to provide more data and voice services over a given bandwidth.
This technical white paper provides an overview of the LTE physical layer (PHY), including
technologies that are new to cellular such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) data transmission.
It encompasses high-speed data, multimedia unicast and multimedia broadcast services.
Although technical specifications are not yet finalized, significant details are emerging. This
paper focuses on the LTE physical layer(PHY).
The LTE PHY is a highly efficient means of conveying both data and control information
between an enhanced base station (eNodeB) and mobile user equipment (UE). The LTE PHY
employs some advanced technologies that are new to cellular applications. These include
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output

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(MIMO) data transmission. In addition, the LTE PHY uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access.

LTE Design Goals

The LTE PHY is designed to meet the following goals [1]:

1. Support scalable bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 MHz
2. Peak data rate that scales with system bandwidth
a. Downlink (2 Ch MIMO) peak rate of 100 Mbps in 20 MHz channel
b. Uplink (single Ch Tx) peak rate of 50 Mbps in 20 MHz channel
3. Supported antenna configurations
a. Downlink: 4x2, 2x2, 1x2, 1x1
b. Uplink: 1x2, 1x1
4. Spectrum efficiency
a. Downlink: 3 to 4 x HSDPA Rel. 6
b. Uplink: 2 to 3 x HSUPA Rel. 6
5. Latency
a. C-plane: <50 – 100 msec to establish U-plane
b. U-plane: <10 msec from UE to server
6. Mobility
A. Optimized for low speeds (<15 km/hr)
B. High performance at speeds up to 120 km/hr
C. Maintain link at speeds up to 350 km/hr
7. Coverage
a. Full performance up to 5 km
b. Slight degradation 5 km – 30 km
c. Operation up to 100 km should not be precluded by standard

LTE Basic Concepts

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Many methods employed in LTE are relatively new in cellular applications. These include
OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO and Single Carrier Frequency Div LTE employs OFDM for downlink
data transmission and SC-FDMA for uplink transmission. OFDM is a well-known modulation
technique, but is rather novel in cellular applications.
A brief discussion of the basic properties and advantages of this method is therefore warranted.
When information is transmitted over a wireless channel, the signal can be distorted due to
multipath. Typically (but not always) there is a line-of-sight path between the transmitter and
receiver.
In addition, there are many other paths created by signal reflection off buildings, vehicles and
other obstructions as shown in Figure 2.0-1. Signals traveling along these paths all reach the
receiver, but are shifted in time by an amount corresponding to the differences in the distance
traveled traveled along each path.

OFDM
Unlike single carrier systems described above, OFDM communication systems do not rely on
increased symbol rates in order to achieve higher data rates. This makes the task of managing ISI
much simpler.
OFDM systems break the available bandwidth into many narrower sub-carriers and transmit the
data in parallel streams. Each subcarrier is modulated using varying levels of QAM modulation,
e.g. QPSK, QAM, 64QAM or possibly higher orders depending on signal quality. Each OFDM
symbol is therefore a linear combination of the instantaneous signals on each of the sub4 carriers
in the channel. Because data is transmitted in parallel rather than serially, OFDM symbols are
generally MUCH longer than symbols on single carrier systems of equivalent data rate.

OFDMA
OFDMA is employed as the multiplexing scheme in the LTE downlink. Perhaps the best way to
describe OFDMA is by contrasting it with a packet-oriented networking scheme such as 802.11a.
In 802.11a, Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is the multiplexing method.
Downlink and uplink traffic from the fixed access point (AP) to mobile user stations (STAs) is
by means of PHY layer packets. As explained below, OFDMA makes much more efficient use
of network resources.

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SC-FDMA
LTE uplink requirements differ from downlink requirements in several ways. Not surprisingly,
power consumption is a key consideration for UE terminals. The high PAPR and related loss of
efficiency associated with OFDM signaling are major concerns. As a result, an alternative to
OFDM was sought for use in the LTE uplink. Single Carrier – Frequency Domain Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA) is well suited to the LTE uplink requirements.
The basic transmitter and receiver architecture is very similar (nearly identical) to OFDMA, and
it offers the same degree of multipath protection. Importantly, because the underlying waveform
is essentially single-carrier, the PAPR is lower.

SC-FDMA Subcarriers Can be Mapped in Either Localized or Distributed Mode

As SC-FDMA subcarriers can be mapped in one of two ways: localized or distributed. However,
the current working assumption is that LTE will use localized Subcarriers mapping. This
decision was motivated by the fact that with localized mapping, it is possible to exploit
frequency selective gain via channel dependent scheduling (assigning uplink frequencies to UE
based on favorable propagation conditions.

LTE Physical Layer

Physical Channels
Three different types of physical channels are defined for the LTE downlink. One common
characteristic of physical channels is that they all convey information from higher layers in the
LTE stack. This is in contrast to physical signals, which convey information that is used
exclusively within the PHY layer.

LTE DL physical channels are:

• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
• Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)

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Physical channels are mapped to specific transport channels below. Transport channels are SAPs
for higher layers.

Each physical channel has defined algorithms for:

• Bit scrambling
• Modulation
• Layer mapping
• CDD precoding
• Resource element assignment

Layer mapping and pre-coding are related to MIMO applications. Basically, a layer corresponds
to a spatial multiplexing
Layer mapping and pre-coding are related to MIMO applications. Basically, a layer corresponds
to a spatial multiplexing channel. MIMO systems are defined in terms of Ntransmitters x
Nreceivers. For LTE, defined configurations are 1x 1, 2 x 2,3 x 2 and 4 x 2.
For a 1 x 1 or a 2 x 2 system, there is a simple 1:1 relationship between layers and transmitting
antenna ports. However, for a 3 x 2 and 4 x 2 system, there are still only two spatial multiplexing
channels. Therefore, there is redundancy on one or both data streams. Layer mapping specifies
exactly how the extra transmitter antennas are employed.
Precoding is also used in conjunction with spatial multiplexing. Recall that MIMO exploits
multipath to resolve
independent spatial data streams. In other words, MIMO systems require a certain degree of
multipath for reliable operation. In a noise-limited environment with low multipath distortion,
MIMO systems can actually become impaired.

Physical Downlink Shared Channel:

The PDSCH is utilized basically for data and multimedia transport. It therefore is designed for
very high data rates. Modulation options therefore include QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. Spatial
multiplexing is also used in the PDSCH. In fact, spatial multiplexing is exclusive to the PDSCH.
It is not used on either the PDCCH or the CCPCH.

33
Physical Downlink Control Channel:
The PDCCH conveys UE-specific control information. Robustness rather than maximum data
rate is therefore the chief consideration. QPSK is the only available modulation format. The
PDCCH is mapped onto resource elements in up to the first three OFDM symbols in the first slot
of a subframe.

Common Control Physical Channel

The CCPCH carries cell-wide control information. Like the PDCCH, robustness rather than
maximum data rate is the chief consideration. QPSK is therefore the only available modulation
format. In addition, the CCPCH is transmitted as close to the center frequency as possible.
CCPCH is transmitted exclusively on the 72 active subcarriers centered on the DC subcarrier.
Control information is mapped to resource elements (k, l) where k refers to the OFDM symbol
within
the slot and l refers to the subcarrier. CCPCH symbols are mapped to resource elements in
increasing order of index k first, then l.

Physical Signals
Physical signals use assigned resource elements. However, unlike physical channels, physical
signals do not convey information to/from higher layers.

There are two types of physical signals:

• Reference signals used to determine the channel impulse response (CIR)
• Synchronization signals which convey network timing information

Reference Signals
Reference signals are generated as the product of an orthogonal sequence and a pseudo-random
numerical (PRN) Sequence. Overall, there are 510 unique reference signals possible. A specified
reference signal is assigned to each cell within a network and acts as a cell-specific identifier.
When a reference signal is transmitted from one antenna port, the other antenna ports in the cell
are idle.

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Reference signals are sent on every sixth Subcarriers. CIR estimates for Subcarriers that do not
bear reference signals are computed via interpolation. Changing the Subcarriers that bear
reference signals by pseudo-random frequency hopping is also under consideration.

Synchronization Signals
Synchronization signals use the same type of pseudo-random orthogonal sequences as reference
signals. These are classified as primary and secondary synchronization signals, depending how
they are used by UE during the cell search procedure.
Both primary and secondary synchronization signals are transmitted on the 72 subcarriers
centered around the DC subcarrier during the 0th and 10th slots of a frame (recall there are 20
slots within each frame).

Transport Channels

Transport channels are included in the LTE PHY and act as service access points (SAPs) for
higher layers.
Downlink Transport channels are:

•Broadcast Channel (BCH)

•Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
•Paging Channel (PCH)
•Multicast Channel (MCH)

Drivers of 3G adoption

 Consumer demand for more robust wireless data services: Declining voice revenues
have pushed carriers to consider alternative revenue generating opportunities, and they are
responding by offering more data services made possible by 3G technology. Mobile video,

35
music downloads, e-mail, messaging, location-based services and Internet surfing are just a
sample of the many new applications users will have access to. Each time a mobile customer
uses one of these applications, mobile carriers typically get a cut of fees. For example, in
Japanuntapped market for data services which will be further tapped with increased 3G
adop--where there is 50% 3G penetration--almost 30% of theaverage revenue per
user (ARPU) is generated from data services, with the remaining 70% from voice. Compare
that to the US--with about 10% 3G penetration--which on average has 12% data service
ARPU. This shows that there is still an tion.

 Upgrading infrastructure investment: The faster 3G networks are deployed, the faster
3G adoption rates will rise. Upgrading legacy networks to accommodate 3G technology is
very costly. In the United States alone, Verizon Wireless,Sprint Nextel (S) and Cingular have
spent a combined $10 billion on building their 3G networks. The carriers that can spend this
kind of money will gain a competitive advantage over those that can't.

 3G spectrum licensing fees: Spectrum is the specific frequency used by carriers to

transmit data wirelessly. To own and run a proprietary network, a wireless carrier has to rent
the frequencies from the government. Recently, mobile operators have had to pay
phenomenal rents in auctions for 3G spectrum licenses. High license acquisition costs are
limiting the number of carriers that can participate in 3G.

 Technology maturity: The maturity (or immaturity) of underlying 3G technology is a

critical factor that ultimately determines when and how, not to mention if, the technology is
widely adopted. The key to investors, therefore, is to understand and appreciate the
complexities of each 3G technology and the progress that the various companies are making
towards mainstream adoption. Be it W-CDMA, UMTS, HSPA, or EV-DO -- different
carriers are deploying different technologies at various stages of maturity. Understanding
technology nuances will help investors predict 3G winners.

 Growth of mobile in China and India: India's mobile base is about 127 million,
meaning that only about 13% of the Indian population currently uses a mobile
phones. International markets, such as China and India, can greatly drive adoption of 3G
services as these regions continue to see the highest growth rates in mobile adoption.

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Limitations of 3G

Although the concept of 3G communications shows much promise, there are still limitations that
must be addressed.
One major limitation is operating area. Although 2G networks are becoming more ubiquitous,
there are still many areas not served. Rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are
not being served well by existing wireless networks. This limitation of today’s networks will
carry over into future generations of wireless systems.
The hype that is being created by 3G networks is giving the general public unrealistic
expectations of always on, always available, anywhere, anytime communications. The public
must realize that although high-speed data communications will be delivered, it will not be
equivalent to the wired Internet – at least not at first. If measures are not taken now to correct
perception issues, when 3G and later 4G services are deployed, there may be a great deal of
disappointment associated with the deployment of the technology, and perceptions could become
negative. If this were to happen, neither 3G nor 4G may realize its full potential.
Another limitation is cost. The equipment required to implement a next generation network is
still very expensive. Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are
kept realistic.

One technique currently being implemented in Asian networks is a Pay-Per-Use model of

services. This model will be difficult to implement in the United States, where the public is used
to a service-for-free model (e.g., Internet).

Conclusions

3G networks may eventually deliver on all the promises. At times, it seems that technological
advances are being made on a daily basis. These advances will make high speed data/voice-over-
Internet-protocol (VoIP) networks a reality.

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In the meantime, it is important for industry to develop a strong 3G offering that is palatable for
the general public. Equally as important, industry must ensure that expectations are realistic and
that services meet and exceed those expectations.
If all goes according to what the industry envisions, it may be sooner, rather than later that we
will see wireless communications evolve. This evolution will give the general public as well as
the public safety community amazing functionality from the convenience of a single handheld
device.

References

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G
• www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/.../What_really_3G.pdf
• voip.about.com/od/mobilevoip/p/3G.htm
• hindisms.org/3g-technology
• www.telecommunicationsplan.com/mobile.../3g-mobile-phones-the-technology
• telecomtalk.info/category/3g

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