Joenahhas1958@yahoo.

com

Joe Nahhas Founder of Real time Astronomy 1969 and Physics in 1973

Abstract: This is real time astronomy solution of NASA's 40 years Pioneer anomaly. Real time astronomy readings of Pioneer 10 of 1972 and pioneer 11 of 1973 satellites show that the anomalies acceleration of the pioneer satellites of 8.74 x 10-11 m/sec2 is due to the fact NASA (I) measures satellites orbits from Earth and uses the Sun as a reference point and (II) do not take into account Earth's Axial tilt spin angle (25.83) and (III) do not take real time measurements. Pioneer (11) orbital velocity of 11.431 km/sec and pioneer orbit of 25.83 with the Sun when read in real time the pioneer acceleration anomaly is solved very easily. Real time astronomy readings not only solved the pioneer anomaly but solved all motion anomalies and all motion anomalies amount to real time motion visual effects like moving cars. And x = [arc tan (v/c)] 2 (r0/T2); r 0 = Earth Sun distance; T = Earth Period; v = [Earth velocity - Earth spin velocity] Sine 25.83 = Arc tan [(29.8 - 0.465) sine 25.83]/ (300,000)} 2 x (149,600,000,000/ (365.26x24x3600)2 = 8.95 x 10-10 m/sec2 calculated = (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10-10 m/sec2 measured Introduction: Real time astronomy readings In July of 1969 the space age opened widely with Neil Armstrong landing on the moon on July 21, 1969. Space travel seemed interesting and I looked at the clear skies of summer and all I saw is dots of light and wondered how one can travel in space when the only thing that can be seen by the Naked eye is dots of light? Page 1 In summer of 1969 on one summer night shortly after a man landed on the moon I realized that there is similarities between space travel and

cars motion. My attention shifted interest to moving cars and I ended asking the question: How one sees a moving car and how that is related to its actual size?
An observer is looking at car from two different distances A and B. Observes Distance A

Car

Car

Distance B
A car size C at rest at location A moving away will be seen smaller at Location B

When a car moves away its size shrink to a dot like far away objects seen on clear summer nights. Summer nights seemed interesting and I played a game with numbers to solve the puzzle of how one sees a car in motion. When a car moves it looks like the car size changes. When the car comes closer it looks bigger and when the car moves away it looks smaller. It is not as if the size of the car changed but a realization that the car is moving to a different location and the size of the car change is a visual trick and what we see is not what is actual but visual and the problem was to solve the puzzle of actual relation to visual.

Assume the size of the car is 2 meters wide when at a distance of 10 meters; the question is how wide the car is seen at a distance of 100 meters? The answer is: 10 = 10; add and subtract 100 10 = 100 + (10 - 100); divide by 100 10/100 = 1 + (10 - 100)/100 this is the distance scale If someone wants to measure the width size of a moving away car the all he/she has to do is multiply by the width of the car which is 2. Page 2 Or, (10/100)2 = 2 + [(10 - 100)/100] 2 What is seen is visual = actual + the difference

Visual = actual + difference between actual and visual The answer is (10/100)2 = 0.2 meters or 20 centimeters = visual The actual is 2 The difference between actual and is [(10 - 100)/100] 2 = 1.8 meters The conclusion is when the same thing is looked at from two different distances it does not measure the same and that is NASA's and astronomer's mistake # 1that I Joe Nahhas can say without any hesitation that everything modern astronomy and modern astronomers tell us about space not only wrong but can be easily proven to be wrong. Let us use letters instead of numbers A = A; add and subtract B A = B + (A - B); divide by B A/B = 1 + (A - B)/B this is real time astronomy scale A and B could be any physical quantity like time, distance, velocity, acceleration, mass, momentum, energy, frequency, period, wave length, ETC When NASA measure from earth and uses the Sun as a reference point a visual effect occurs that affects but not limited to time, distance, velocity, acceleration, mass, momentum, energy, frequency, period, wave length, ETCFor example Mercury's perihelion precession advance is a visual effect due to wrong measurements. Mercury

Earth Sun

Page 3 A/B = 1 + (A - B)/B this is real time astronomy scale

Using this scale as distance scale gives Mercury's perihelion procession advance of 43 seconds of an arc per century, or, the angular acceleration of Planet Mercury accumulation of 43 seconds of an arc per century. The angular velocity is 2 / Tm Tm = planet Mercury's period of 88 days x 24 hours x 3600 seconds) And (2 / Tm) x (180/ ) = angular velocity is degrees And (2 / Tm) x (180/ ) (36526/88) = Angular velocity in degrees per century And (2 / Tm) x (180/ ) (36526/88) (3600) = Angular velocity in arc second per century Angular velocity of planet Mercury in arc second per century = (2 / Tm) x (180/ ) (36526/88) (3600) = (2 / 88 x 24 x 3600) (180/ ) (36526/88) (3600) = 70.75 if measured from the Sun If measured from earth, then the visual effect is calculated by real time scale A/B = 1 + (A - B)/B just by multiplying by C that is being measured and in this case C = 70.75 Or, (A/B) C = C + [(A - B)/B] C A and B can be any of these quantities: Time, distance, velocity, acceleration, mass, momentum, energy, frequency, period, wave length, ETC C is the quantity than is under consideration Consider the case where A and B are distances scale and C = angular velocity accumulation of 70.75 arcs second per century where A = Mercury's Sun distance of 58.2 x 106 km and B = Earth's Sun distance of 149.6 x 106 km: [(A - B)/B] = [(58.2 x 106 - 149.6 x 106)/ 149.6 x 106] = 0.61 And [(A - B)/B] C = 0.61 x 70.75 = 43 arc second per century Page 4 Remembering that A and B can be any of these quantities:

Time, distance, velocity, acceleration, mass, momentum, energy, frequency, period, wave length, ETC C is the quantity than is under consideration There are few dozen solutions to planet Mercury's Perihelion precession advance like using velocity scale instead of distance scale A = Planet Mercury's Velocity of 47.9 km/sec B = Planet Earth velocity of 29.8 km/sec (A - B)/B = 0.61 And 0.61x 70.75 = 43 arc second per century When the French Astronomer Le Verrier wanted to calculate planet Mercury's perihelion advance he made the following mistake: Mercury

Earth Sun

If Planet Mercury's angular orbital speed is to be measured from the Sun then planet mercury angular orbital speed is m = v m/ r m Where v m = orbital velocity of mercury = 47.9 kilometer/sec And r m = Mercury Sun distance = 58,200,000 kilometers If Planet mercury, m, angular orbital speed is to be measured from Earth, e, then planet Mercury's angular orbital speed is m = [v m + v e]/ r m V e = [orbital velocity of Earth spin speed of earth] = 29.8 0.465 = 29.335km/sec The mistake is: (v e/ r m) in radians per period Page 5 This mistake is: (v e/ r m) (180/) in degree per period

This mistake is: (v e/ r m) (180/) [36526/T] in degree per century This mistake is: (v e/ r m) (180/) [36526/T] [3600] arc sec per century For planet Mercury: W (arc sec/century) = [(29.335km/sec)/ (58.2 x 106km)] [(180/) (3600) (26526/T)] = 43.0 arc second per century Real time astronomy gives a different view of the Universe and matches data and incontestable correctness and shows that Astronomers yet to know how to use the telescope and all motion anomalies are pure visual effects 1 - Copernicus was wrong and Earth does not move around the Sun 2 - Galileo's was wrong and Galilean relativity is wrong 3 - Kepler's was wrong and his ellipse is a visual ellipse 4 - Newton's was wrong and his Inverse square law is visual gravity 5 - Soldner was wrong and his 1801 light bending formula is wrong 6 - Le Verrier was wrong and his calculations of planet Mercury's Perihelion/apsidal precession advance is/was wrong 7 - Lorentz confusion between length contraction and light aberration 8 - Einstein's fictional relativity 9 - Shapiro's time delays 10 - Red Shift is wrong and Expansion confusions with different locations 11 - There was/is no proof of big bang or Expanding Universe 12 - Saturn's spin period delay of 6 minutes 13 - Gravity Probe B 14 - Pioneer anomaly 15 - Etc Page 6 Real time astronomy scales:

Present time = T Past time = T T

present past

present

= real time = time when an event is measured

= event time = time when an event happened

=T

present

Add and subtract T past T present = T past + (T present - T Divide by T past (T present)/ (T past) = 1 + [(T Or, (T real)/ (T ) = 1 + [(T

past

) -T )/ (T )]

present

past

past

event

real

-T

event

)/ (T

event

)] ------- Time scale

If we want to measure a quantity using time scale we just multiply by that quantity; for example, if someone wants to measure the time when an event had happened T event using time scale, then he/she has to multiply by T event. He/she measurement is T real and to calculate T event he/she has to know the difference T real - T event Or, [(T real)/ (T event)] T event = T event + [(T T real = T event + (T real - T event) Or, T event = T real - (T real - T event)
real

-T

event

)/ (T

event

)] T

event

Conclusion is: measured = actual + difference When an event happens at T event (actual time) NASA measurement is in real time T real = [(T real)/ (T )] T

event

event

And the difference in time is the difference between actual time and measured time or the difference between real time and event time T real - T event = [(T real - T event)/ (T event)] T event This is time scale: (T real)/ (T event) = 1 + [(T real - T event)/ (T event)] ------- Time scale The same analysis applies to distance r, velocity, acceleration, ETC If time T is changed with distance r, then we have distance scale Page 7 Is: (T
real

)/ (T

event

) = 1 + [(T

real

-T

event

)/ (T

event

)] --------- Time scale

Is: (r real)/ (r event) = 1 + [(r real - r event)/ (r event)] ------- Distance scale Is: (v real)/ (v event) = 1 + [(v present - v event)/ (v event)] --- Velocity scale Is: ( real)/ ( event) = 1 + [( real - event)/ ( event)] ---- Acceleration scale Is: ( real)/ ( event) = 1 + [( real - event)/ ( event)] --- Wave length scale Is: ( real)/ ( event) = 1 + [( real - event)/ ( event)] -------- Angle scale Is: (' real)/ (' event) = 1 + [(' real - ' event)/ (' event)] Angle velocity scale
Is: (''
real

)/ (''

event

) = 1 + [(''

real

- ''

event

)/ (''

event

)] Angle Acceleration scale

Is: Is: Is: Is:

Is: (

(m real)/ (m event) = 1 + [(m real - m event)/ (m event)] --- Mass scale (P real)/ (P event) = 1 + [(P real - P event)/ (P event)] - Momentum scale (F real)/ (F event) = 1 + [(F real - F event)/ (F event)] ------- Force scale (E real)/ (E event) = 1 + [(E real - E event)/ (E event)] ----- Energy scale
real

)/ (

event

) = 1 + [(

real

event

)/ (

event

)] Angular momentum scale

Is: ( real)/ ( event) = 1 + [( real - event)/ ( event)] ------ Flux scale Etc... Conclusion is: Measured/actual = 1 + Z; Z = (Measured - actual)/actual Or: Measured/actual = 1 + red shift When the reference frame is shifted from Sun to Earth when measuring the Angular velocity of Planet Mercury then the red shift using distance scale is: Z ' event = [(r real - r event)/ (r event)] ' event Z ' event = [(r Sun- Mercury - r Sun - Earth)/ (r Sun - Earth)] 2 x /Tm radian/sec And Z ' event in arc second per century Z ' event times (180/ ) (36526/88) (3600) = (Z ' event) (180/ ) (36526/88) (3600) = [(r Sun- Mercury - r Sun - Earth)/ (r Sun - Earth)] (2/Tm) X (180/ ) (36526/88) (3600); Tm = 88 x 24 x 3600 And r Sun- Mercury = 58.2 x 106km/sec; r Sun - Earth = 149.6 x106km/sec Z ' event in arc second per century = [(58.2 x 106 - 149.6 x 106)/ 149.6 x 106] (2/88 x 24 x 3600) x (180/ ) (36526/88) (3600) = 43 arc second per century The red shift is due to a shift in reference frames When NASA shifted frame of reference from Sun to earth it created a velocity red shift or change in velocity readings and interpreted as acceleration and that explains the pioneer anomaly. Page 8

A red shift reading is a reading of variation of parameters and not a big bang in an expanding universe or due to space-time curvature or due to some action at a distance force or any make - believe For example: If Kepler's law parameters are changed it gives the same results as a red shift and when applied to Planet Mercury Perihelion precession advance it gives the 43 seconds of an arc per century. If Newton's law parameters are changed it gives the same results as a red shift and when applied to Planet Mercury Perihelion precession advance it gives the 43 seconds of an arc per century. In 1972 at age 14 I read Kepler's l laws and Newton's laws and Einstein's popped up and found what I had solved in 1969 at age 11 what Einstein solved and it is considered something as important. What I knew was that changing parameters gives visual Illusions so I took Kepler's law and r2 ' = h and Newton's law T/a = 4 /GM and made a variation of it. Using distance scale and the distances are the semi major axes That is instead of using Sun - Mercury distance I used Sun Earth distance and I applied distance scale to Kepler's law to calculate the advance of perihelion precession advance of Planet Mercury. Kepler's law variation is as follows Of: a/T = k = constant; a = semi major axis; T = orbital period Or, a1/ T1 = a2/ T2 = k Or, a1/ a2 = (T1/ T2)2/3 And (a1 - a2)/ a2 = (T1/ T2)2/3 1 Or (am a e)/ a e = (Tm/ Te) 2/3 1 = [(am a e)/ a e] (v m / am) [(180/) (3600) (26526/T m)] = 43 = [(Tm/ Te) 2/3 1] (v m / am) [(180/) (3600) (26526/T m)] = 43 Newton's law parameters when changed it gives the same results as a red shift and when applied to Planet Mercury Perihelion precession advance it gives the 43 seconds of an arc per century. Newton's gravitation force is: F = - G m M/r That leads to T/a = 4 /GM with respect to the sun To T/a = 4 /G (M + m) with respect to the center of mass T 1/a = 4 /GM and T 2 /a = 4 /G (M + m) T 1= T 2 [M/ (M + m)] And 2/ T (1) = [2 / T 2] (1 + m/M) And ' 1 = ' 2 (1 + m/M) And ' 2= ' 1 / [1 + (m/M)] [1 - m/ (2M)] Page 9

This approximation was not on the original work And ' 2 - ' 1 = ' 1 [1 / [1 + (m/M)] - 1] And ' 2 - ' 1 - ' 1 (m/2M) = - [2 /T1] [m/2M) = - m/MT1 radians/ T And [' 2 - ' 1] T1 = m/M = angle change per period And [' 2 - ' 1] T1 = (- m/M) (180/ degrees) (3600 seconds) (36526/ T1) T1 = 88 days; m = 0.32 x1024 kg; and M = 2.0 x1030 kg = (-180/ ) x (36526/T1) (3600) ( m/M) = (-180/ ) x 36526 x 3600/ 88) ( x 0.32 x1024 kg /2.0 x1030) = 43.0" arc sec /100 years The conclusion is: changing reference frames parameter creates red shifts. These red shifts are an indication of data change like measuring from different locations and not anything related to physics change. Red - shift are measurement issue and not reality issues. If real time measurements are taken, then this red shift can be calculated as real time quantities that correct the data from the time an event happens till the time an event measured. To understand how red - shifts can be calculated as real time quantities, then solve physics equation in real time. In 1973 I learned how to solve equations in real time. In 1973 I read trigonometry and derivatives and know about quadratic equations and imaginary solution and Euler's identity e t = cosine t + sine t. I took Areal velocity law and used it r2' = 2 h = constant; r is distance and = polar angle If r' = h = constant Differentiate with respect to time Then 2rr'' + r" = 0 Divide by r' Then 2(r'/r) + "/' = 0 And 2(r'/r) = - "/' = 2(+ ) Also, r (, t) = r0 (, 0) e ( + ) t And ' (, t) = ' 0 (, 0) e -2( + ) t These two equations are real time solutions of Areal velocity equation Page 11

If = 0 Then r (0, t) = r0 (0, 0) e ( + ) t A distance measures r0 (0, 0) measured in real time would become not r0 (0, 0) but r (0, t) = r0 (0, 0) e ( + ) t Taking r0 (0, 0) = r0 and = 0 and r (0, t) = r Then r = r0 e t In general distance r0 will be seen as r0 e t And ' = ' 0 e -2 t I solved wave particle duality and derived quantum mechanics from Newton's mechanics and produced relativity as follows 1 - Length contraction Take r = r0 e t = r0 [cosine t + sine t] = quantum mechanics Along the line of sight r = r x + r y And r x = r0 cosine t = r0 (1 - sine2 t) And t = arc tan (v/c); v = velocity and c = light velocity Then, r x = r0 [1 - sine2 arc tan (v/c)] With (v/c) << 1 Then sine2 arc tan (v/c) = (v/c) 2 And r
x

= r0 [1 - (v/c) 2] length contraction

With r x = r 0 cosine t And t = cosine-1 (r x / r 0) Then r = r x - r 0 = r 0 [(cosine t) 1] And (r x - r 0)/ r 0 = [(1 - 2 sine t/2) 1] = - 2 sine t/2; t = cosine-1 (r x / r 0) Or [- 2sine t/2] ' 0; t = cosine-1 (r x / r 0) With r x = r 0 + (r x - r 0) And r x/ r 0 = 1 + (r x - r 0)/r 0 And (r x/ r 0) 0' = 0' + [(r x - r 0)/r 0] 0' Or quantum = classical + relativistic For planet Mercury: The distance visual effect Error is: [(r m re)/re] m The quantity: m = (v m/r m) (180/ ) [36526/Tm (days)] (3600) = 70.75 With v m = 47.9 km/sec; r m = 58.2 x 106 km; Tm = 88 days With r m = 58.2 x 109 m = Sun Mercury distance And r e = 149.6 x 109 m = Sun Earth distance Page 11

With [(r m re)/re] = [- 2sine t/2] = 0.61 And t = cosine-1 [r x (, t) / r x (, 0)] = cosine-1 (r/ r 0) Or t = cosine-1 [r x (, t) / r x (, 0)] = cosine-1 (r m/ r e) And [(r m re)/re] m = [- 2sine t/2] (v m/r m) (180/ ) [36526/Tm (days)] (3600) = [- 2sine {[cosine-1 (r m/ r e)]/2}] (v m/r m) (180/ ) (36526/88) (3600) = 0.61 x 70.75 = 43 2 - Time dilation If r = r0 e t = r0 [cosine t + sine t] Then dividing by c Gives r/c = (r0/c) e t And T = T0 e t Along the line of sight T = T x + T y And T x = T0 cosine t = T0 (1 - sine2 t) And T x = T0 (1 - sine2 t) And t = arc tan (v/c); v = velocity and c = light velocity Then, T x = T0 [1 - sine2 arc tan (v/c)] With (v/c) << 1 Then sine2 arc tan (v/c) = (v/c) 2 And T
x

= T0 [1 - (v/c) 2] Time dilation

Real time scale: And T = T 0 + [(T T 0)]; dividing by c And T / T 0 = 1 + [(T T 0)/ T 0] And T = r/c = Mercury distance from sun/ light velocity T0 = Earth distance from sun/ light velocity Multiplying by 0 And (T / T 0) 0= 0+ [(T T 0)/ T 0] 0 And (T / T 0) 0= 0+ [(T T 0)/ T 0] 0 And [(T T 0)/ T 0] 0 = [(T T 0)/ T 0] (2/Tm) (t0/Tm) (180/ ) (3600) Or, [(T T 0)/ T 0] 0 = [(194 - 498.6)/498.6] (2/88x24x3600) (36526/88) (180/ ) (3600) = 43 arc sec per century Page 12

Taking T x = T0 cosine t And t = cosine -1 (T x/ T0) T x = T 0 {1 - 2 {[sine (T x/ T0)]/2} 2} (T x - T 0)/T 0 = - 2 {[sine cosine -1 (T x/ T0)]/2} 2 And [(T x - T 0)/T 0] 0 =- 2 0 {[sine cosine -1 (T x/ T0)]/2} 2 T x = time light travels from Mercury to Sun = Mercury's distance from Sun/ light speed = 58.2 x 109 m/3 x 108 m = 196 seconds T 0 = time light travels from Earth to Sun = 149.6 x 109 m/3 x 108 m = 498.6 seconds And - 2 0 {[sine cosine -1 (T x/ T0)]/2} 2 = - 2 {[sine cosine -1 (T x/ T0)]/2} 2 (2/88x24x3600) (36526/88) (180/ ) (3600) = - 2 {[sine cosine -1 (196/ 498.6)]/2} 2 (2/88x24x3600) (36526/88) (180/ ) (3600) = 43 arc second/century The visual effect of Planet mercury's Perihelion precession advance can be calculated using Fourier transform signal processing If we solve the force F = 0 in polar coordinates in real time we get distance r in real time as r = r0 e i ( + t) At = 0; Perihelion Then (r/r 0) = e i t The [(r/c)/ (r 0/c)] = e And T = T0 e i t

it

And the Fourier transform is: = (1/2 ) {- e i t d t} And = (1/2 ) 0T e i t d t = (1/2 ) [e i T -1]/ i = (1/2 ) [cosine T + i sine T - 1]/ i x = (1/2 ) [sine T]/ x [t0/T] = (t0/2 ) [sine T/ T] per t 0 x [t0/T] = (t0 /360) {sine [arc tan (v/c)] / [arc tan (v/c)]} per t0 Page 13

With T = arc tan (v/c) With t0 = 1 century = 36526 days x = (36526days /360degrees) {sine [arc tan (v/c)] / [arc tan (v/c)]} In arc seconds per century
x

= (36526x 23.93 x 3600 /360 x 3600) {sine [arc tan (v/c)] / [arc tan (v/c)]} = (36526x 23.93/360) {sine [arc tan (v/c)] / [arc tan (v/c)]}

Where v = 47.9 km/second; actually 48.1 km/sec And c = 300,000 km/second

= (36526 x 24/360) {sine [arc tan (47.9/300,000)] / [arc tan (47.9/300,000)]}

= 42.5 arc seconds per century Proof: All there is in the Universe is objects of mass m moving in space (x, y, z) at a location r = r (x, y, z). The state of any object in the Universe can be expressed as the product S = m r; State = mass x location: P = d S/d t = m (d r/d t) + (dm/d t) r = Total moment = change of location + change of mass = m v + m' r; v = velocity = d r/d t; m' = mass change rate F = d P/d t = dS/dt = Total force = m (dr/dt) +2(dm/d t) (d r/d t) + (dm/dt) r = m + 2m'v +m" r; = acceleration; m'' = mass acceleration rate In polar coordinates system r = r r (1) ;v = r' r(1) + r ' (1) ; = (r" - r')r(1) + (2r'' + r ")(1) r = location; v = velocity; = acceleration F = m + 2m'v +m" r F = m [(r"-r') r (1) + (2r'' + r ") (1)] + 2m'[r' r (1) + r ' (1)] + (m" r) r (1) = [d (m r)/dt - (m r) '] r (1) + (1/m r) [d (mr')/d t] (1) = [-G m M/r] r (1) ----------------- Newton's Gravitational Law Proof: First r = r [cosine + sine ] = r r (1) Define r (1) = cosine + sine Page 14

Define v = d r/d t = r' r (1) + r d[r (1)]/d t = r' r (1) + r '[- sine + cosine ] = r' r (1) + r ' (1) Define (1) = -sine +cosine ; And with r (1) = cosine + sine Then d [ (1)]/d t= ' [- cosine - sine = - ' r (1) And d [r (1)]/d t = ' [-sine + cosine ] = ' (1) Define = d [r' r (1) + r ' (1)] /d t = r" r (1) + r'd [r (1)]/d t + r' ' r (1) + r " r (1) +r 'd [ (1)]/d t = (r" - r') r (1) + (2r'' + r ") (1) With d (m r)/dt - (m r) ' = F (r) And d (mr')/d t = 0 With m = constant, then With d r/dt - r ' = F (r) Eq-1 And d (r')/d t = 0 Eq-2 With d r/dt - r ' = 0 Eq1 And d (r')/d t = 0 Eq-2 From Eq-2: d (r')/d t = 0 Then r' = h = constant Differentiate with respect to time Then 2rr'' + r" = 0 Divide by r' Then 2(r'/r) + "/' = 0 And 2(r'/r) = - "/' = 2( + ) Also, r = r0 (, 0) e ( + ) t And ' = ' 0 (, 0) e -2( + ) t For a fixed orbit: = 0 Also, r = r 0 (, 0) e t And ' = ' 0 (, 0) e - 2 t With d r/dt - r ' = 0 Let u = 1/r; r = 1/u; r' = h = /u And d r/d t = (d r/ d u) (d u /d ) (d / d t) = (- 1/u ) () (d u/ d ) = - h (d u/ d ) And d r/ d t = - h () (d u/ d ) = [- h/r] (d u/ d ) = - h u (d u/ d ) With d r/dt - r ' = 0 E q 1; F (r) = 0 And - h u (d u/ d ) (1/u) (h u) = 0 Then (d u/ d ) + u = 0 Page 15

Then u = A e - Then r 0 (, 0) = (1/A) e And r 0 (, 0) = r 0 (0, 0) e And r = r 0 (0, 0) e e t Or, r

= r 0e

( + t) ( + t)

And ' = ' 0 e - 2 At = 0; Perihelion

Then (r/r 0) = e i t The [(r/c)/ (r 0/c)] = e And T = T0 e i t

it

And the Fourier transform is: = (1/2 ) {- e

it

d t}

And = (1/2 ) 0T e i t d t = (1/2 ) [e i T -1]/ i = (1/2 ) [cosine T + i sine T - 1]/ i x = (1/2 ) [sine T]/ x [t0/T] = (t0/2 ) [sine T/ T] per t 0 x [t0/T] = (t0 /360) {sine [arc tan (v/c)] / [arc tan (v/c)]} per t0 With T = arc tan (v/c) With t0 = 1 century = 36526 days x = (36526days /360degrees) {sine [arc tan (v/c)] / [arc tan (v/c)]} In arc seconds per century x = (36526x 23.93 x 3600 /360 x 3600) {sine [arc tan (v/c)] / [arc tan (v/c)]} x = (36526x 23.93/360) {sine [arc tan (v/c)] / [arc tan (v/c)]} Where v = 47.9 km/second; actually 48.1 km/sec And c = 300,000 km/second

= (36526 x 24/360) {sine [arc tan (47.9/300,000)] / [arc tan (47.9/300,000)]}

= 42.5 arc seconds per century The pioneer anomaly real time astronomy solution In the Pioneers anomaly there are few things to consider Page 16

I - There is no gravitational forces acting on the two pioneer satellites and that mean the force on the two satellites is F = 0 And that mean r = r 0 e i t II - The constant velocity of 11.413 km/sec is measured in event time and not in real time and this difference between actual velocity and measured velocity is a visual velocity that makes a measured visual acceleration that can be derived from solving F = 0 in real time III - NASA measure from Earth and uses the Sun as a reference point and that leads to visual effects with Earth parameters involved including but not limited to Earth's orbital velocity around the Sun, Earth's spin velocity around itself, Axial tilt lading to a visual velocity of (v* e - v e) sine 25.83 = (29.8 - 0.4651) sine 25.83 = 12.78 km/sec With v* e = Earth's orbital speed; v = Earth's spin speed And sine 25.83 = Earth's axial tilt with Pioneer orbit

e it The velocity v = [ r Acceleration = [- r

With r = r
0

0 0

(' + )]

( + t)

(' + ) 2]
+ t) + t)

( + t)

e - 2 ( ( And = {- r 0 [' 0 [e - 2
And = [- r
0

('

+ ) 2]

( + t)

+ ] 2} x

( + t)

Let = 0 And = {- r 0 ['

0

[e

-2t

+ ] 2} x
2

t
-2 t

And = {- r 0 ['20e

-4t

+
2

+ 2 '0 e

] ]

= - r 0 ['2 0e = [ x + y]

-3t

+ 2 '0 e

- t

Along the line of sight: And x = - r 0 '2 0 cosine 3 t - r 0 2 cosine t - 2 r 0 '0 cosine t Cosine 3 t = cosine (2 + ) = cosine 2 t cosine t - sine 2 t sine t = Cosine t - 2 sine2 t cosine t - 2 sine2 t cosine t Cosine t = 1; sine t = t; t << 1 Cosine 3 t = 1 - 4 2 t2 And x = - r 0 '2 0 (1 - 4 2 t2) - r 0 2 - 2 r 0 '0 At '0 = 0 Page 17

Then x ('0 = 0) = - 2 r 0 Pioneer Anomalous visual acceleration: Is: x ('0 = 0) = - 2 r 0 = 2 T2 (r0/T2) Acceleration (w.r.to Earth) = Acceleration (w.r.to Sun) + Acceleration (Earth with respect to the Sun) Or; (w.r.to Earth) e = (w.r.to Sun s) + (Earth/Sun) x Pioneer acceleration with respect to the Sun s = 0; constant velocity of Pioneer of 11.431 Acceleration (w.r.to Earth) (8.74x 10-10 m/sec2) = Acceleration of (Earth w.r.to the Sun) = 2 T2 (r0/T2) IV Using reference frame of the Sun and measuring from Earth created this visual effect and what we have is r0 is Earth - Sun distance and r0 = 149.6 x 109 meters and T = orbital period of Earth around the sun = 365.26 days x 24 hours x 3600 second and T = arc tan (v/c) = arc tan (12.78/300,000) V - Earth has axial is tilted 23.4with the Sun and 25.83with pioneer Sun axis Pioneer satellite; Earth axis

23.4 Declination angle 25.83

Earth Spin speed of 0.465

Sun

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= [arc tan (v/c)] 2 (r0/T2); r 0 = Earth Sun distance; T = Earth Period

V = [Earth velocity - Earth spin velocity] Sine 25.83 = Arc tan [(29.8 - 0.465) sine 25.83]/ (300,000)} 2 x (149,600,000,000/ (365.26x24x3600)2 = 8.95 x 10-10 m/sec2 calculated And x = [8.74 +/- 1.33] x 10-10 m/sec2.measured Along the line of sight:

The visual acceleration along the line of sight is periodic With variable amplitude due to changing orbital velocity spin velocity along the axial tilt of pioneers and its period is one year the time Earth completes one circle and x ('0 = 0) = - r 0 2 cosine t There are two distances measured one actual and one visual Visual distance is: V = (29.8 -0.4652) sine 25.83 = 12.78 km/sec (see above) Then, r (visual distance) = visual velocity x 1 year = 12.78 x 365.26 x 24 x 3600 And actual distance = Pioneer velocity x one year = 11.431 x 365.26 x 24 x 3600 Total distance = (12.78 + 11.431) x 365.26 x 24 x 3600 Total distance/1 Au = 24.211 (31558464)/149,600,000,000 = 5.1AU The conclusion is the harmonic is partially a visual harmonic References: Study of the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11 John D. Anderson, Philip A. Laing, Eunice L. Lau, Anthony S. Liu, Michael Martin Nieto, and Slava G. Turyshev (Dated: 11 April 2002) All rights reserved

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