Singapore and its use of deterrence

1. A citizen Armed Forces

-Singapore must be militarily self-reliant and ready to defend their country.
Why does Singapore rely on citizen armed forces?
-Small population
-In 1965 Singapore had a population of less than 2 million manpower was needed i
n factories in factories and industries.
-Insufficient funds to support a professional army.
How did Singapore develop its citizen armed forces?
-Natuional service has played an important role in nation-building.
-Introduced NS in 1967
-All 18 years old able-bodied male citizens were called for part-time or full-ti
me NS-trained and commanded by a small regular force.
-After completing NS, the men undergo reservist training for 13 years for a maxi
mum of 40 days per year.
Model for the SAF
-The SAF is largely modelled on the Israel Defence Forces (IDF), with its emphas
is on air superiority, armour and pre-emptive space.
-Israeli advisors helped to set up and train the SAF from scratch.
-The central aim in adopting the Israeli system was to enhance deterrence by est
ablishing that SIngapore possessed a credible military capability based on a pro
ven model, and would be willing to use this power against any attempted aggressi
on.

1965
-Comprised oly 50 officers and 1000 men, and two small naval vessels
-No air force
1965-82
-Concentrated on militery defence
1983
-Civil defence
1984
-Introduction of Total defence as part of defence policy
Today
-SAF comprises the army, Air Force and Navy.
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How were racial and religious tensions addressed in early post-independence Sing
apore
-through
-education
-involvement of youths in inter-racial and inter-religious activities in extra-c
urricular activities (speech on inter-religious harmony)in activities that would
benefit communities of all ages.
-promoting bilingualism (speech by lee ky in 1966)
-NS
-building a shared experoience amongst singaporean youths who would form the nex
t generation of leadership by giving them a chance to interact with people from
all races and all walks of life.(speech on Defence day by goh keng swee.)
-government policies
-equality regardless of race, language and religion (press conference by lky in
1965)
-continued help for Malays to bridge the socio-economic gap(press conference by
lky in 1965)
-shared national icons and prctices -flag, anthem, pledge taking
-public housing policies
-promoting social cohesion by living together in close proximity and taking part
in activities together in the neighbourhood.
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Sg's population Policies
Two periods:
-1966-1981
*controlling population growth
-1981-now
*encouraging population growth
*meeting the challenges of an ageing population.
Anti-natalist policy
Controlling pop. growth 1966-1981
-post war 'baby-boom'
-posed many problems
-three five year plans from 1966-1981
-'stop at two' policy
-declining birth rates from 1980s
-fertility rate in 1980:1.82 children per woman
-2008: 1.28
-family planning policy worked
-what potential problems could this give rise to?
potential problems
-unattractive to mncs
-ageing population
-defence
mersures to promote pop. growth
-graduate mothers scheme
-have three or more if u can afford it
-pro-family measures
-attracting foreign talent
Graduate mothers scheme 1984
-to arrest trend of the well-educated having fewer children
-PM Lee felt that female graduates should have more children
-sparked off debate and unhappiness
withdrawn in 1985
Have 3 or more if u can afford it
-introduced in 1987
-allowed the use of Medisave to pay for delivery charges of the first three chil
dren
-Encouraged people to have more babies if they could afford it through publicity
campaigns
-limited success
-Birth rate continues to decline
Other pro-family measures
-new marriage and parenthood measures announced in 2004
-to address concerns of high cost of raising children and lack of suitable child
care arrangements
-equalized medical benefits
-grandparent caregiver relief
-5-day work week for civil svc
-Extended maternity leave
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*Peace and stability(post-war)
*reuniting of families
*traditional beliefs (larger families are more secure) (children as blessings)
-overcrowding (shortage of housing)
-Unhygienic living conditions
-poor healthcare services
-little education
-few jobs
-3 five year plans
-the first plan in 1966 emphasized the need for smaller families
-the second plan encouraged married couples to stop at 2.
-the third plan aimed to maintain the replacement at 2.1
-contraception, legalising abortion and numerous disincentives.
-In 1960s, an average of 5.79 babies was born to each woman.
-by 1980, the fertility rate went down to 1.82.
-higher education of women, women marrying later.
-higher costs of living
-success of stop at 2 policy
-ageing population
-smaller defence force
-sm,aller pool of local talent
-unattractive to multinational companies.
-aimed to maintain the replacememnt at 2.1 children
-3 or more if u can afford it policy
-attracting foreign talent
Why was there a need to promote population growth in the 1980s?
-Declining birth rate from the 1980s
-Unattractive to MNCs (obviously)
-Ageing pupulation
-Defence (fewer men to recruit for NS)
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Responses to housing and lack of social cohesion challenge.
*main aims of HDB
-promote social cohesion
>through formulating and implementing housing policies and programmes that foste
r cohesive communities
-encourage home ownership
-develop and upgrade housing estates.
*1960s-main issues
-Target group:lower income
-Initial step: 5 year plan, build flats quickly, cheap flats, to relieve overcro
wding, to clear slums
-Achieved through Land Acquisition Act
*1960s:objectives in housing plan
-maximise use of scarce land-high rise flats/high density
-to provide rental flats to solve immediate problem.
-self contained towns.
-improve facilities
-home ownership scheme - 1968 - CPF scheme
-social cohesion
*1970s-new issue and objectives
-taget grp: middle income(greater needs and expectations, HUDC)
-To instill sense of belonging( precinct concept/1978:RCs)
*HDB in the 2nd decade 1970s
-improved design and construction(5 rm flats/1974HUDC/uneven skyline)
-developing community life(RCs and CCs/1977-joint balloting scheme to enhance fa
mily lives+mutual exchange scheme to help married children+parents live in same
block but keeping a small distance)
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Reliability of source
LORMS
L1-provenance(1)
L2-uncritical acceptance of content(2)
L3-unsupported assertions of bias or reliability affected by date of source or t
ypicality(2-3)
L4-cross reference to other sources or specific contextual knowledge to confirm
and/or challenge what the source says.(4-5)
L5-evaluation of source content using provenance/purpose/audience etc.(5-6)
L6-L4 and L5, that is, cross reference to other sources or specific contextual k
nowledge to confirm and/or challenge what the source says. +evaluation of source
content using provenance/ purpose/audience etc.(6-7)
*note:if purpose stated but not explained, then L3/2
Template
I can believe what source A says about(issue), Source B supports this ..........
.(link) This means that .........
What source A says about (issue) is challenged by source C which says .......(li
nk) implying that ..... However source C's reliability is called into question b
ecos (check purpose based on provenance)
I can believe what Source A says about (issue). Source D supports this partially
..........(link) This means that .............. However source D also says ...
....which means that source A's claim about .......... (issue) can be challenged
,
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QUOTE FIGURES ON SBQ IF AVAILIBLE
the Economic Development Board (EDB) was set up in 1961 to promote industrializa
tion in Singapore.
PUB set up in 1963. Coordinate water, electricity, gas supplies
Jurong Industrial Estate (JIE)