Often precedes squamous cell

Actinic keratosis carcinoma

Addison’s disease 1° adrenocortical deficiency

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty,

Albright’s syndrome café-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls

Guillain-Barré (↑ protein in CSF with only modest ↑

Albuminocytologic dissociation in cell count)

Hereditary nephritis with nerve

Alport’s syndrome deafness

1
 Anti–basement membrane Goodpasture’s
antibodies syndrome

Anticentromere antibodies Scleroderma (CREST)

Anti-double-stranded DNA
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
antibodies (ANA antibodies)

Anti–epithelial cell antibodies Pemphigus vulgaris

Antigliadin antibodies Celiac disease

2
Antihistone antibodies Drug-induced SLE

Anti-IgG antibodies Rheumatoid arthritis

Antimitochondrial antibodies 1° biliary cirrhosis

Antineutrophil antibodies Vasculitis

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic
Antiplatelet antibodies purpura

3
Arachnodactyly Marfan’s syndrome

Argyll Robertson pupil Neurosyphilis

Arnold-Chiari malformation Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

Aschoff bodies Rheumatic fever

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies Wernicke’s encephalopathy

4
 Auer rods Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the
promyelocytic type)

Autosplenectomy Sickle cell anemia

Babinski’s sign UMN lesion

Baker’s cyst in popliteal fossa Rheumatoid arthritis

“Bamboo spine” on x-ray Ankylosing spondylitis

5
Bartter’s syndrome Hyperreninemia

Basophilic stippling of RBCs Lead poisoning

Defective dystrophin; less severe

Becker’s muscular dystrophy
than Duchenne’s

Bell’s palsy LMN CN VII palsy

Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains

Bence Jones proteins in urine), Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (IgM)

6
 Berger’s disease IgA nephropathy

Bernard-Soulier Defect in platelet adhesion

disease

Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis Sarcoidosis

Birbeck granules on Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic

EM granuloma)

Subarachnoid
Bloody tap on LP
hemorrhage

7
 “Blue bloater” Chronic bronchitis

Blue-domed cysts Fibrocystic change of the breast

Osteogenesis
Blue sclera imperfecta

Boot-shaped heart on x-ray

Tetralogy of Fallot;
RVH

Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling 2° to

Bouchard’s nodes osteophytes)

8
Boutonnière deformity Rheumatoid arthritis

Branching rods in oral infection Actinomyces israelii

Hemorrhage causes brown color of osteolytic cysts:

“Brown tumor” of bone 1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
(von Recklinghausen’s disease)

Brushfield’s spots Down syndrome

Bruton’s disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia

9
Budd-Chiari syndrome Posthepatic venous thrombosis

Buerger’s disease Small/medium-artery vasculitis

8:14 translocation; associated with

Burkitt’s lymphoma EBV

Burton’s lines Lead poisoning

C-ANCA, Wegener’s granulomatosis,

polyarteritis nodosa
P-ANCA

10
 Café-au-lait spots on skin Neurofibromatosis

Caisson disease Gas emboli

Calf Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

pseudohypertrophy

Granulosa-theca cell tumor of the

Call-Exner bodies ovary

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy Chagas’ disease

11
 Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell
Cerebriform nuclei lymphoma)

Chagas’ disease Trypanosome infection

Chancre 1° syphilis (not painful)

Chancroid Haemophilus ducreyi (painful)

Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor,

Charcot’s triad scanning speech), cholangitis (jaundice, RUQ pain,
fever)

12
 Charcot-Leyden Bronchial asthma (eosinophil
crystals membranes)

Chédiak-Higashi
Phagocyte deficiency
disease

Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick disease, central retinal

Cherry-red spot on macula artery occlusion

Central apnea in CHF and ↑

Cheyne-Stokes respirations
intracranial pressure

Endometriosis (frequently involves

“Chocolate cysts” both ovaries)

13
 Chronic atrophic gastritis Predisposition to gastric carcinoma

Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm

Chvostek’s sign upon tapping)

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of DES exposure in utero

Clue cells Gardnerella vaginitis

Codman’s triangle on x-ray Osteosarcoma

14
 Mycoplasma pneumoniae,
Cold agglutinins infectious mononucleosis

Cold intolerance Hypothyroidism

Condylomata lata 2° syphilis

Continuous machinery murmur

Patent ductus
arteriosus

Cori’s disease Debranching enzyme deficiency

15
 Cotton-wool spots Chronic hypertension

Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza Measles

Councilman bodies Toxic or viral hepatitis

Cowdry type A bodies Herpesvirus

Rapidly progressive crescentic

Crescents in Bowman’s capsule
glomerulonephritis

16
 Crigler-Najjar Congenital unconjugated
syndrome hyperbilirubinemia

Acute gastric ulcer associated with

Curling’s ulcer severe burns

Currant-jelly sputum Klebsiella

Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous

Curschmann’s spirals plugs)

Acute gastric ulcer associated with

Cushing’s ulcer CNS injury

17
 D-dimers DIC

Parkinson’s disease (basal ganglia

Depigmentation of neurons in disorder––rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3

Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
deficiency)

Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos

Hand-Schüller-Christian disease
+

Dog or cat bite Pasteurella multocida

18
Donovan bodies Granuloma inguinale

Dressler’s syndrome Post-MI fibrinous pericarditis

Congenital conjugated
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

Deleted dystrophin gene (X-linked

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
recessive)

Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like

Eburnation appearance of bone)

19
 Trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet,
Edwards’ syndrome low-set ears, heart disease

Eisenmenger’s Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L → R shunt

becomes R → L shunt)
complex

Ehlers-Danlos
Elastic skin syndrome

Erb-Duchenne palsy Superior trunk brachial plexus injury (“waiter’s tip”)

Erythema chronicum migrans Lyme disease

20
 Proximal tubular reabsorption
Fanconi’s syndrome defect

“Fat, female, forty, and fertile” Acute cholecystitis

Fatty liver Alcoholism

Ferruginous bodies Asbestosis

Colon polyps with osteomas and soft

Gardner’s syndrome tissue tumors

21
Gaucher’s disease Glucocerebrosidase deficiency

Ghon focus 1° TB

Benign congenital unconjugated

Gilbert’s syndrome hyperbilirubinemia

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia Defect in platelet aggregation

Goodpasture’s Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular

basement membrane proteins
syndrome

22
 Duchenne’s (use of patient’s arms to help legs pick
Gowers’ maneuver self off the floor)

Guillain-Barré
Idiopathic polyneuritis
syndrome

β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary

“Hair-on-end” appearance on x-ray hematopoiesis)

Hand-Schüller-Christian disease Chronic progressive histiocytosis

HbF Thalassemia major

23
 HbS Sickle cell anemia

hCG elevated Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with

and without embryo)

Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling 2° to

Heberden’s nodes osteophytes)

Heinz bodies G6PD deficiency

Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with

Henoch-Schönlein purpura hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs

24
Heterophil antibodies Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

High-output cardiac failure (dilated Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1

cardiomyopathy) deficiency)

Reiter’s syndrome, ankylosing

HLA-B27 spondylitis

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (caused by autoimmune

HLA-DR3 or -DR4 destruction of β cells)

Homer Wright rosettes Neuroblastoma

25
Honeycomb lung on
Interstitial fibrosis
x-ray

Horner’s syndrome Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis

Splenectomy (or nonfunctional

Howell-Jolly bodies spleen)

Caudate degeneration (autosomal

Huntington’s disease dominant)

Hyperphagia + hypersexuality +
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala)
hyperorality + hyperdocility

26
 1° adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s
Hyperpigmentation of skin
disease)

Hypersegmented neutrophils Macrocytic anemia

Hypertension + hypokalemia Conn’s syndrome

Hypochromic Iron deficiency anemia, lead

microcytosis poisoning

Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural

fluid/maternal serum tube defects)

27
 Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative
Increased uric acid levels disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics

Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of

Intussusception Peyer’s patches)

Janeway lesions Endocarditis

Syphilis—overaggressive treatment of an
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to
rapid lysis

Job’s syndrome Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality

28
 AIDS in MSM (men who have sex
Kaposi’s sarcoma with men)

Kartagener’s syndrome Dynein defect

Kayser-Fleischer rings Wilson’s disease

Squamous cell
Keratin pearls carcinoma

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules Diabetic nephropathy

29
Klüver-Bucy syndrome Bilateral amygdala lesions

Koilocytes HPV

Koplik spots Measles

Gastric adenocarcinoma with

Krukenberg tumor ovarian metastases

Kussmaul hyperpnea Diabetic ketoacidosis

30
 Lens dislocation + aortic dissection + joint
hyperflexibility Marfan’s syndrome (fibrillin deficit)

Lesch-Nyhan
HGPRT deficiency
syndrome

Lewy bodies Parkinson’s disease

Libman-Sacks disease Endocarditis associated with SLE

Lines of Zahn Arterial thrombus

31
 Neurofibromatosis (von
Lisch nodules Recklinghausen’s disease)

Low serum ceruloplasmin Wilson’s disease

Lucid interval Epidural hematoma

“Lumpy-bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on Poststreptococcal

immunofluorescence glomerulonephritis

Lytic bone lesions on x-ray Multiple myeloma

32
Mallory bodies Alcoholic liver disease

Mallory-Weiss Esophagogastric lacerations

syndrome

McArdle’s disease Muscle phosphorylase deficiency

McBurney’s sign Appendicitis

MLF syndrome (INO) Multiple sclerosis

33
 Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG
or IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of
Monoclonal antibody spike undetermined significance), Waldenström’s (M
protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia

Myxedema Hypothyroidism

Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing Wegener’s and Goodpasture’s (hemoptysis and
glomerulonephritis glomerular disease)

Needle-shaped, negatively
birefringent crystals Gout

Negri bodies Rabies

34
Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss Alport’s syndrome

Neurofibrillary tangles Alzheimer’s disease

Niemann-Pick disease Sphingomyelinase deficiency

No lactation Sheehan’s syndrome (pituitary

postpartum infarction)

Nutmeg liver CHF

35
Occupational exposure to asbestos
Malignant
mesothelioma

“Orphan Annie” nuclei Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

Osler’s nodes Endocarditis

Owl’s eye CMV

Pancreatic cancer
Painless jaundice
(head)

36
Palpable purpura on legs and
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
buttocks

Bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner’s

Pancoast’s tumor syndrome

Pannus Rheumatoid arthritis

Parkinson’s disease Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion

Periosteal elevation on x-ray Pyogenic osteomyelitis

37
 Peutz-Jeghers
Benign polyposis
syndrome

Peyronie’s disease Penile fibrosis

CML (may sometimes be associated

Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl )
with AML)

Pick bodies Pick’s disease

Progressive dementia, similar to

Pick’s disease Alzheimer’s

38
 Emphysema (centroacinar [smoking], panacinar
“Pink puffer” [α1-antitrypsin deficiency])

Plummer-Vinson Esophageal webs with iron

syndrome deficiency anemia

Podagra Gout (MP joint of hallux)

Minimal change
Podocyte fusion
disease

Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, Dry beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1

and edema deficiency)

39
Polyneuropathy preceded by GI or Guillain-Barré
respiratory infection syndrome

Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency associated with

Pompe’s disease cardiomegaly

Port-wine stain Hemangioma

Positive anterior “drawer sign” Anterior cruciate ligament injury

Pott’s disease Vertebral tuberculosis

40
 Pseudopalisade tumor cell Glioblastoma
arrangement multiforme

Pseudorosettes Ewing’s sarcoma

Horner’s syndrome (Pancoast’s

Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
tumor)

Rash on palms and 2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted

soles fever

Raynaud’s syndrome Recurrent vasospasm in extremities

41
 Acute
RBC casts in urine
glomerulonephritis

Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas

and S. aureus infections Cystic fibrosis

Red urine in the Paroxysmal nocturnal

morning hemoglobinuria

Reed-Sternberg cells Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Reid index (increased) Chronic bronchitis

42
 Reinke crystals Leydig cell tumor

Reiter’s syndrome Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis

Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous

von Hippel–Lindau disease
hemangiomas + adenomas

Renal epithelial casts in urine Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

Rhomboid crystals, positively

birefringent Pseudogout

43
 Rib notching Coarctation of aorta

Roth’s spots in retina Endocarditis

Congenital conjugated
Rotor’s syndrome hyperbilirubinemia

Rouleaux formation (RBCs) Multiple myeloma

Russell bodies Multiple myeloma

44
 S3 Left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral
regurgitation, LV failure (CHF)

Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic

S4 subaortic stenosis

Schiller-Duval bodies Yolk sac tumor

Senile plaques Alzheimer’s disease

Sézary syndrome Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

45
Sheehan’s syndrome Postpartum pituitary necrosis

Shwartzman reaction Neisseria meningitidis

Signet-ring cells Gastric carcinoma

Simian crease Down syndrome

Sipple’s syndrome MEN type IIa

46
Sjögren’s syndrome Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis

Skip lesions Crohn’s

Slapped cheeks Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

Smith antigen SLE

“Smudge cell” CLL

47
 Giant cell tumor of
Soap bubble on x-ray
bone

Spike and dome on EM Membranous glomerulonephritis

Benign juvenile
Spitz nevus melanoma

Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails Endocarditis

Starry-sky pattern Burkitt’s lymphoma

48
“Strawberry tongue” Scarlet fever

Streaky ovaries Turner’s syndrome

String sign on x-ray Crohn’s disease

Poststreptococcal
Subepithelial humps on EM
glomerulonephritis

Suboccipital lymphadenopathy Rubella

49
 Sulfur granules Actinomyces israelii

Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vitamin C

deficiency)—vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation
healing, anemia of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis

Systolic ejection murmur

(crescendo-decrescendo) Aortic valve stenosis

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc

t(8;14) activation)

Philadelphia chromosome, CML

t(9;22) (bcr-abl hybrid)

50
 Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2
t(14;18) activation)

Tabes dorsalis 3° syphilis

Tendon xanthomas (classically

Familial hypercholesterolemia
Achilles)

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus
Thumb sign on lateral x-ray
influenzae)

Thyroidization of Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

kidney

51
 Tophi Gout

Membranoproliferative
“Tram-track” appearance on LM
glomerulonephritis

Visceral cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Trousseau’s sign (migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal
spasm)

Left supraclavicular node enlargement from

Virchow’s node metastatic carcinoma of the stomach

Pulmonary embolism (triad = blood stasis,

Virchow’s triad endothelial damage, hypercoagulation)

52
 Neurofibromatosis with café-au-lait
von Recklinghausen’s disease
spots

von Recklinghausen’s disease of Osteitis fibrosa cystica (“brown

bone tumor”)

Wallenberg’s
PICA thrombosis
syndrome

Adrenal hemorrhage associated with

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
meningococcemia

Waxy casts Chronic end-stage renal disease

53
WBC casts in urine Acute pyelonephritis

WBCs in urine Acute cystitis

Wermer’s syndrome MEN type I

Malabsorption syndrome caused by

Whipple’s disease Tropheryma whippelii

Wilson’s disease Hepatolenticular degeneration

54
 “Wire loop” appearance on LM Lupus nephropathy

Berry aneurysm—associated with adult polycystic

“Worst headache of my life” kidney disease

Subarachnoid
Xanthochromia (CSF)
hemorrhage

Xerostomia + arthritis +
keratoconjunctivitis sicca Sjögren’s syndrome

Zenker’s diverticulum Upper GI diverticulum

55
 Gastrin-secreting tumor associated
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
with ulcers

56