THE BALKANSTHE MODERN NATIONS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ‘The idea of the nation state, which has dominated Europe since the French Revolution, now serves the entire globe. To the resultant profusion of political units che historian must bring perspective, both w re-emphasize the universal qualiry of nationhood and co help make clear the diversity and particulaety of national experience, “The volumes in his scies deal wich individual nations or groups of closely sclated nations, summarizing the chief historical efends and influences that Inve contsibuted to each aation’s presenreiay character, problems, and Ibehavior. Receat dacs are incomporaied with established historical back {ground to achieve » fresh synchesis and original interpretation, Robin W. Winks, Series Editor Yale University New in the EUROPE subseries . .. FRANCE by JOHN © CAIRNS, University of Toronto ‘An upo-dte cttique of France in the fight of her hiswory and poliies S617 (orig.) Spectrum paperbound 81,95, clock $4.95 SCANDINAVIA . by JOHN H. WUORINEN, Colsiobia University Surveys the experiences that hind together Norway, Sweden, Filaed, Denmark, and Iceland, from Viking days eo the preseat. 5.654 (orig) Spectrum paperbornd $1.95, clash $493 ITALY by MASSIMO SALVADORI, Smith College ‘The impact of Ial’s eich heriage on her polities, fom the third cencury unc day. S612 (orig.) Spectrim paperbound $1.95, cloth $495 Also in the EUROPE subseries . .. RUSSIA by ROBERT V, DANIELS, University of Vermont [A smudy of how the Soviee Union of today grew out of che old Russian Empize, sad a step-by-step description of Rusia since the revolution S.662 orig.) Speciramn peperbound $1.95, loth 8495 “Englewood Chis, New Jerseywssian Foreign Policy. To- ive edited The Balkans in tueation of a Russian States- Nicholes Karlovick Giers.use ® umn id eo aileck SS eureanik slee | SOS x ah “ tae ‘THE BALKANS AFTER 1945 ‘& Proutloel wood (life, New Jerey© to6s by Paswmiceltan, Ine, Ei yamine soon AN ‘sok mye repr iy eet mete, iat othe” pblbersLtray of log Card Nunber 654999. Drated. a ‘Sates of meee. Coss rc specialized subjects and national hi ested Readings, This isa selectivePanPacn Lederer a Nicolas Spulber afee World War II fet Postwar Predominance, 110 ‘The New Allionces, 113mm peninsula has acquired the “powderkeg of Europe.” This century, whenTHe BALEANE FORAT 3 ioe dels here and J ‘upon the peoples. Forel 1a if mnans, Tusks, ok. ot a ‘both East be made to describe her nations, The peninsula is Asia, and Here the peoples and Continents have met and mingled, or clashed and ‘ered. “Vhhe major powers of cach historical epoch have madetity ile, the Balkans came. under fter World War ‘War Hi, when the militar the great isfons arrived at in the Tanguage ware- size of Mary- population of 779,000 Albanians hive iwers approximately 12,000 squat Country is about 1.7 million, but antTH RALIANE Yong after World War whose relat development complex has be‘i inhabitants, about 1.5 million Approximately Ho per cant of party in Remuaaia was ve ia) had no grea contro] were necessary. owever, never extzemely pop! ad become In wanin's ant puis with Hungary which refused to the transfer. Quarrels have also arisen Goer the Rumanian treatment of the Hungarian minority in Transyl- os of the Banat that country. oF conflict be ossibiliti avehe Habsburg Emp. sociated with the Habsburg Em- states, Yogoslav istion of the boundary with Italy—in particu. to—has cavsed continual friction with Rome,yuntry is ion inhabitants. Modem Greek is fediterrancan and thus exerted influence in Athens. 1947 Britain reknguished her commitments in the area to the F 1 at any in am ited States, At that lime the Greek government was faced with a sal a apres unikrmiy the sae. getfre Ttatkon atone among rupted historical This eonvic-ly k acia, was conquered by Emperor ‘Trajan in ig the period of Roman occupation, colonists wereVhe Avars, the Bulgarians, the Tattars succeeded ion, faced with anil were the provinces of Moldavia and Wal- to maintain at least a degree of auton- ted in 285961 to form the modem Montenegro, id Dalmatia, The large. Slavie group also of the South’ Slave‘MEDIEVAL BALKAN EMPIRES wen, they wish the right to admihhad many points country were also propitious hut guring the Ottoman occur:“Tam Ortoman Conguest: JUOATION OF Baran Naztonatrry the fourtccuth century the wart of di i fceiom to'¢ “u igarian Kosovo, the Magyar forces were also conquered and that‘cent amimon historical experience of all the Balkan iy bad reputation. This con | z : There were also many1OW OF RALRAN MATROMALITY 29 bAithough the Ot- 8 group, the d along measure of ~ ts to as follems, were treated with tand the Jews were regarded as “People of lat as recognized as one of the prophets, med. Certainly, the Moslem government Jews than any European state or Chris- -Maglems, however, were subject to certain lilt lisbility to a special head tax and to 1 Ghildren. . provincial govemors, either as a ter-HON OF BANNAN ey and, unti igeneration, it was the principal military fans thus dominated the military and ad- ’ parallel e of ‘began to weaken from the 18 head,” as the Turkish proverb explained the : week rulers who were con rer its a us been force. npire rength, thewns. The jn the cightoenth century towns. Trade came to be , but by Greeks, towns thus often took on the surrounding country- jountains brought about a portant in Ralkan history and to the Of the state to secure law and order idage became a widespread phenomenon. tured on the Balkan highways without , The people themselves were forced to sry traveler reported: “No-1335 opened the Ottoman Empire to ftsin made similar agrecmeats soon ip thus became part of the Enropean dt the designation ‘Wondon’ Calbia and ‘eincipal offecsPare adapt fed only a short, time, In the area. The tof 1815, which ended the long years of sived the former Venetian posseshe reigns of tsars Alexande: Rassia became the defen continent of Europe ne of the chief supporters of the Vienna ley was in ace wt, therefore, give ontrig ts in Poland, Italy, and Gesmmany hier to ignore or to condemn tt century, commencing. w' vernment had, in Fact er sia would thereby be both Britain and the in peoples, the Grecks fared ieved what +Sono or who Ierranean,‘Turks iMlstrates the nineteenth century. ® peoples continued their separatejowat, LineRArion Movestenrs (ATION OF THE MopEaN Magan Starnes, ween, 1806 and 1578, despite a dificult in- e Greeks, the Rumanians, and the wlent government w: for further expansion. The drawing of ffcn! watlonalit hi redomni at spe ige, and “4 tion of na- Sth. indvidual ieval empires. somes and legends andthe sty ition, the Greeks had rary activity ighont the Turkish occupation. In y, they tumed to other igas Pheraios and Ada-~ cnyphasized the pagan elassie tradition and the spirithed the Kyrie which the in and thereafter ‘lao accepted this ind general acceptance of a standard In and the Serbs greatly facilitated the m: the strongest basis for the later Yugoslav ng foreign influence on their gl Sst HteraryTanzoage in-use under Church Slavonic, but in the eight- the language of education and govern- fod, the Greek officials as well as the luenced by the Freach political and cul- tle also. contributed to the emphasis (ved from Roman, rather than Slavie or ip to France remsined consta: @f educated Romanians, and support in the final stages 7 an ince of the pas grade, The Ottoman Empie to levy a tribute on the Sexbs and to cecupy certain fortresses in Serbia. ‘These rights were repod ele wun tel no ulan intareet coincided with posi- sing was organized prin-man ATATES ingdom had been estab- had achieved THE BALKANS IN 1830 (after the Treaty of Adrianople)Wed Russia and France, the respective ic Ottoman Empire, cause 2 change ia was In two Ongt. eld a protectorate over the country certain groups in the population, most looked to Fiance under’ Habsburg control. n Bosnia Hercegovina and the assur