1. What is the formula for the compound formed by calcium and nitrogen?

A. CaN

B. Ca2N

C. Ca2N3

D. Ca3N2
(1)

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2. The boiling points of the hydrides of the group 6 elements are shown below.

400

e.c
300 ctiv
Boiling point / K
200
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100
he

0
H2 O H2 S H 2 Se H 2 Te
w.c

(i) Explain the trend in boiling points from to H2S to H2Te.

……………………………………………………………………………………….
ww

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)

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 (ii) Explain why the boiling point of water is higher than would be expected from the group
trend.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

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3. (i) State the shape of the electron distribution around the oxygen atom in the water molecule
and state the shape of the molecule.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

e.c
………………………………………………………………………………………….
ctiv (2)

(ii) State and explain the value of the HOH bond angle.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
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…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
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(Total 4 marks)
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4. Explain why the bonds in silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, are polar, but the molecule is not.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 2 marks)

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5. The diagrams below represent the structures of iodine, sodium and sodium iodide.

A B C

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(a) (i) Identify which of the structures (A, B and C) correspond to iodine, sodium and
sodium iodide.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

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……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
ctiv
(1)

(ii) State the type of bonding in each structure.

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……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(3)
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(b) (i) Sodium and sodium iodide can both conduct electricity when molten, but only
sodium can conduct electricity when solid. Explain this difference in conductivity
in terms of the structures of sodium and sodium iodide.
w.c

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
ww

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(4)

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 (ii) Explain the high volatility of iodine compared to sodium and sodium iodide.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

om
6. What is the best description of the carbon-oxygen bond lengths in CO 32 – ?

A. One short and two long bonds

B. One long and two short bonds

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C. Three bonds of the same length

D. Three bonds of different lengths

ctiv
(1)

7. What is the number of sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds and the hybridization of the carbon atom in
ma

O
- H C O H
Sigma Pi Hybridization
he

A. 4 1 sp2
B. 4 1 sp3
w.c

C. 3 2 sp3
D. 3 1 sp2
(1)
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8. Element X is in group 2, and element Y in group 7, of the periodic table. Which ions will be
present in the compound formed when X and Y react together?

A. X+ and Y–

B. X 2+ and Y–

C. X+ and Y 2–

D. X 2– and Y+
(1)

4
9. (a) Draw the Lewis structure of methanoic acid, HCOOH.

(1)

(b) In methanoic acid, predict the bond angle around the

(2)

(i) carbon atom. .....................................................................................................

om
(ii) oxygen atom bonded to the hydrogen atom. ...................................................

(c) State and explain the relationship between the length and strength of the bonds between
the carbon atom and the two oxygen atoms in methanoic acid.

e.c
......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
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10. Which of the following increase(s) for the bonding between carbon atoms in the sequence of
molecules C2H6, C2H4 and C2H2?
w.c

I. Number of bonds

II. Length of bonds

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III. Strength of bonding

A. I only

B. I and III only

C. III only

D. I, II and III
(1)

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11. Which of the following contain a bond angle of 90° ?

I. PC1 +
4

II. PCl5

III. PCl –
6

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

om
C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
(1)

e.c
12. Which allotropes contain carbon atoms with sp2 hybridization?
ctiv
I. Diamond

II. Graphite

III. C60 fullerene

ma

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

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C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
w.c

(1)

13. State the complete electronic configuration of bromine, Br and the iron(III) ion, Fe3+.
ww

Br: ………………………………………………………………………………….

Fe3+: ………………………………………………………………………………….
(Total 2 marks)

6
14. The boiling points of the hydrides of group 6 elements increase in the order

H2S < H2Se < H2Te < H2O.

Explain the trend in the boiling points in terms of bonding.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

om
................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

e.c
15. Identify which of the compounds butane, chloroethane, propanone and propan-1-ol are
ctiv
(i) insoluble in water and give your reasoning.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
(2)
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(ii) water soluble and give your reasoning.

................................................................................................................................................
w.c

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

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16. (i) Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and the carbonate ion.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
(3)

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(ii) Identify the species with the longest carbon-oxygen bond and explain your answer.

................................................................................................................................................
ctiv
................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
(3)
he

(Total 6 marks)
w.c
ww

8
17. Hydrazoic acid, N3H, can be represented by two possible Lewis structures in which the atoms
can be arranged as NNNH.

(i) Draw the two possible Lewis structures of N3H.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

om
................................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Predict the N––N––N and H––N––N bond angles in each case and give your reasoning.

e.c
................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
ctiv
................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................
(6)
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9
 (iii) Predict the hybridization of the N atom bonded to the hydrogen atom in each case.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

18. What is the formula of an ionic compound formed by element X (group 2) and element Y
(group 6)?

A. X3Y

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B. X2Y

C. XY2

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D. XY
(1)
ctiv
19. Based on electronegativity values, which bond is the most polar?

A. B–C
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B. C–O

C. N–O

D. O–F
he

(1)
w.c

20. What is the Lewis (electron dot) structure for sulfur dioxide?

A. O S O
ww

B. O S O

C. O S O

D. O S O
(1)

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21. Which substance is most soluble in water (in mol dm−3 ) at 298 K?

A. CH3CH3

B. CH3OCH3

C. CH3CH2OH

D. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
(1)

22. (i) Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for CO2 and H2S showing all valence electrons.

om
(2)

(ii) State the shape of each molecule and explain your answer in terms of VSEPR theory.

e.c
CO2 .............................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
ctiv
H2S .............................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(iii) State and explain whether each molecule is polar or non-polar.

he

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
w.c

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
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(Total 8 marks)

23. Identify the strongest type of intermolecular force in each of the following compounds.

CH3Cl ...................................................................................................................................

CH4 .......................................................................................................................................

CH3OH .................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

11
24. Which of the following species is (are) planar (has (have) all the atoms in one plane)?

2–
I. CO 3

II. NO 3–

2–
III. SO 3

A. I only

B. II only

om
C. I and II only

D. II and III only

(1)

25.
e.c
What is the molecular shape and the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in NH3?
ctiv
Molecular shape Hybridization
A. tetrahedral sp3
ma

B. trigonal planar sp2

C. trigonal pyramidal sp2
D. trigonal pyramidal sp3
he

(1)
w.c

26. Which statement about sigma and pi bonds is correct?

A. Sigma bonds are formed only by s orbitals and pi bonds are formed only by p orbitals.

B. Sigma bonds are formed only by p orbitals and pi bonds are formed only by s orbitals.
ww

C. Sigma bonds are formed by either s or p orbitals, pi bonds are formed only by p orbitals.

D. Sigma and pi bonds are formed by either s or p orbitals.

(1)

12
27. Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for the following ions.

NO2– NO2+

Determine and explain the shape of each ion.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 6 marks)
ma
he
w.c
ww

13
28. (i) List the following substances in order of increasing boiling point (lowest first).

CH3CHO C2H6 CH3COOH C2H5OH

………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

(ii) State whether each compound is polar or non-polar, and explain the order of boiling
points in (c)(i).

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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om
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………………
(8)
(Total 10 marks)
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29. According to VSEPR theory, repulsion between electron pairs in a valence shell decreases in
the order
he

A. lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair > bond pair-bond pair.

B. bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-bond pair > lone pair-lone pair.
w.c

C. lone pair-lone pair > bond pair-bond pair > bond pair-lone pair.

D. bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair.
(1)
ww

30. Which molecule is linear?

A. SO2

B. CO2

C. H2S

D. Cl2O
(1)

14
31. Why is the boiling point of PH3 lower than that of NH3?

A. PH3 is non-polar whereas NH3 is polar.

B. PH3 is not hydrogen bonded whereas NH3 is hydrogen bonded.

C. Van der Waals’ forces are weaker in PH3 than in NH3

D. The molar mass of PH3 is greater than that of NH3

(1)

32. Which molecule is non-polar?

om
A. H2CO

B. SO3

e.c
C. NF3

D. CHCl3
ctiv
(1)

33. (a) An important compound of nitrogen is ammonia, NH3. The chemistry of ammonia is
ma

influenced by its polarity and its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Polarity can be
explained in terms of electronegativity.

(i) Explain the term electronegativity.

he

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
w.c

(ii) Draw a diagram to show hydrogen bonding between two molecules of NH3.
The diagram should include any dipoles and/or lone pairs of electrons

……………………………………………………………………………………
ww

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
(3)

(iii) State the H–N–H bond angle in an ammonia molecule.

………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

15
 (iv) Explain why the ammonia molecule is polar.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

(b) Ammonia reacts with hydrogen ions forming ammonium ions, NH4+.

(i) State the H–N–H bond angle in an ammonium ion.

……………………………………………………………………………………

om
(1)

(ii) Explain why the H–N–H bond angle of NH3 is different from the H–N–H bond
angle of NH + ; referring to both species in your answer.

e.c
4

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
ctiv
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
he
w.c

34. NO – is trigonal planar and NH3 is trigonal pyramidal. What is the type of hybridization of N
3

in each of these species?

N in NO – N in NH3
ww

A. sp2 sp3

B. sp2 sp2

C. Sp3 sp2

D. sp3 sp3
(1)

16
35. Consider the following statements.

2–
I. All carbon-oxygen bond lengths are equal in CO .
3

II. All carbon-oxygen bond lengths are equal in CH3COOH.

III. All carbon-oxygen bond lengths are equal in CH3COO−.

Which statements are correct?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

om
C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

e.c
(1)

36. In 1954 Linus Pauling was awarded the Chemistry Nobel Prize for his work on the nature of the
ctiv
chemical bond. Covalent bonds are one example of intramolecular bonding.

Explain the formation of the following.

(i) σ bonding
ma

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
he

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

π bonding
w.c

(ii)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
ww

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

(iii) double bonds

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

17
 (iv) triple bonds

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

37. Atomic orbitals can mix by hybridization to form new orbitals for bonding.

om
Identify the type of hybridization present in each of the three following molecules.
Deduce and explain their shapes.

(i) OF2

e.c
……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………… ctiv
……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
ma

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)

(ii) H2CO
he

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
w.c

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)

18
 (iii) C2H2

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)

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(Total 9 marks)

38. Three scientists shared the Chemistry Nobel Prize in 1996 for the discovery of fullerenes.

e.c
Fullerenes, like diamond and graphite, are allotropes of the element carbon.

(i) State the structures of and the bonding in diamond and graphite.
ctiv
……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
ma

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

(ii) Compare and explain the hardness and electrical conductivity of diamond and graphite.
he

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
w.c

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
ww

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)

19
 (iii) Predict and explain how the hardness and electrical conductivity of C60 fullerene would
compare with that of diamond and graphite.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

om
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

e.c
39. What happens when sodium and oxygen combine together?

A. Each sodium atom gains one electron. ctiv

B. Each sodium atom loses one electron.

C. Each oxygen atom gains one electron.

D. Each oxygen atom loses one electron.

ma

(1)

40. Which statement is correct about two elements whose atoms form a covalent bond with
he

each other?

A. The elements are metals.

w.c

B. The elements are non-metals.

C. The elements have very low electronegativity values.

D. The elements have very different electronegativity values.

ww

(1)

20
41. In ethanol, C2H5OH (l), there are covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals’ forces.
Which bonds or forces are broken when ethanol is vaporized?

A. only hydrogen bonds

B. covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds

C. covalent bonds and van der Waals’ forces

D. hydrogen bonds and van der Waals’ forces

(1)

om
42. Which substance has the lowest electrical conductivity?

A. Cu(s)

B. Hg(l)

e.c
C. H2(g)

D. LiOH(aq)
ctiv
(1)

43. The letters W, X, Y and Z represent four consecutive elements in the periodic table.
ma

The number of electrons in the highest occupied energy levels are:

W: 3, X: 4, Y: 5, Z: 6

Write the formula for

he

(i) an ionic compound formed from W and Y, showing the charges.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
w.c

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

(ii) a covalent compound containing X and Z.

ww

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

21
44. State the type of bonding in the compound SiCl4. Draw the Lewis structure for this compound.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

om
(Total 3 marks)

45. Outline the principles of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

e.c
……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
ctiv
……………………………………………………………………………………………

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ma

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
he

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total 3 marks)
w.c

46. (i) Use the VSEPR theory to predict and explain the shape and the bond angle of each of the
molecules SCl2 and C2Cl2
ww

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

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22
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(6)

(ii) Deduce whether or not each molecule is polar, giving a reason for your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

om
……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

e.c
……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
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(Total 9 marks)

47. Which statement best describes the attraction present in metallic bonding?
ma

A. the attraction between nuclei and electrons

B. the attraction between positive ions and electrons

he

C. the attraction between positive ions and negative ions

D. the attraction between protons and electrons

(1)
w.c

48. Which statement is correct about multiple bonding between carbon atoms?
ww

A. Double bonds are formed by two π bonds.

B. Double bonds are weaker than single bonds.

C. π bonds are formed by overlap between s orbitals.

D. π bonds are weaker than sigma bonds.

(1)

23
49. Which statements are correct about diamond, graphite and a C60 fullerene?

I. The poorest electrical conductor of the three is diamond.

II. The atoms in graphite and C60 fullerene are sp2 hybridized.

III. The atoms in diamond and C60 fullerene are arranged in hexagons.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

om
D. I, II and III
(1)

e.c
50. For the following compounds

PCl3 , PCl5 , POCl3

ctiv
(i) Draw a Lewis structure for each molecule in the gas phase.
(Show all non-bonding electron pairs.)

.....................................................................................................................................
ma

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
he

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
w.c

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
ww

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

24
 (ii) State the shape of each molecule and predict the bond angles.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(6)

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(iii) Deduce whether or not each molecule is polar, giving a reason for your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

e.c
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
ctiv
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
ma

(3)
(Total 12 marks)
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51. (i) Explain the meaning of the term hybridization.

.....................................................................................................................................
w.c

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
ww

25
(ii) Discuss the bonding in the molecule CH3CHCH2 with reference to

· the formation of σ and π bonds

· the length and strength of the carbon-carbon bonds

· the types of hybridization shown by the carbon atoms

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

om
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

e.c
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
ctiv
(6)
(Total 7 marks)
ma
he
w.c
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26