Sie sind auf Seite 1von 38

greening supermarkets

how supermarkets can help


make greener shopping easier

Äó=pìÉ=aáÄÄ=
bñÉÅìíáîÉ=ëìãã~êó N ^ÅâåçïäÉÇÖÉãÉåíë `çìêíåÉó=s~å=ÇÉ=tÉóÉêI=_áää=sçêäÉóI=
mÜáäáé=t~êÇI=_Éåà~ãáå=táÉäÖçëòI
tÜ~í=ïÉ=ÇáÇ P qÜÉ=k``Ûë=dêÉÉåáåÖ=pìéÉêã~êâÉíë=éêçàÉÅí píÉéÜ~åáÉ=táääá~ãëçåI=bäáë~ÄÉíÜ=táåâäÉêI
qÜÉ=k``Ûë=dêÉÉåáåÖ=pìéÉêã~êâÉíë=`Ü~ääÉåÖÉ Q áë=äÉÇ=Äó=pìÉ=aáÄÄ=EëKÇáÄÄ]åÅÅKçêÖKìâFK== _ÉÅâ=tççÇêçïI=~åÇ=çíÜÉêëI=áåÅäìÇáåÖ
wçØ=t~åÖäÉê=éêçîáÇÉÇ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=ëìééçêíK ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉë=~í=íÜÉ=k``K
qÜÉ=êÉéçêí=Å~êÇë R
qÜÉ=k``=ÅçããáëëáçåÉÇ=íÜÉ=cççÇ tÉ=~äëç=íÜ~åâ=íÜÉ=êÉí~áäÉêë=Ñçê=éêçîáÇáåÖ
qÜÉ=êÉëìäíë NM `çããáëëáçå=íç=ëÅçéÉ=íÜÉ=éêçàÉÅí=~åÇ ÇÉí~áäë=çÑ=íÜÉáê=Åçãé~åó=éçäáÅáÉëK
NK=cççÇ=íê~åëéçêíW=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=áíë=áãé~Åí=çå=Åäáã~íÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ NN ëìÄëÉèìÉåíäó=íç=ÅçåÇìÅí=áåJëíçêÉ=ëìêîÉóëK
qÜáë=ïçêâ=ï~ë=äÉÇ=Äó=h~íÜ=a~äãÉåó=ïáíÜ
OK=t~ëíÉW=~Åíáçå=íç=êÉÇìÅÉI=êÉìëÉ=~åÇ=êÉÅóÅäÉ NS cáçå~=`~áêåÅêçëëI=j~êáëë~J`~íÜÉêáåÉ qÜÉ=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉéçêí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=îáÉïë
`~êê~êáåáI=fÇ~=c~ÄêáòáçI=p~ääó=cÉååI=dê~Ü~ã ÉñéêÉëëÉÇ=ïáíÜáå=áí=~êÉ=íÜçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=k``K==
PK=k~íìêÉW=ëìééçêíáåÖ=ëìëí~áå~ÄäÉ=ëçìêÅáåÖ OM
eççÇI=^íçÜç=p=g~âÜ~äìI k~çãá=jÉ~ÇI=h~íÉ
QK=pìëí~áå~ÄäÉ=Ñ~êãáåÖ OQ jáääáåÖíçåI=eÉäÉå=p~åÇïÉääI=gçÉ=pÜçêíI bÇáíÉÇ=ÄóW=dêÉÖ=píÉîÉåëçå=~åÇ=h~íó=bî~åëJ_ìëÜ
g~ëéÉê=t~ää~ÅÉ=~åÇ=wçØ=t~åÖäÉêK aÉëáÖåÉÇ=ÄóW=dêÉÖ=píÉîÉåëçå
qÜÉ=ï~ó=Ñçêï~êÇ OS mÜçíçÖê~éÜëW=é~ÖÉ=P=Ó=gçÜå=_áêÇë~ääX=
qÜÉ=k``=íÜ~åâë=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=Ñçê é~ÖÉ=R=~åÇ=ÅçîÉê=Ó dêÉÖ=píÉîÉåëçåX=
^ééÉåÇáñW ëìãã~êó=çÑ=Åçãé~åó=éçäáÅáÉë OT é~ÖÉ=NM=Ó=píÉîÉ=içîÉÖêçîÉX=~ää=çíÜÉêë=í~âÉå=Äó
ÅçåíêáÄìíáåÖ=íÜÉáê=íáãÉ=~åÇ=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉë=íç
êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉêë=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëìêîÉóK
oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉë=~åÇ=åçíÉë PS íÜÉ=éêçàÉÅí=ëÅçéáåÖI=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí
~åÇ=êÉîáÉïW==
jáâÉ=_~êêóI=j~êâ=_~êíÜÉäI=píì~êí=_çåÇI=
f~å=_çïäÉëI=cê~åÅÉë=_ìÅâáåÖÜ~ãI=
`ä~êÉ=_ìíäÉêJbääáëI=j~êíáå=`~ê~ÜÉêI=
káÅâ=`äáÑÑÉI=gç~åå~=`çääáåëI=a~îáÇ=`êçÑíI
o~ÅÜÉä=`êçëëäÉóI=mÜáäáé=`ìääìãI=
h~íÜ=a~äãÉåóI=_~êÄ~ê~=aáåÜ~ãI=
`~í=açêÉóI=gçóÅÉ=ÇÛpáäî~I=açãáåáÅ=b~ÖäÉíçåI
^åÇêÉï=cäóååI=q~ê~=d~êåÉííI=aá~åÉ=d~ëíçåI
cáçå~=dççÅÜI=oçÄ=e~êêáëçåI=`~íÜêóå=eáÖÖëI
oçïä~åÇ=eáääI=sáÅâá=eáêÇI=_ÉåÖí=fåÖÉêëí~ãI
gáää=gçÜåëíçåÉI=mÉíÉê=gçåÉëI=
_ä~âÉ=iÉÉ=e~êïççÇI=qáã=içÄëíÉáåI
gÉ~åÉííÉ=içåÖÑáÉäÇI=`äáîÉ=j~êêáçíI=
qáã=j~êëÜI=bÇ=j~óçI=p~ê~Ü=jÅh~óI=
páãçå=jÅo~ÉI=oáÅÜ~êÇ=mÉêâáåëI=
h~îáí~=mê~â~ëÜJj~åáI=jáâÉ=o~óåÉêI=
káÅâ=oçÄáåëI=^åå~=pÅ~äÉê~I=^ëÜçâ=páåÜ~I
o~ÅÜÉä=pìííçåI=m~ìä=píÉÉÇã~åI=
p~ê~Ü=qóêÉääI=p~ääó=rêÉåI=
Executive summary qÜÉ=k``Ûë=dêÉÉåáåÖ=
pìéÉêã~êâÉíë=áåÇáÅ~íçêë

NK cççÇ=íê~åëéçêíW=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=áíë=áãé~Åí
çå=Åäáã~íÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ
 Seasonal food: availability, promotion

and ‘signposting’ of ten ‘in-season’


Supermarkets have a key role to play We found that where you shop really helpline surveys.This includes scant UK-sourced vegetables.
in helping us do our bit for the can make a difference to your information about, or promotion of,  Seasonality information: ability of

environment. Recent months have environmental ‘footprint’. We found greener choices (such as seasonal supermarket telephone helplines to provide
seen a number of the big stores stores showing leadership in some produce or sustainable fish) or green information on seasonal produce.
pledge to cut waste and plastic bag areas, but no single retailer – even behaviour (such as recycling, or
use, stock more local and seasonal our top scorer – rated well in every reducing carrier bag use). As few of OK t~ëíÉW=~Åíáçå=íç=êÉÇìÅÉI=êÉìëÉ=
~åÇ=êÉÅóÅäÉ
produce and use more green energy. area that we looked at. All the us understand how our everyday  Recycled content: declared recycled content
supermarkets in our survey have choices impact on the environment, of breakfast cereal packaging, toilet paper
While the NCC welcomes these
significant potential to improve their this is a lost opportunity to engage and kitchen towels.
steps, our ground-breaking research
consumer-facing ‘green’ credentials. the public, and to support  Carrier bags: incentives to reduce use, or
shows there is much more that encourage reuse of carrier bags, including
behaviour change towards more
supermarkets can do.This report Small changes by supermarkets and ‘bags for life’.
sustainable consumption.
identifies simple actions that all their customers really can make a
supermarkets can take now to help difference. Most of us shop in Food – through the way it is PK k~íìêÉW=ëìééçêíáåÖ=ëìëí~áå~ÄäÉ
their customers be greener shoppers. supermarkets regularly, and just four produced, processed, packaged and ëçìêÅáåÖ
retailers – Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s transported – is the average  Fish: availability of sustainably sourced fish
Our supermarket survey – (including those with Marine Stewardship
and Morrisons – take three-quarters household’s number one impact on
conducted in March this year – goes Council (MSC) certification) and information
of what we spend on groceries. climate change, calculated to be
behind the headlines to rate the top to consumers.
Because of their size, a decision by responsible for around a third of our  Trees: availability of toilet paper and kitchen
eight food stores on a range of
these to reduce excess packaging and climate impacts(1).The CO2 emission towels, and wooden kitchenware certified
consumer-focused environmental
source more local, seasonal food, for from air-freighting just one small by the Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC),
indicators (see panel, right), or with high recycled content.
example, would provide significant punnet of out-of-season strawberries
including food transport and
environmental benefits. from New Zealand is equivalent to
seasonality, waste and recycling, QK pìëí~áå~ÄäÉ=Ñ~êãáåÖ
eleven school runs in the car. But we
support for more sustainable We were particularly disappointed  Organics: availability of organic choices in
found it wasn’t always easy for
sourcing (fish and wood products) by the low level of engagement with ten food products.
shoppers to tell where food came
and sustainable farming. customers on green issues that we  Pesticides: clear communication of
from and it was impossible, typically, pesticide reduction strategies, or other ‘low
found in-store and through our
to tell how it was transported. chemical’ options.
We know that many people want All companies told us that they lîÉê~ää=ê~íáåÖë
to do their bit for the environment, recognise their role in helping to
but the green choice is often more tackle the global environmental
difficult, more expensive, or harder challenge. Some, but not all, told us t~áíêçëÉ Ä
b
to find – or find out about. of specific targets that they aim to j~êâë=C=péÉåÅÉê bÅ
The solution lies in making achieve in coming years. But we want p~áåëÄìêóÛë Å
greener choices and behaviour to see more ambition, more clarity in ^ëÇ~ b
easier, in making them part of companies’ targets.We want to see Ç
`çJçé
b
people’s everyday experiences. them reporting annually to improve b Ç
qÉëÅç
their ratings for all our indicators. Ç
And that’s where supermarkets come jçêêáëçåë É=
in.We want to see supermarkets pçãÉêÑáÉäÇ É=
being a positive catalyst for change.
eçï=íÜÉ=Åçãé~åáÉë=ëÅçêÉÇ
By choosing the products they make
• Overall,Waitrose rated best – B – tÉ=ê~íÉÇ=ëìéÉêã~êâÉíë=ìëáåÖ=~å=^Jb=ê~íáåÖ
available for us to buy (‘choice-
with good scores on sustainable ëóëíÉã=EáåëéáêÉÇ=Äó=ÉåÉêÖó=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó=ê~íáåÖë
editing’) they can help bring out the
sourcing. But it also had the highest ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=ÑêáÇÖÉë=~åÇ=ÇáëÜï~ëÜÉêëFK
responsible consumer in all of us by
number of fruit likely to have been
making environmentally-friendly ^=Z=ÉñÅÉääÉåí
airfreighted.
products the norm, not just a niche _=Z=ÖççÇ

market for dedicated green • Of the big four retailers, `=Z=ëÜçïáåÖ=éçíÉåíá~ä

Sainsbury’s received the best rating a=Z=êççã=Ñçê=áãéêçîÉãÉåí


shoppers.We call on supermarkets to
b=Z=éççê
pledge their support for our – a C – along with M&S.
Greening Supermarkets Challenge • We rated Asda, Co-op and Tesco
(see page four). with a D – showing room for
This report focuses on one part of improvement.
the relationship between grocery • Somerfield and Morrisons received
retailers and the environment. a poor E rating.
2
What we did

Our survey was designed to reflect We chose larger stores that could
the experience of ordinary reasonably be expected to provide a
consumers. Its findings are based on wide range of products and
what we found in-store and on promotions and to reflect the
telephone helpline surveys shopping experiences of consumers
conducted in March 2006.The in our two areas.
overall company ratings give equal
In addition, we wrote to companies
weight to each of our four key areas.
asking for details of their relevant
We included the top eight food policies (these are summarised in
retailers in our survey: Asda, Co-op, appendix one).We present our
Marks & Spencer, Morrisons, findings in the context of what
Sainsbury’s, Somerfield,Tesco and companies told us, but our ratings
Waitrose. For each company, we are based on what we found in-store.
surveyed two stores; our findings are
based on an average of these.We
selected one store in the Northeast
of England centred on Newcastle,
and one in the Southeast, focusing
on stores close to urban centres, in a
broad cluster touching on the
counties of Surrey, Berkshire
and Hampshire.
The NCC’s Greening Supermarkets Challenge

We think supermarkets can do more to help their customers to make greener choices. In our specific key areas:
We call on supermarkets to pledge their support for our Greening Supermarkets
cççÇ=íê~åëéçêí
Challenge and:
 Source, identify and promote UK seasonal produce all year round. Help consumers to
 ã~âÉ=ÖêÉÉå=ã~áåëíêÉ~ã=Ó=åçí=àìëí=~=åáÅÜÉ=ã~êâÉí=Ñçê=ÖêÉÉå=ëÜçééÉêëK
reconnect their eating to the seasons.
Ensure that all own-brand products and packaging meet high environmental
standards. For example, set targets for all products to be sustainably sourced and all  Monitor and reduce the amount of produce that is transported long distances,
paper products and packaging to have recycled content. particularly by road and airfreight. Put the mode of transport on the label.
 ã~âÉ=áí=É~ëáÉê=Ñçê=ÅçåëìãÉêë=Ó=í~âÉ=äÉëë=ëìëí~áå~ÄäÉ=éêçÇìÅíë=çÑÑ=íÜÉ
ëÜÉäîÉëK For example, set targets for when all products, including fish and wood t~ëíÉ
products, will be sourced sustainably.
 Make greater use of recycled materials. For example, in packaging and mainstream
 áåÑçêãI=ÉåÖ~ÖÉ=~åÇ=áåëéáêÉ=óçìê=ÅìëíçãÉêë=Ó=use creative communication to paper products, to reduce the demand for natural resources, set targets for 100 per
engage customers with ways in which they, and your company actions, can make cent recycled content.
a difference.
 Set ambitious targets for reducing the use of plastic carrier bags and encouraging
 äÉ~Ç=Äó=Éñ~ãéäÉ=Ó=help make people feel they are part of something bigger. reuse and recycling of the rest.
For example, introduce front-of-store recycling.
 çÑÑÉê=áåÅÉåíáîÉë=Ó make green the ‘positive choice’ by offering loyalty card points k~íìêÉ
or other incentives, including price offers for greener choices.

Set ambitious targets for sustainable sourcing, including 100 per cent sustainably
 ÄÉ=~ëéáê~íáçå~ä=Ó publish a strategy with clear targets to improve ratings for all of sourced fish and wood products.
the NCC’s indicators, as part of the company’s environmental corporate social
 Communicate with customers about sustainable choices, including offering incentives
responsibility (CSR) policy, and report annually.
to support behaviour change. Take the least sustainable products off the shelves.

pìëí~áå~ÄäÉ=Ñ~êãáåÖ
 Set targets for increasing the range of organic and other ‘low chemical’ food options.
 Set ambitious targets for eliminating ‘risky’ chemicals, including pesticides from food
production, and for minimising pestici de residues in food. Publish results of residue
testing programmes annually.

4
The report cards
Name
:
Asda Date o
f repo
rt
006 Co-op
Name: March 2 March
o~íáåÖ 2006
report
Date of
Éåíë cççÇ=í
`çãã ê~åëé `çãã
B çêí Éåíë
est
the high Seaso
nal UK
M o rr is ons, had %), and food -sourc
h veg (69 ed
åëéçêí long wit light
cççÇ=íê~ Good. A n of UK-sourced g most to high er Showi o~íáå
ed fo od
pro p o rt io k et d oin cu stom UK-so ng potentia Ö
l UK-sou
rc
superma
r for more l
promo urced, but h : 55% of sea
Seasona was the eg. Opportunitylity’. t
B ri ti sh v ‘s e a s on a on pro ions apart f ad little sig sonal veg w
tion on d r n
referre ucts. Helpl om a few U posting or as
informa d i n C
E produc to local sto ne unable t ion Jack fla
on own- gh r
‘long de available. H e which prodo help, but gs
content
clare d recycled toilet paper, thou t~ëíÉ istanc a u
e’ frui d the small ced list of U
de or let
t~ëíÉ Poor: no real packaging ’ own-brand toi n’t Reduc
t from es
outsid t amount of
K
use a nd recycl
e
b rand ce told us ‘Shades ntent. This was e
and re , reuse
e Euro
pe.
re y o
Reduce, compan 40% recycled c disincentives on uce cycle
s d
paper ha on the label. No us it plans to re Room
declared gs found. Told found for improvem
a
carrier b g use by 40%. paper wthat had m ent: only c
o
plastic b
a rating ith 100% re re than one ompany we
recycl ), but poor o cycled cont own-label to
e e
packa d content o verall due to nt (giving ilet D
D g n a
ounter s
taff use ex ing or ince own-brand no declared B
t: fish c Two MSC- c n
ov em en k~íìê Compa ept availabi tives to red cereal
r impr ation. s to É plastic ny told us lity of ‘bags uce carrier b
Room fo provide inform Told us it plan bags a it f ag
k~íìêÉ o .
unable t products found C standard
Fish nd comhas pioneere or life’.
postab d
Fish certified ly fish from MS ext 3-5 years. le pack degradable
n aging
stock on ble fisheries in Poor: u .
sustain
a
E sustai nable to pro
e n
found able fish. Nvide inform
chenwar per
oden kit a Trees . o MSC ati
S C -c ertified wo ‘Shades’ toilet p -labell on on
F s ed pro
Poor: no ompany told u ontent (but not Showi ducts
found. C FSC-certified c E
pìëí~ kitche ng potentia
Trees has 60% on label). áå~ÄäÉ conten
nware
produc
l: one-
thid of
=Ñ~êã
declared Organ áåÖ t in on t w
e own- s FSC-certi ooden
D brand fi
ics/pes
ticides toilet p ed and FSC C
range of tion. aper.
: limited o
~êãáåÖ provement me in-store promSome Showi
~ÄäÉ=Ñ or im
Room f roduce with so nge this year. sectionng potentia
pìëí~áå l
es
p
organic triple organic ra organ s with little : small fres
i h
s/pesticid Plans to oducts found. good l c. Some LE variety, in produce
Organic a c
LEAF pr ‘Conve belling on AF product luding C
s
and co ntionally g non-organic found and
‘We ba ntrolling pe rown; reduc produce:
i
lîÉê~ other r n more pest sticide use’ ng, bannin
etailer icides a g
ää=Åçã
ãÉå ’. than a nd posters:
D íë=~åÇ ny
A disa =ëÅçêÉ
th poten
tial to ‘ethica ppointing o
=ëÅçêÉ uce – wi n other scores l’ commitm verall score
ç ã ã É åíë=~åÇ K prod o
lîÉê~ää
=Å oting U ging behind cled content in all e f
areas. nts and pio or the Co-op
and prom lag cy neerin .
rer on s ourcing sonality – but municate its re g pack Has potent
a
Top sco to signpost se e Asda to com aging ia
work tl to build on
do more rs. We encouragpaper. o impr
ove
indicato n-brand toilet D
on its ow

6
cer
Marks & Spen Name:
Name:
March 2006 Date of re Morrisons
t port
Date of repor March 200
o~íáåÖ 6

`çããÉåíë
`çããÉå
D cççÇ=íê~å íë
cççÇ=íê~åëéçê
í emphasis on ëéçêí
ovement: more
Room for impr seasonal and exotic produce Seasonal U o~íáåÖ
urced food -
promoting non rced in-season vegetables. e K-sourced
Seasonal UK-so u l food Room for
than on UK-so on seasonal produce availab im
proportion provement: had hi
n
No informatio e. Along with Waitrose, had o g
(B rating) f UK-sourced seaso hest
through helplin ore fruit likely to have been n
signpostin but this was let dow al veg D
m
comparatively g distance, including n
particular g and promotions. H by lack of
n
airfreighted lo ries and blackberries and ly
flag up us unhelpful. Only c elpline was
er
Mexican raspb arines. e o
from India of airfreight (for p mpany to
ct
Australian ne o
company and apples from th megranates
told us it e
D t~ëíÉ minimises US) though
use.
t~ëíÉ eakfast cereal
ovement: all br
Room for impr ined a minimum 50% Reduce, re
and recycle ta use and re
Reduce, reuse packaging con (B rating) but let down by cycle
Poor: only
t
recycled conten paper or kitchen roll with c
‘bags for l ompany not to offe
t o
having no toile content and no incentives t . if r
paper and e’. Offered an own-b reusable
ed e’
declared recycl g use, other than ‘bags for lif k
but no dec itchen roll with recy rand toilet E
a
reduce carrier b l
brand cere ared recycled conten cled content,
al packagi t in own-
A ng.
ources all fish k~íìêÉ
ing the way. S
k~íìêÉ Excellent: lead ly managed sources. Fish
b h
Fish from sustaina issue with customers throug Poor: no M
s
Communicate ters in-store. Staff able to S
Fresh fish C-labelled products
s
leaflets and po ation. c
informati ounters unable to p found.
m
help with infor D products.
on on sust r
ainably so ovide E
SC-certified urced
rovement: no F d
Room for imp ware. However, company tol Trees
n
Trees wooden kitche ted to sourcing increasing Room for i
t
us it is commi C-certified products as m
kitchenwa provement: a quar
amounts of FS F Forestry Trade Network. r te
tell us of a e FSC-certified. Com r of wooden
member of WW red FSC-certified cardboard ny commi p
tments to any didn’t D
ee
Also, has pion and is working towards FSC sourc
ing.
s
sandwich pack n for tissue products.
io
FSC certificat
f C pìëí~áå~Ä
pìëí~áå~ÄäÉ=Ñ~
êãáåÖ y good range o äÉ=Ñ~êãáå
tial: reasonabl Ö
Showing poten s available (16%) with some Organics/pe
t
Organics/pestic
ides organic produc on organic produce. sticides
Room for i
s
price promotion s of its commitment to m
organic op provement: restrict
u ta.
Company told pesticide residues testing da t ed
(11%). Somions in surveyed foo range of
publish its own d
doesn’t cos e promotion (‘Organ categories
D
t the earth’ i
) in South c food that
east store.

É C lîÉê~ää=Åç
Éåíë=~åÇ=ëÅçê ããÉåíë=~
lîÉê~ää=Åçãã fish
r sustainable to place
åÇ=ëÅçêÉ
d top scorer fo Overall po
era ll, showin g potential an unication. Has opportunity ion of o
seasonal v r rating. Apart from
Ov rt
customer comm d reduce propo company eg (71%), did not s having the highes
sourcing and on UK seasonal produce an h
more emphasisoduce. greater emnot to offer reusable ine in any other ca t proportion of UK
phasis to a ‘b t
airfreighted pr ll environmags for life’. Opportegory. Only E
ental sust un
ainability ity to give
policies.

7
Name:

Date of re Somerfie
port ld
March 20
06
s
Sainsbury’
Name: `çããÉ
March 2006 cççÇ=íê~
åëéçêí åíë
rt
Date of repo o~íáåÖ Seasonal
UK-sourc o~íáåÖ
ed food
Showing
`çããÉåíë
were UK- potential: 62% of
s
D promotion ourced, with seve in-season veg
r
éçêí 9% of in-sea of
son veg though li s and displays f al price C
cççÇ=íê~åë provement: 5 ing t o
In-store mtle emphasis on s r UK produce,
Room for im ced, but little signpost tion e
-sourced fo
od r
were UK-sou No seasonality inform
a featured agazine feature asonality.
Seasonal UK . n o
fruit like on-UK produce. Ln seasonality
seasonality
m helpline. l
Company y to have been air ow proportion of
available fro t~ëíÉ
says it m fre
ent in C to cost. inimises ighted.
ecycled cont Reduce, airfreigh
t due
t~ëíÉ o w in g po te ntial: high r eal packaging (B); reuse an
d recycle
Sh cer
e and recycle f breakfast products Poor: no d
Reduce, reus two-thirds o er and two kitchen roll own by
on e t o ilet p a p
en t (B) . Le t d breakfast eclared recycled c
o
ecycled cont ic bag use brand toi cereal packaging ntent on
with 100% r centives to reduce plast e’ (D). l ,
n
having no i ailability of ‘bags for l tic bags.
if content. et paper or kitchen and no own- E
O
v s incentive ffers ‘bags for lif roll with recycled
other than a recycling bins for pla s e
d One store for reducing pla ’, but no other
One store ha had recyc sti
ling bins c bag use.
options B for plasti
nge of MSC ing c bags.
he widest ra d k~íìêÉ
k~íìêÉ Good: had t products on sale) inclu uch as
s
(8 out of 72 tives to popular species Some Fish
a .
Fish some altern promotion of products fish
le h Room for
cod, but litt mation available at fres t out
r found bu improvement: thr
helpful info fishmonger able to poin ast t e
e No fresh with no promotio e MSC products
counter, and ptions. Notice in South lable f
o i helpdesk ish counters in ei n or signposting.
sustainable ng skate no longer ava unable to th D
i
store explain nability concerns. provide in er store and
i Trees formation
due to susta en C .
arter of wood told us
tential: a qu y Poor: no F
Showing po FSC-certified. Compan g found in SC-certified wood
n
Trees kitchenware ed to sourcing increasi either sto
re.
en kitche
nware
tt s
it is commi SC-certified products a ork. pìëí~áå~
ÄäÉ=Ñ~êã
E
F tw
amounts of WF Forestry Trade Ne áåÖ
member of W Organics/
pesticides
B
rganic Poor: prov
pìëí~áå~ÄäÉ=
Ñ~êãáåÖ centage of o %) and i
only 4% ded the least orga
e highest per 21
Good: had th rveyed food categories ( on for o n
food categ f options were org ic choice –
ti
Organics/pes
ticides options in su rket to have organic op s ories. anic in s
urveyed
E
a e
only superm ts available in both stor de use
c i
all ten produ icy on responsible pestic
l s.
surveyed. Po e conventional product o lîÉê~ää=Å
çããÉåíë
m t
found on so d us of its commitment ng data. =~åÇ=ëÅç
êÉ
l ti Has cons
Company to n pesticide residues tes sustaina iderable potential
w
publish its o of UK se ble sourcing polic to improve rating
a
and sign sonal produce. H ies and waste. So s, particularly on
posting. as opport u
unity to rced reasonable l
increase e
promotionvel E
C
íë=~åÇ =ëÅçêÉ
lîÉ ê~ää=ÅçããÉå ng leadersh
ip on
permark ets and showi urcing. Room for
g four su e fish so produce.
Top of the bi ticides and sustainabl posting UK in-season
s
organics/pe t in sourcing and sign
improvemen
8
Name:

Date of
report
March
Tesco Waitrose
2006
Name: 06
March 20
port o~íáåÖ
cççÇ=í
ê~åëéç `çãã Date of re
êí Éåíë
åíë
Season
al UK-s `çããÉ
ourced
food
Room f
o~íáåÖ C
o eason veg
were UK r improvemen % of in-s
signpos -sourced, but t. 61% of in-s çÇ=íê~åëé
çêí
g p ot ential: 53 eye-catching
cç Show in with specific
e
Particu ting of season no noticeable ason veg ed food sourced, wers. No
larly u UK-sourc were UK- on on British gro sily accessible
nhelpfu al produce. D Seasonal i a
informat ignposting. No e but was the only
t~ëíÉ l helplin s
e. seasonal on from helpline, ewritten list
i
Reduce informat able to send a typ est number of
h
, reuse
and rec company request. Had hig freighted,
ycle
Showin following y to have been air nic strawberries
l a
packag g potential: ha fruit like apricots and org ealand.
g
i
offered ng had recycl lf of breakfast includin erries from New Z
b
o e
with rec ne toilet paper d content of 7 cereal and blue
C
to prom ycled content. and two kitch 5%; C
ote reus e
able ‘ba Was the only n rolls ers of
checkou ree-quart 75-
Kitchen ts, including gs for life’ at company t~ëíÉ ing p otential: th ging had between ilet
p Show al pa ck a bra nd to
towel is roll carried st rice promotion reuse an
d recycle cere own-
breakfast led content. One 00% recycled
a Reduce,
therefor made from rec tement ‘This . c 1
80% recy kitchen roll with uce plastic bag
e k
which i helps reduce ycled paper an itchen d
paper and o incentives to re gs for life’.
s t
k~íìêÉ
bins for land filled.’ She amount of d N
content. availability of ‘b
a
carrier t w
bags. ores had recyc aste use excep
t
Fish ling
t of 63)
B
ducts (ou
Room f
o f ive MSC pro he most helpful
found o r improvemen ck ed t
Good: sto ounter staff were nformation,
k~íìêÉ
No info ut of over 150 t: one MSC pr c i
and fish vey, able to offer , on fish and
o
failed t rmation avail products surv duct Fish r
in our su printed material
s
o a e
much e understand ble. Fish coun yed. D g
includin ility.
Trees xplaine questio
d. ns, how ter staff sustaina
b A
ever f wooden
ll range o ll FSC-certified.
Poor: on : the sma
pìëí~áå certified ly 5 % of wood Excellent re products were a s to source only
a i
~ÄäÉ=Ñ~
êãáåÖ
. en kitch
enware kitchenw told us its policy er (such as FSC).
Trees b
Organic
FSC- Company ntly certified tim
s/pestic E independ
e
ides
Showin
reasona g potential: ver B
16% of bly good rang y large stores . largest d
~ÄäÉ=Ñ~êã
áåÖ insbury’s e
o e w
food cat ptions were or of organic ch ith C pìëí~áå secon d only to Sa ions within survey
egories. ganic i o Good: opt sted
n surve ices. of organ ic
tions sig npo
yed pesticides proportion 19%). Organic op ange of LEAF
Organics/ (
products ‘O’ on shelf tag. R
lîÉê~ää with blue lso available.
a
=Åçãã
Éåíë=~ products
åÇ=ëÅç
Poor ov êÉ
e
on all a rall score for .
B
s pects, the UK êÉ sourcing K
Showin ’
g poten including suss largest retai =~åÇ=ëÅç tainable
çããÉåíë es on sus ion of seasonal U
tial on t le
waste a ainable sourc r. Has room t lîÉê~ää=Å ith good polici
roport duce.
nd redu in o
cing ca g and season improve etailer, w signpost higher p out-of-season pro
op rated r d d
rrier ba a
g use. lity. D Overall, t tial to source an unt of airfreighte
Has potennd to reduce amo
produce a

9
The results
1 Food transport: reducing its impact on climate change

tÜ~íÛë=íÜÉ=áëëìÉ\ Energy used in food production,


^áê=
ÑêÉáÖÜí Tackling climate change is perhaps processing and transport all contribute
10%
our greatest challenge, yet significantly to CO2 emissions – as do
`~ê=ìëÉ=
13% understanding how our food choices supermarkets themselves. Britain’s
contribute to climate change – and biggest supermarket chain (Tesco) is
oç~Ç=ÑêÉáÖÜí
65% what we can do to reduce our one of the greatest energy users in
pÉ~=ÑêÉáÖÜí impact and make more sustainable the country(3).
12%
choices – is poorly understood, and We have chosen to look at one
not on most consumers’ radar. aspect of climate change impact:
In putting our ‘climate change’ food transportation.
indicator first in this report we have
chosen to start with the most Food is now transported further
challenging in terms of consumer than ever before – both in the UK
awareness. However, if we are going and around the world. From 1980 to
to better engage consumers in 2000 the amount of food we import
`lO Éãáëëáçåë=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ= addressing climate change we need trebled, and food is sourced from
rh=ÑççÇ=íê~åëéçêíERF to find ways to make connections around the world in any season. But
between everyday choices and the greater choice and variety that
environmental impacts. this gives us comes with a downside.
Transport emissions from ‘food
So what does climate change have to miles’ provide a significant and
do with the food in our shopping growing contribution to global
trolleys? Food is the average warming(4). Road freight accounts
household’s number one contributor for the majority (65 per cent) of
to climate change – responsible for CO2 emissions and contribute to
nearly a third of our climate impact(2). increased congestion, noise,
Our food choices are fundamentally accidents and deterioration of air
important, not just to our health, but quality. ‘Food miles’ from 11
to the well-being of the planet.
`çåëìãÉêë=~åÇ=ëÉ~ëçå~äáíó= airfreight have the highest relative tÜ~í=ïÉ=ÇáÇ We looked for availability of fresh
There is growing consumer demand greenhouse gas emissions.These Seasonality vegetables, not frozen or tinned.
for more seasonal and local food. account for about one per cent of For each, we recorded how many
Two-thirds of consumers say they are To assess the extent to which types of were available and the
food miles, but ten per cent of food
trying to buy more seasonally, supermarkets offer in-season UK- declared country of origin.We
transport CO2 emissions(5). By our
according to Institute of Grocery sourced produce, we chose ten looked to see whether these
Distribution (IGD) research(8), with
calculations, the CO2 contribution
vegetables that were in season and vegetables were specially promoted
three-quarters either already from air-freighting just one small
could reasonably be expected to be – for example, by being prominently
purchasing local food, or interested in 225g punnet of New Zealand
doing so(9). Seasonal food can offer
of UK origin at the time of the displayed, or with a special offer or
strawberries is equivalent to the
better taste and be more affordable, survey.This took place during price promotion. And we looked to
CO2 emissions from eleven school
while local food can deliver freshness, March, a month when a variety of see whether the supermarket
runs in the car.(6)
reduce food miles, offer benefits to seasonal vegetables are on offer. promoted the seasonality aspect of
local farmers and communities and According to the Food and Climate
help reconnect consumers with where Our ten were: the product in any way, such as
Research Network, the best possible
their food comes from. through posters or recipe cards.
consumer response is to opt for  purple sprouting broccoli
But consumers are also confused more in-season UK produce, which  cabbage In addition, we conducted a ‘mystery
about seasonality and the sourcing of cuts out the bulk of the greenhouse  carrots shopper’ survey of supermarket’s
food. In a recent survey(10), one in five telephone helplines – asking if they
people thought oranges could be
gas emissions associated with long-  cauliflower
grown in the UK and less than a distance food transport(7).  leeks could provide any information on
quarter of young people knew apples  parsnips seasonal fruit or vegetables.
We wanted to find out what retailers
were picked in the autumn.  radishes
are doing to reduce the impact of
 spinach
food transport and to support more
 swede
UK seasonal produce.We also
 watercress.
looked to see how they are
communicating this to their
customers to help them understand
where food comes from and how it
12 has been transported.
We rated companies on: Our assessment of whether fruit was We provide some qualitative findings, - Kenyan leeks (Morrisons,
likely to have been airfreighted used but do not rate the supermarkets as Sainsbury’s and Somerfield);
 the percentage of UK seasonal produce
2005 import data collected by we were unable to determine from
within our 10 in-season categories*; - South African carrots (Morrisons
Customs and Excise(11).This records our survey whether the produce had
and Waitrose), cabbage (Sainsbury’s)
 our judgement of their promotion of the percentage of a fruit from a been airfreighted.
and leeks (Waitrose);
in-season vegetables*; and specific country that is airfreighted.
In some cases this is 100 per cent, as - US watercress (Sainsbury’s and
 the results of our telephone
with Mexican blackberries and tÜ~í=ïÉ=ÑçìåÇ Tesco);
helpline survey.
raspberries. But, for others, some is • We found the term ‘seasonal’ used - Egyptian carrots (Tesco); and
* averaged across the two stores surveyed airfreighted and some transported by to describe in-season produce, but
surface freight. For example, in 2005, - Moroccan radishes (Waitrose).
We gave equal weight to each of also found it referring to hot-
these aspects to reach our overall two-thirds of blueberries from Chile house aubergines, pineapples,
seasonality rating. were airfreighted. And, while 100 per and even chocolate.
cent of peaches were airfreighted • None of the supermarkets were
from Australia, only 77 per cent of • Morrisons (71 per cent) and Asda prominently signposting the
nectarines were.We also understand (69 per cent) had the highest seasonality of UK produce. In all
Transportation
that supermarkets and their proportion of UK-sourced, in- stores we found some promotions
Our surveyors recorded the declared season vegetables, and Waitrose the and signposting for UK-sourced
suppliers ‘top up’ their supplies of
country of origin for all fresh fruit in least (53 per cent). vegetables. Asda was doing the
produce, if necessary, by airfreighting
the supermarkets surveyed to enable most to highlight and promote
produce – even for products that are • This leaves a significant proportion
us to assess the proportion sourced British vegetables, with price
rarely airfreighted. of vegetables being imported that
from outside the EU for each of the promotions, signs and recipe hints
retailers.We also wanted to see Our definition of fruit ‘likely to could be sourced in the UK.
– though with limited reference
whether we could assess how much have been airfreighted’ is where • The majority of our ten seasonal to seasonality.
is airfreighted – as airfreight is the more than 50 per cent is imported vegetables were sourced either
by air according to Customs and • None of the supermarkets were
most environmentally damaging from the UK or within Europe,
Excise figures. able to easily provide lists or any
form of transportation. but we also found:
information about what produce
13
was in season in our telephone been air-freighted, though it was oÉí~áäÉê=ê~íáåÖë=Ñçê=ëÉ~ëçå~äáíó
helpline survey. However,Waitrose not clear why only these two
was able to provide our surveyor products had been selected.
with a hand-typed list. ^ëÇ~
b Ä
• Waitrose and M&S had the largest
• Most surveyed produce carried a percentages of fruit likely to have `çJçé bÅ
‘country of origin’ label, but some been airfreighted (22 per cent and pçãÉêÑáÉäÇ b Å
18 per cent).Waitrose had the t~áíêçëÉ b Å
did not – particularly unpackaged Ç
b
produce. Sometimes our researchers highest number of fruits likely to j~êâë=C=péÉåÅÉê
Ç
b
only found origin information by have been airfreighted (18), jçêêáëçåë
Ç
closely examining the crates in including apricots and organic p~áåëÄìêóÛë É= bÇ
which the fruit was displayed. strawberries and blueberries qÉëÅç É= Ç
from New Zealand. For M&S,
• Morrisons had the highest this included Egyptian peaches,
proportion of ‘long distance’ fruit Mexican raspberries and
with 71 per cent of its fruit blackberries, and
imported from outside the EU. Australian nectarines.
Co-op (57 per cent), and Asda
(60 per cent) had the least.
• We found it impossible for
shoppers to tell how produce is
transported – for example, whether
it has been airfreighted. Morrisons
was the only supermarket to mention
the means of food transport.Two
products (pomegranates from India
and apples from the USA) indicated
on a shelf label that the fruit had
14
tÜ~í=íÜÉ=Åçãé~åáÉë=íçäÇ=ìë All supermarkets told us they are
All of the supermarkets in our reducing CO2 and energy use
survey were keen to assure us of through transportation, by improving
their commitment to sourcing road haulage efficiency. Some also
British produce. Both Asda and told us of moves towards ‘greener’
Sainsbury’s told us that 90 per cent fuels or transport, including rail.
of what can be sourced in the UK is Generally, companies did not tell us
sourced here. Many also told us of much about their policies on
ways in which they were working airfreighting food. However, some
to encourage and support more (Co-op, M&S Somerfield, Sainsbury’s
locally and regionally sourced and Waitrose) told us they minimise
foods (particularly Asda, M&S, its use or are working to reduce the
Morrisons, Sainsbury’s and Waitrose). CO2 impact of international
But Waitrose was the only company sourcing. None told us they had
to share its definition of local specific targets on airfreighting.
(sourced within 30 miles of the
store). Although we found very Morrisons told us that airfreighting
little evidence of this in-store in ‘only occurs in exceptional
March, most retailers told us that circumstances, where there is no
they highlight and promote ‘in- other viable or practical alternative
season’ produce. or source of the product, and due to
the perishable nature of the product
involved’. However, we found this at
odds with their shelf promotion of
airfreighted US apples.
2 Waste: action to reduce, reuse and recycle

tÜ~íÛë=íÜÉ=áëëìÉ\ aluminium cans from recycled cans Supermarkets can do more to


Waste, and particularly packaging, requires just five per cent of the reduce, reuse and recycle their own
rates highly on consumers’ energy required to manufacture the waste and to reduce the waste
environmental concerns.The cans from raw material and burden they impose on consumers.
Women’s Institute, for example, significantly reduces pollutants(13). They are also in a unique position to
has made packaging waste one of influence consumer behaviour
Plastic carrier bags account for 3.5
its main campaigns, focusing through: product and packaging
to 5.3 per cent of the total plastic
particularly on supermarkets and design; consumer communication
packaging used in the UK(14).
grocery packaging(12). and incentives that reduce carrier
They are a highly visible form of
bag use; and store-based activity,
The food industry is a major waste, which, if they do not end up
including waste recycling
user of packaging. Much of the 30 overflowing from our kitchen
collection points.
million tonnes of household waste cupboards, can end up in landfill sites
going to landfill each year originates or as unsightly litter. It is estimated
from what we buy at supermarkets. that each year we carry home
between eight to ten billion plastic
Waste in landfill emits gases, bags weighing 80,000 tonnes(15).
including the powerful greenhouse That’s a staggering 400 bags a year
gases methane and carbon dioxide, for every household. A typical plastic
as well as toxic chemicals. New sites, bag is used an average of 30 minutes
which are needed for both but won’t biodegrade for 400 years(16).
incineration facilities and landfill, are
becoming increasingly scarce, Other countries, such as Ireland
particularly in the Southeast. (with its plastic bag tax), have
Waste that is not reused or recycled introduced incentives to reduce use
is a missed opportunity to reduce and Scotland is considering the
the use of virgin resources. For same. Carrefour, Europe’s largest
example, the production of retailer, has stopped giving away free
16
carrier bags.
tÜ~í=ïÉ=ÇáÇ recycling to customers, and the oÉí~áäÉê=ê~íáåÖë=Ñçê=ï~ëíÉ

We set out to see how well provision and promotion of recycling


supermarkets help customers to facilities in-store and on-site.
‘close the loop’ on waste, through p~áåëÄìêóÛë
b Å
products and packaging with qÉëÅç bÅ
recycled content and promotion of tÜ~í=ïÉ=ÑçìåÇ t~áíêçëÉ b Å
‘reduce, reuse and recycle’ . • No supermarket scored well for `çJçé b
Ç
any of our ‘waste’ indicators, j~êâë=C=péÉåÅÉê
b
We have rated supermarkets on: b Ç
though we found Sainsbury’s, ^ëÇ~ É
 the extent to which own-label Tesco and Waitrose taking a lead jçêêáëçåë ÉÉ=
breakfast cereal packaging has a compared to other retailers. pçãÉêÑáÉäÇ É=
É
declared recycled content;
• We found that some or all of the
 number of own-brand toilet paper and own-brand breakfast cereal
kitchen roll products that we found packaging from M&S, Sainsbury’s,
with a declared recycled content; and Tesco and Waitrose included a
 whether supermarkets were offering significant recycled content.
incentives to customers to reduce their • All retailers offered one own-brand
use of single use carrier bags. toilet paper and kitchen roll with
a declared 100 per cent recycled
content, except Asda, M&S and
We have given equal weight to these
Somerfield (toilet paper) and M&S
three elements in reaching our
and Somerfield (kitchen roll). Only
overall ‘waste’ rating.
the Co-op (for toilet paper) and
We also looked at, but did not Sainsbury’s and Tesco (for kitchen
include in our ratings, information roll) offered more than one own-
or activities to communicate reuse or brand recycled product.
17
• The limited range of recycled • Tesco was the only supermarket to surrounded by litter. It was not - Sainsbury’s ‘Revive’ products
toilet paper and kitchen roll promote these, offering a price always clear whether these were explained that use of 100 per
products tended to be ‘niche’ discount (5p rather than 10p) and the responsibility of the cent recycled paper helps
rather than mainstream products. advertising them at most supermarket, the local authority ‘to make a more effective use of
But Asda told us that its own- checkouts, encouraging customers or charities. natural resources’.
brand ‘Shades’ toilet paper (which to ‘save the planet’.
- Tesco included the following on
the company says is the highest-
the packaging of its recycled
selling toilet paper in the UK) has Customer information
kitchen towels: ‘This kitchen towel
a 40 per cent recycled content. Reuse and recycling
• Waitrose, Co-op, Sainsbury’s and is made from recycled paper and
This information is not • We found that none of the stores Tesco were notable in that some therefore helps reduce the amount
communicated to customers on were promoting the value of reuse of their own-brand recycled of waste which is land-filled’.
its labelling. or recycling to customers through products carried more detailed
posters, leaflets or other customer information:
information in-store. tÜ~í=íÜÉ=Åçãé~åáÉë=íçäÇ=ìë
Carrier bags - Waitrose has been awarded the
• None of the litter bins in-store European ‘Eco Label’ for its All companies told us of their
• None of the supermarkets
were divided to allow customers recycled toilet paper and kitchen commitment to reducing waste,
rewarded customers for bringing
to separate out different materials, roll, and described its principles on avoiding excess packaging and
their own bags and none provided
such as glass, cans and plastic the back. supporting recycling.Tesco told us it
disincentives for using plastic bags,
bottles. Both of the Tesco stores wants to be first for recycling and
such as charging for them. - Co-op has won the Green Apple
and one of the Sainsbury’s and double the amount customers bring
Award for directing its waste office
• All of the supermarkets (except Somerfield stores had bins for to stores to recycle. It intends to
paper into making recycled paper
Morrisons) offered a ‘bag for life’ recycling carrier bags. introduce automated front-of-store
products.This was described in
or a ‘strong bag’ for a charge recycling machines that sort plastic,
• Researchers often reported on detail on the back of recycled
(ranging in cost from 10p to 50p). metal and glass. Asda says it supports
unattractive recycling facilities in product packaging.
the ‘Big Recycle’ initiative to
car-parks, poorly signposted and in
promote the environmental benefits
out-of-the-way locations,
18
of recycling to customers Sainsbury’s, Somerfield and Tesco `äçëáåÖ=íÜÉ=äççé
(‘Asda making recycling easy’). have recycling facilities for carrier  Asda, M&S and Co-op have
bags. Asda and Morrisons say they participated in ‘Closing the Loop’
Sainsbury’s and Waitrose told us
are introducing these into stores. projects to turn supermarket
they clearly signpost recycling waste into products and
Last year, Sainsbury’s says it collected
options on packaging. Sainsbury’s packaging. For example, all waste
100 million bags.
says it is the first UK retailer to label paper from the companies’ offices
‘sorry – not recyclable’. Some companies (Co-op, is recycled into toilet paper.
Somerfield,Tesco) told us their bags  Asda told us that its own-brand
Three companies told us of
are made from degradable plastic. ‘Shades’ toilet paper, which is
specific targets to reduce the use of
Co-op and M&S told us they are the highest selling toilet paper in
carrier bags: the UK, has a 40 per cent
already using or trialling
• Asda is piloting a single-bag recycled content.
compostable packaging and bags
dispenser system to reduce the use made from starch.  Co-op told us that paper from its
of carrier bags by 40 per cent; offices is recycled into 100 per
All companies told us they provided cent recycled toilet paper and
• Tesco aims to reduce its use of reusable bags, including ‘bags for kitchen towels – accounting for
carrier bags by 25 per cent (one life’. Sainsbury’s and Waitrose each 890 tonnes of post-consumer
million fewer bags) by 2008 and told us that the ‘bags for life’ they waste annually.
has introduced a clubcard sell avoid the unnecessary use of  M&S has also developed single-
incentive scheme to reward over 50 million conventional carrier use drinks bottles, with 30 per
customers for reusing bags; and cent recycled content declared on
bags a year.
the label of smoothies and some
• Sainsbury’s has a target to reduce fruit juices.
carrier bag use by five per cent.
Others, including M&S and
Morrisons, are currently trialling
reuse initiatives.
19
3 Nature: supporting sustainable sourcing

tÜ~íÛë=íÜÉ=áëëìÉ\ stocks of large, predatory fish have We rated companies on:


The increasing global demand for already been lost, including cod,
farmland results in the loss of tuna, halibut and swordfish.  Fish: information to consumers;
millions of acres of forest and other support for sustainably sourced fish,
Supermarkets can ensure that they
valuable habitats as land is cleared to including that certified by the Marine
responsibly source products to
rear livestock and grow crops. Palm Stewardship Council (MSC).
reduce impacts on ecosystems. Over
oil and soya are two crops that are 90 per cent of the seafood bought in  Trees: availability of wooden
currently under the spotlight for the UK is through supermarkets(19). kitchenware, toilet paper and kitchen
causing rainforest loss.This demand, towels with Forestry Stewardship
combined with the demand for They are also in a position to
communicate their policies to Council (FSC) certification.
forest products – including paper –
has resulted in the loss of nearly half customers and help raise awareness.
of the world’s original forests(17). The Marine Stewardship Council
The loss of forests results in threats (MSC) for fish(20), and the Forestry tÜ~í=ïÉ=ÇáÇ
to nature (biodiversity) and to vital Stewardship Council (FSC) for
We have explored two areas –
ecological processes, such as carbon wood and paper products(21), certify
supermarkets’ support for
sequestration and water storage. ‘sustainable’ sources and licence
sustainably-sourced fish and for
their logo for use on sustainably
The story for seafood is similar: sustainable forests – to rate how well
sourced products.
over-fishing, indiscriminate fishing they help customers make more
techniques, capture of young and sustainable choices.
breeding fish, and the destruction of For fish, our researchers trawled the
ecosystems have left over three- fresh fish counter, frozen food aisles
quarters of the world’s commercial and chilled ready meal displays in
fish species either fully or over- search of the availability, promotion
exploited or fully depleted(18). and explanation of sustainably
Worldwide, up to 90 per cent of sourced fish, including MSC-certified
20
fish and fish products.They also In consultation with Greenpeace, oÉí~áäÉê=ê~íáåÖë=Ñçê=ÑáëÜ
noted what information was available we included Dover sole, marlin,
to customers, including the origin of monkfish, shark (dogfish), skate and
the fish on sale.This included asking swordfish in our list.We also j~êâë=C=péÉåÅÉê
b Å ~
questions about fish sustainability at wanted to look at more popular p~áåëÄìêóÛë Ä
the fresh fish counter or helpdesk. consumer choices – cod, haddock t~áíêçëÉ Ä
We asked:‘How can I tell if any of and wild salmon – but we were not ^ëÇ~
Ç
these fish are sustainable?’ If staff did generally able to distinguish between pçãÉêÑáÉäÇ
not understand the question, this was those from sustainable and Ç
qÉëÅç
followed by an explanation.We then unsustainable sources. Ç
asked whether they had any leaflets
`çJçé ÉÉ=
Our trees indicator is designed to jçêêáëçåë É=
É
or other information.
gauge supermarkets support for
We have rated supermarkets using our sustainable forests.We looked for
judgement of the information they availability and promotion of FSC-
provided (including at the fresh fish certified wooden kitchenware, such oÉí~áäÉê=ê~íáåÖë=Ñçê=ïççÇ
counter) and on their commitment to as wooden spoons, chopping boards,
sourcing from sustainable stocks, salad bowls and mug trees, and
including availability of products with calculated the percentage that were
the MSC logo. FSC-certified.We recognise that t~áíêçëÉ
b ~
these are a small part of supermarket `çJçé Å
We also looked at whether
sales, but they are likely to be p~áåëÄìêóÛë Å
supermarkets were selling at-risk j~êâë=C=péÉåÅÉê
indicative of overall company policy. Ç
species, but have not rated
We also looked for declared FSC- jçêêáëçåë É Ç
supermarkets on this element as we
certified content in products such as ^ëÇ~ É
were not able to determine
toilet paper and kitchen rolls and pçãÉêÑáÉäÇ É
accurately from our survey the
gave an additional score for where qÉëÅç É=
É
source and method of capture of
we found this.
potentially at-risk species. 21
tÜ~í=ïÉ=ÑçìåÇ • Sainsbury’s and Waitrose are also surveyed in Tesco alone.We found • Origin information was generally
Fish making good progress. Sainsbury’s MSC-certified Pacific and Alaskan given on fresh and frozen fish, but
had the widest range of MSC salmon, hake, and Alaskan pollock. less consistently on fish used in
• It is currently very difficult for options available (still just eight All carried the MSC logo and ready meals.Where information
most shoppers to be confident in out of 72 fish products), including wording: ‘This product comes was provided, it was usually
choosing sustainable fish.With some alternatives to popular from a fishery which has been without any indication as to the
some exceptions, we found little species such as cod. But we found certified to the Marine meaning or significance of the
consumer information and a little promotion of products and Stewardship Council standard for a statement. For example, most fish
limited range of MSC-certified, no additional information available well-managed and sustainable was described as coming from a
‘sustainably sourced’ products. – though the fresh fish counter in fishery.’ In none of these stores did particular area, such as from the
• M&S led the way. It was the only the Southeast Sainsbury’s did have we find any additional material to Northeast Atlantic, but there was
retailer to draw customers’ a notice explaining that skate was explain the significance of the rarely information as to the
attention to the issue. M&S policy no longer available due to logo or draw a new customer’s method of catch or whether
is prominent on packaging and in- sustainability concerns.Waitrose attention to its benefits, nor were the stocks in that area were
store with posters and leaflets: stocked five MSC products (out of products on special promotion. sustainably managed.
‘All M&S products, including our 63).Waitrose fish counter staff
• We expected specialist information • We found some potentially at-risk
sandwiches and ready meals, only were the most knowledgeable in
and advice at the fresh fish counter. species on sale, including marlin,
contain fish from well-managed our survey, being able to offer
But no retailer was able to provide swordfish, monkfish, skate and
stocks’. M&S has no fresh fish information on fish and
good information in both of the Dover sole. Less surprisingly, we
counters, but staff were helpful sustainability and having printed
stores surveyed. Staff at Waitrose, also found cod, haddock and
and able to point to useful materials to back it up.
Sainsbury’s and M&S were able to salmon in all stores. However, we
information on the back of packs, • We found very few MSC-certified provide helpful information in one did find some retailers introducing
and, for company policies, the products across the whole survey – of the stores surveyed. In general, customers to hoki and pollock as
M&S website. Greenpeace and the eight in Sainsbury’s, five in fish counter and other staff white fish alternatives, and a few
MSC both rate M&S as the top Waitrose, three in Somerfield, two appeared insufficiently trained and MSC-certified salmon products
UK retailer for responsible fishing. in Asda and one in Tesco. few understood the question, even were available in several stores.
Around 150 fish products were when explained.
22
Trees tÜ~í=íÜÉ=Åçãé~åáÉë=íçäÇ=ìë of MSC certification. However, it which replace plastic packaging.
Fish still aims to source all fish from They are working towards FSC
• All retailers, except Asda, M&S
sustainable sources (no target date certification for tissue paper products.
and Somerfield, carried some It is clear that sustainable seafood shared with us).The company
FSC-certified wooden products. sourcing is a work in progress for all Waitrose told us that its own-brand
intends to remove all ‘red-rated’
the retailers. tissue and toilet paper is either
• Though we only found a small at-risk species by the end of 2006.
FSC-certified paper, 100 per cent
range of wooden kitchenware in All told us that they are committed recycled, or has achieved the EU
Waitrose (six different products in to sourcing from well-managed Ecolabel standard.
total), all were FSC-certified.The fisheries and most expressed their Trees
John Lewis Partnership – which commitment to working with the All companies told us they were
includes Waitrose – has been MSC. All told us that they had, or committed to the responsible
recognised for its sustainable were in the process of, delisting sourcing of forest products.The Co-
forestry policy and practice. various at-risk species. Many told us op, M&S and Sainsbury’s told us they
• We found Co-op (32 per cent), they are developing new policies. were members of WWF Forestry
Morrisons (24 per cent) and For example, Asda – which has Trade Network, which commits
Sainsbury’s (24 per cent) been the focus of Greenpeace them to sourcing increasing amounts
showing potential. campaigning – has announced the of FSC-certified products.
ambitious target that within the next
• Lagging behind were Tesco (five per three to five years it will only Asda told us that their own-brand
cent),Asda (0 per cent), M&S (0 per stock wild-caught fresh and frozen toilet tissue, ‘Shades’, has 60 per cent
cent) and Somerfield (0 per cent). fish from fisheries that meet FSC-certified content, but Asda
MSC standards. chooses not to label its product with
• We also found support for FSC on:
this customer information.
- Co-op quilted bathroom tissue Sainsbury’s originally committed to
aiming for 100 per cent MSC- M&S told us that they have the first
- Sainsbury’s own-brand ‘Ultra Wipes’ FSC-certified cardboard packs in the
certified fish by 2010, but has
- M&S sandwich packs. recently reconsidered its policy due UK, used on all 80 million packs of
to slower than anticipated progress cut sandwiches sold by M&S, and
23
4 Sustainable farming

tÜ~í=áë=íÜÉ=áëëìÉ\ Many consumers are concerned tÜ~í=ïÉ=ÇáÇ coffee, tea and chocolate – foods
Modern intensive farming has been about the effects of pesticides on the We looked for the availability of that are regularly bought by
criticised for its impact on the environment and human health. organic options for the following UK consumers.
environment. Farmland wildlife has Some pesticides are of special ten selected products: PAN UK advised that
experienced serious decline, soil concern due to their propensity to
 Apples encouragement for consumers to
quality has deteriorated and persist (that is, to not break down in
 Bananas favour organic or other ‘low
agriculture is now the second largest the environment into less harmful
 Bread chemical’ options in these food
polluter of water in the country(22). chemicals) and to accumulate
 Celery categories would help to reduce
It has been calculated that a switch through the food chain.This can
 Cocoa/hot chocolate specific pesticide risks, both for
to organic production could save have adverse effects on wildlife and
 Lettuce (whole) farmers and the environment.
£1.13bn per year in negative biodiversity, and on food production
workers, their families and the  Oranges We also looked for in-store
environmental impacts(23).
environment. Supermarkets can help  Pears customer information about
There is a growing market for minimise our, and the environment’s,  Potatoes pesticide policies or organic
food produced to higher exposure to potentially harmful or  Tea. produce.We rated companies on
environmental standards, including risky chemicals. the percentage of surveyed products
organic.The environmental benefits that were organic (with a target of
To rate supermarkets on how We selected these products in
of organic agriculture include higher 25 per cent) and also gave
well they help customers to choose consultation with the Pesticides
levels of biodiversity, lower additional points for LEAF options
products that have less Action Network (PAN) UK(26).
environmental pollution from and customer information
environmental impact, we have All have been associated with
pesticides and less waste. Lower use (including pesticide policies) on
examined two areas: provision of pesticide concerns in agricultural
of energy also contributes to conventional produce.
produce from organic and other use, including pollution, bio-
reductions in CO2 emissions(24).
low-input farming systems (such accumulation and adverse effects on
as LEAF(25)); and practices on wildlife. Our list also includes
communicating pesticide commonly-bought products that are
reduction strategies. associated with pesticide problems in
developing countries – bananas,
24
tÜ~í=ïÉ=ÑçìåÇ in-store posters explaining its oÉí~áäÉê=ê~íáåÖë=Ñçê=çêÖ~åáÅë=
pesticide reduction policy. ~åÇ=éÉëíáÅáÇÉë
• Sainsbury’s and Waitrose are taking
a lead. Sainsbury’s had the highest • Generally, there was little
percentage of organic products in explanation of organic or LEAF
our categories (21 per cent). It was principles in-store, although the
p~áåëÄìêóÛë
b Å Ä
t~áíêçëÉ Ä
the only supermarket to have one Southeast Asda store carried signs
for all ten products, available in explaining basic organic principles. `çJçé Å
both stores surveyed.We also found j~êâë=C=péÉåÅÉê
Ç Å
customer information on qÉëÅç
Ç Å
tÜ~í=íÜÉ=Åçãé~åáÉë=íçäÇ=ìë
responsible pesticide use on some ^ëÇ~
Ç
non-organic products.Waitrose had • All supermarkets said they were jçêêáëçåë ÉÉ= Ç
19 per cent organic products and a committed to reducing pesticide pçãÉêÑáÉäÇ É=
É
good range of well promoted residues and some (Co-op, M&S,
LEAF-certified produce. Sainsbury’s and Tesco) that they
• M&S and Tesco had a reasonably have banned suspect chemicals.
good range (16 per cent). • Co-op, M&S and Sainsbury’s said
Somerfield provided the least they are committed to publishing
organic choice (four per cent). their residue testing data.
• We found a range of LEAF-labelled • Sainsbury’s told us it is the leading
produce in Waitrose and, to a lesser organic supermarket; and Asda,
extent, in Asda and the Co-op. that it is trebling its range of
• Overall, there were very few price organic food this year.
promotions on organic products • M&S told us of its support for
compared to conventional products. LEAF.Waitrose says it is the only
• Co-op declared its pesticide policy retailer to insist all its British
on packs and posters; M&S had growers adopt it.
25
The way forward

Right now, we are at a turning point. sourcing and Tesco on recycling, for expectations and behaviour. Our survey Consumer information is the first step in
Supermarkets are recognising that there example, are testament to the leadership found that most staff at supermarkets’ adressing these questions. But choice-
is much more they can do to reduce their that retailers are showing in important fresh fish counters didn’t even know editing – removing the least sustainable
impact on the environment and to help areas of consumer-facing sustainability. what our surveyors were asking about – options to make ‘green’ choices the
their customers be greener. That’s the even when ‘sustainably sourced fish’ was norm rather than the exception can be
We welcome these initiatives, but our
challenge we set out in this report. explained to them. And our survey of more effective. The experience of our
research clearly shows that there is
We don’t claim to have the last word supermarket telephone helplines found survey is that retailers still see ‘green’ as a
scope for much more action – particularly
on the subject. Rather we are making no supermarket could easily provide a list niche market. For example, the recycled
in engaging their customers. We believe
an important step towards more of in-season produce. toilet paper and kitchen roll that we
there is only so far that retailers can
sustainable behaviour. found were not typically mainstream
go without taking their customers We know that enabling consumer
products and did not offer a choice of
As a consumer organisation, we focus on with them on the path towards behaviour change is no trivial task.
pack sizes or colours. One challenge to
understanding the consumer experience. sustainable consumption. There is a considerable gap – the so-
supermarkets is to make recycled paper
We have set out to judge how well called ‘value-action’ gap – between
Unless consumers are helped to products the norm – not the exception.
supermarkets support their customers people’s attitudes and aspirations, which
understand the impacts of airfreighted
towards more environmentally sustainable are often pro-environmental, and their And let’s not forget a good helping of
‘out of season’ produce, they will
behaviour. As the Sustainable everyday behaviour. Understanding the inspiration: leading by example can make
continue to expect organic airfreighted
Consumption Roundtable (which the NCC barriers, and offering incentives, are the all the difference. If we can see
strawberries flown from New Zealand in
co-hosted) points out in its report, I will if keys to unlocking sustainable supermarkets reducing their impacts on
March – as we found in Waitrose. And
you will (27), it is unrealistic to expect the consumption. Supermarkets can do a lot the environment – for example, by
supermarkets will continue to say they
heroic minority of green consumers to to remove the barriers, including habit, prominently reducing waste and
are simply offering customers what they
solve environmental problems that face us cost, availability and confusion. supporting recycling and renewable
want. As Somerfield told us, they ‘will
all. We must find ways of making it easier energy – then we are much more likely
always ensure availability out of season if Even if consumers are inclined towards
for everybody to make sustainable choices to join in.
there is sufficient consumer demand’. sustainable choice, it is often far from
the norm rather than the exception.
clear what this is. Faced with thousands We are asking supermarkets to pledge
As choice-editors, retailers have a key role If we are to ensure sustainable fish
of products on supermarket shelves on a their support for our Greening
in helping to make this happen. stocks for future generations by de-listing
busy Saturday morning, which of us can Supermarkets Challenge, to set clear
at-risk species, we need to help
In our survey we found evidence that honestly say we know which are the environmental targets which will directly
consumers to adjust their expectations
they are starting to do this. Policies and greener choices? Fish is good for health, involve their customers, and to report on
at the fish counter.
commitments from Sainsbury’s and M&S but are there any left in the sea? Is their progress.
on sustainable fish sourcing, Waitrose on We know that information alone doesn’t organic a good choice, or is fair-trade
sustainable wood sourcing, Co-op on necessarily result in behaviour change – better? Such questions can leave us
pesticide reduction, Asda on local but it’s an important tool for changing overwhelmed and disempowered.
Appendix Summary of retailers’ company policies

^ëÇ~

Overall policy/targets million miles) since 2003. A projected deep Carrier bags All its fresh fish counters promote sustainably-
Asda’s main environmental objectives are: sea port in Teeside will further reduce road Asda’s pilot single-bag dispenser aims to sourced ‘Catch of the Day’ fish. By September
miles by 1.5 million. Asda’s delivery trucks reduce carrier bag use by 40 per cent. Asda 2006, Asda aims to provide detailed labelling
• to reduce its energy consumption and
collect from suppliers on their return journeys, plans to introduce carrier bag recycling information on fish, including the nation of
greenhouse gas emissions
saving 0.5 million miles. facilities nationwide by the end of 2006, and capture, rather than fisheries zone.
• zero waste to landfill by 2010
has reduced its reusable ‘Bag for Life’ from Trees
• absolute reductions in packaging weight by 10p to 5p.
Energy All Asda’s hardwood garden furniture is
end of March 2010.
Asda intends to operate 2MW wind turbines Recycling FSC-certified. Asda’s own brand ‘Shades’
on all its distribution centres by the end of Asda opened four new recycling facilities this toilet tissue (the UK best-seller) has 60 per
1. Climate change 2007, as part of a drive to reduce its carbon year. In 2005, Asda recycled 140,000 metric cent FSC-certified, and 40 per cent recycled,
emissions by 80,000 tonnes (from a 2001 tonnes of cardboard, 500 metric tonnes of content. This year Asda joined the roundtable
Seasonality
baseline, as part of the UK Emissions Trading plastic packaging and 1.8m litres of vegetable on sustainable palm oil.
• Asda aims to buy UK produce subject to
Scheme) – and is working towards 100 per oil, from back of store.
availability, quality and food safety; ninety
cent renewable energy. Asda’s ‘Carbon Club’ Asda has supported the Big Recycle initiative, 4. Sustainable farming
per cent of what can be sourced in the UK,
helps to identify opportunities for energy promoting domestic recycling with the
is. Asda was the first UK supermarket to Organics/pesticides
efficiency in its supply chain. strapline ‘Asda making recycling easy’.
stop importing carrots, through extending
Asda supports the development of industry-
the growing season. Most stores have facilities for recycling glass, wide standards and practices, such as organic
• Asda sells over 1,500 products from over 2. Waste aluminum, steel and plastic, newspapers and standards and sustainable packaging. It will
300 small and micro UK-based producers Packaging magazines, textiles and shoes. Every store has treble its range of organic food this year.
who supply to eight ‘food hubs’ around recycling facilities for mobile phones and
Asda’s policy limits the weight and volume of Asda supports integrated crop management
the country. printer cartridges.
packaging to the minimum necessary for (ICM) techniques to reduce use of chemical
• Asda magazine runs monthly In safety, hygiene and quality. pesticide use. Asda’s ‘pesticide reduction
Season features, recipes and stories on 3. Nature schemes’ aim to reduce residues, and its
Asda is signed up to the ‘Courtauld
local producers. suppliers work to (LOD) limit of detection
Commitment’, working with the Sustainable fish
government’s Waste Resources Action levels (0.01mg/kg) rather than maximum
Asda no longer sells ‘at risk’ species:
Programme (WRAP) to: residue limits (MRLs).
Transport swordfish, shark, skate wings, ling, huss (dog
• design out excess packaging waste by the fish) and Dover Sole. It aims within the next Asda advocates schemes to reduce, and set
Asda is working to reduce its CO2 emissions.
end of March 2008 3-5 years to source its wild-caught fish only targets to eliminate, use of the more
Its distribution lorries – among the most fuel-
from MSC-certified fisheries. Asda is working hazardous chemicals such as carbendazim,
efficient on UK roads – are being converted • deliver absolute reductions in packaging
to develop ‘best practice’ in the fish catching lindane, chlorpryriphos, aldicarb and
to run on a bio-diesel mix, which will reduce weight by end of March 2010
and farming sectors. It is calling for the vinclozolin.
emissions by three per cent. Use of rail freight
• tackle the amount that food consumers
has reduced road miles by five per cent (4.5 North Sea to be declared a marine
throw away by the end of March 2010.
conservation zone.
27
`çJçé

Overall policy/targets 2. Waste introduced. Every store has recycling facilities All Co-op brand kitchenware is FSC-certified,
Co-op aims to reduce its environmental Packaging for mobile phones and ink jet cartridges. and cutting boards are made from old trees
impact. The company’s key performance Co-op packaging is labelled with its from rubber plantations.
Co-op avoids packaging materials which
indicators include energy use, CO2 emissions, hamper recycling. It is working with WRAP (as constituent materials to aid recycling, and its
waste and reuse/recycling, and it reports on above) to eliminate unnecessary packaging. website can help customers to locate nearest 4. Sustainable farming
these annually. recycling facilities (where space permits).
Organics/pesticides
Co-op updated its ‘Responsible Retailing’
Carrier bags Co-op has banned some pesticides and
manifesto in 2004 following its biggest-ever 3. Nature
In 2002, Co-op introduced Britain’s first tightened controls on others, and reports
survey into consumers’ ethical concerns,
degradable plastic carrier bag. Its sliced bread Sustainable fish transparently on its pesticide residue testing.
including environment and sustainability.
and fresh produce now also use degradable Co-op aims to source its fish in line with Co-op works with farmers worldwide to
bags. Co-op aims to move towards Marine Stewardship Council, and actively improve chemical controls, use more benign
1. Climate change compostable starch-based plastic, and already avoids vulnerable species. Co-op does not chemicals, and reduce reliance on chemicals.
Seasonality uses this technology for its organic produce purchase fish where the origin or method of In the UK this focuses on potatoes, carrots,
Co-op promotes seasonal fruits with ‘new packaging. catch is unknown, and does not knowingly onions, mushrooms and cauliflowers, and
season’ and ‘best in season’ labels, with a One Co-op replaceable ‘Bag for Life’ can save purchase ‘blackfish’ – caught over-quota. overseas on coffee, pineapples, bananas,
strong emphasis on UK products. up to 35 carrier bags. Co-op is one of only two national retailers exotic fruit and vegetables. There are plans to
requiring all farmed fish to be humanely focus also on cereals, cocoa and high risk
stunned prior to slaughter. Its farmed prawns crops (lettuce, citrus, top and soft fruit).
Transport Recycling
are sourced from well-established farms in
Co-op is developing a programme to reduce Co-op recycles paper, glass, aluminium/steel Indonesia and Ecuador. Farms in areas of
its transport impacts and CO2 emissions. Only cans and plastics from its stores, depots mangrove forest depletion are not used.
a minority of its products are airfreighted, and and offices.
only where there is no alternative – such as Co-op’s own-brand toilet paper and kitchen
perishable exotic produce. Trees
towels are recycled from waste paper from its
Solar panels are fitted to roofs of about 50 offices – 890 tonnes a year. This scheme has Co-op has a long-term aim to source all
Co-op trailers to provide energy for trailer received the Green Apple award for forest products from well-managed forests
batteries (mainly used to power lifting decks). Environmental Best Practice. that have been certified to credible
certification standards.
Co-op uses recycled packaging materials for
own brand goods wherever possible – such as Current FSC-certified products include kitchen
Energy
recycled board for tissue cartons and washing woodware, BBQ charcoal and some paper
In November 2004, Co-operative Group products, including own-brand quilted
powder cartons.
announced its aim to power all its mainland bathroom tissue and stationery (upcoming).
UK sites completely by windfarm or Larger stores provide recycling facilities for
Co-op reviews all wood products annually as a
hydropower. This will making the Co-op one glass, paper and cans – with plastic being
member of the WWF Forestry Trade Network.
28 of the UK’s largest users of green energy.
j~êâë=C=péÉåÅÉê

Overall policy/targets Transport electricity. M&S aims to use 50 per cent Recycling
Sustainable food production and M&S aims to develop key performance renewable energy in its stores by 2010. Traditional town centre stores cannot offer car
consumption are central to M&S future indicators and to reduce carbon impact from park recycling facilities. In 2002 M&S became
strategy. M&S aspires to lead in its international food sourcing. None of its 2. Waste the only major food retailer to eliminate PVC
understanding retail impacts on climate top 30 food raw materials – over two-thirds from its food packaging, to improve plastic
Packaging
change and to develop strategies. M&S is the of food sold – are airfreighted. It has reduced recycling.
only major retailer to publish an independent imports and airfreight in some areas – for M&S aims for all packaging to be recyclable or
annual Corporate Social Responsibility report. example, by extending UK growing seasons. made from renewable materials and, where
this is not possible, to minimise waste. M&S 3. Nature
M&S ‘Look Behind the Label’ campaign M&S has pioneered the hub and spoke
features sustainable fishing, packaging, has signed the government’s ‘Courtauld Sustainable fish
transport distribution system utilising local
fairtrade and animal welfare. Commitment’ on reducing waste. M&S commitment to sustainable fishing has
depots. It was the first food retailer to use
returnable plastic trays: seventy per cent of Thirty to fifty per cent of plastic in M&S been recognised by Marine Conservation Society,
M&S foods are carried in returnable trays, the smoothie bottles and salad bowls is recycled. Greenpeace and Seafood Choices Alliance.
1. Climate change
highest percentage in the UK. M&S is introducing degradable cornstarch- All M&S fish is MSC-certified or sourced from
Seasonality based plastic punnets and clear sandwich pack
Through increased vehicle capacity and fuel fisheries recognised as well-managed but not
M&S ‘Seasons Finest’ labelling promotes films. M&S won the Best Retail Recycling yet certified – for example, all cod is Icelandic
efficiency, more efficient delivery scheduling
British produce – such as new potatoes, Initiative in the 2005 National Recycling – and avoids ‘at risk’ fish: skates/rays and
and driver training, M&S has cut road fuel use
asparagus, tomatoes, strawberries, Awards and the 2005 Institute of Grocery rockfish were delisted in 2005. M&S policy
by 26 per cent over three years while increasing
raspberries, apples. Seasonal fish – Cornish Distribution (IGD)/Tetra Pak Environmental applies to both fish sold and fish used as an
the number of stores by 44 per cent.
sardines and line-caught mackerel, Torbay Award. M&S is working with WRAP to reduce ingredient. M&S sponsors ‘Invest in Fish
sole, Scottish lobster – are highlighted. the amount of packaging on ready meals. (South-West)’ and has funded restocking
M&S ‘buy British’ strategy aims to increase Energy schemes for wild Atlantic salmon and
consumer understanding of seasonal M&S stores use five per cent less energy, Carrier bags Cornish lobster.
production. All fresh chicken, turkey, duck, emitting nine per cent less CO2, than in 2002/3 Its farmed fish is covered by codes of practice
M&S offers a range of alternatives to carrier
eggs, salmon, beef and carrots, and 65 per – despite selling more food in 44 per cent more for feed and growing. Every farm is audited
bags – for example, 2.5 million 15p reusable
cent of apples and pears, are British. stores. This is equivalent to 14 per cent less for M&S animal welfare and environmental
bags in the last year, and woven ‘shoppers’
M&S has regional supply chains in Ireland, CO2 emission per retail square foot, and M&S impact standards.
for repeated reuse. M&S has worked with
Wales, Scotland and Cornwall (mainly dairy aims to reach a 30 per cent reduction.
WRAP on carrier bag reuse initiatives. M&S communicates with customers on pack
and bread). M&S sell limited quantities of M&S won the 2005 Sunday Telegraph/Carbon and website, in-store, and through advertising.
M&S has conducted trials on degradable
local produce at certain times of the year. Trust Energy Efficiency Innovation Award for M&S ‘Look behind the Label’ campaign
polythene bags made from cornstarch as an
A future toolkit will help small suppliers to do its system to remotely monitor and adjust included full-page adverts for responsible fish
environmentally sustainable solution to
business with M&S cost-effectively. store refrigeration. Since April 2006 all its sourcing in most national newspapers.
degradable plastic made with heavy metal
stores in England and Wales use greener
additives, which can contaminate the soil as it
energy sources for both heating and
breaks down.
29
Morrisons

Trees raspberries and apples and methyl bromide Overall policy/targets by rail freight. In 2006 Morrisons opened the
M&S membership of the WWF-backed Forest replacements in strawberry production. Morrisons aims to reduce its environmental UK’s first BioEthanol E85 fuel pumps at 10 sites
& Trade Network commits it to reporting on M&S independent residue testing programme impact through continuous improvement that in England.
its total use of wood, and sourcing more FSC- covers 47,500 product/active ingredient minimises risks and negative impacts.
certified wood. combinations annually. It was one of the first 2. Waste
M&S has provided the first FSC-certified retailers to publish this data on its website.
1. Climate change Packaging
cardboard packs in the UK: its 80 million
packs for cut sandwiches sold annually are Seasonality Co-op avoids packaging materials which
now made from FSC-certified board (replacing Morrisons sources from the UK wherever hamper recycling. It is working with WRAP to
plastic). This will be rolled out to other possible. In season, it aims for 100 per cent eliminate unnecessary packaging.
cardboard food packaging. Packaging for British-sourced produce – for example,
ready meals uses recycled board. M&S is rhubarb, broccoli, courgettes and sprouts and Carrier bags
working towards FSC certification for its tissue virtually all potatoes, carrots, onions, cabbage
Morrisons has tried various ways of
paper products. and cauliflower. It promotes ‘in season’
encouraging carrier bag reuse, including a
M&S kitchenware is made from traceable products – for example, broccoli and rhubarb
reward scheme, with limited success.
rubberwood and other well-managed wood. – through advertising and in-store materials.
Current focus is on responsible use and
Morrisons has many local suppliers of fresh disposal. Every carrier bag carries the message:
fruit and vegetables, tailoring local products ‘Please reuse this bag and help protect the
4. Sustainable farming to local stores. It has worked to extend the environment’. It is looking at smaller bags and
Organics/pesticides UK growing season for certain produce. degradable options.
M&S is a strong supporter of integrated crop Produce is labelled with country of origin.
Longer-lasting charity carrier bags are available
management and a founder member of LEAF. and most stores supply cardboard boxes. After
All its suppliers work to M&S’ ‘Field to Fork’ Transport a successful trial, facilities for carrier bag
leading standards – including pesticide use. recycling are being rolled out to most stores.
M&S’ pesticide minimisation policy includes Morrisons avoids airfreight wherever possible,
the use of biological control systems in crop only excepting where there is no other viable
production overseas. or practical alternative or source of the Packaging
produce, and only for perishable foods.
M&S is reviewing its pesticide policy, having Morrisons has signed the ‘Courtauld
achieved many of its 2003 objectives. M&S Morrissons is working to reduce the Commitment’ to eliminate or reduce
banned 60 pesticides in 2003 and is phasing environmental impact of its transport fleet packaging, and is pursuing a number of
out 19 more. In 2004 it was rated the leading through maintenance, new engineering projects with WRAP. Its fresh food ‘Market
retailer on minimising pesticides by Friends of developments, fuel efficiency, driver training Street’ offers many items loose with minimal
the Earth. M&S is working toward reduced or and, where possible, back-haulage. It has a packaging. Packaging for some own-brand
zero pesticide use – for example, residue-free number of compressed natural gas powered products includes recycled material. Stock
vehicles and some bulk product is transported movements use returnable baskets.
30
Sainsbury’s

Recycling 4. Sustainable farming Overall policy/targets Transport


Recycling facilities for some of the following – Organics/pesticides Sainsbury’s has reported on environmental Most products sourced outside the UK are
paper, aluminium, glass, clothing, shoes, Morrisons sells a range of organic foods KPIs for the last decade. These include transported by land and sea, not air. Sainsbury’s
books, CDs and plastics – are available at including meat, fish, poultry, eggs, bread, renewable energy, waste, transport and has reduced its road mileage by five per cent,
329 stores. dairy products, fresh fruit and vegetables, packaging. and is aiming for a five per cent reduction in its
cereals, wine, tea and coffee. It continually transport-related carbon emissions by March
reviews the range. 2009 (against a 2005/6 baseline).
3. Nature 1. Climate change
Its comprehensive pesticide surveillance Backhauling cuts 29,000 journeys a year in the
Sustainable fish Seasonality
programme includes membership of the UK. Rail freight includes 83 per cent of Italian
Morrisons continually reviews and updates its Sainsbury’s are committed to supporting wine, and water from Scotland.
Assured Produce Scheme and EurepGap,
fish policy. It is committed to buying from the British farmers – 90 per cent of what can be
which cover pesticide use, monitoring and Sainsbury’s transport fleet is switching to more
most sustainable sources, wherever available. sourced is sourced from the UK. Sainsbury’s
control. Most of its fresh produce suppliers efficient engines and trialling gas powered
Morrissons does not sell marlin, shark, brill, has helped farmers extend growing seasons –
are either members of, or in the process of vehicles to reduce environmental impact. Its
ling, European hake, grey mullet, grouper, for example, for strawberries, raspberries,
being accredited to, these schemes and also internet shopping service uses electric vehicles.
red fish, dogfish (huss), and Atlantic halibut plums, apricots, tomatoes, onions and
carry out their own pesticide residue
or salmon. asparagus. This includes a scheme to grow
testing programmes.
Morrissons sells 22 species on the MSC’s ‘Fish tomatoes 52 weeks a year, reusing waste CO2 Energy
to Eat’ list and four MSC-certified products. from an industrial plant. For organics it only Sainsbury’s is aiming for a five per cent
sources outside the UK for authenticity reduction in carbon emissions by 2008, against a
The source of all wet fish is stated on point-of- reasons – eg, Parmesan cheese. It sources 65
sale materials and packaging. Morrissons is 2004/5 baseline. It is working towards supplying
per cent of own brand organic products from ten per cent of the energy it uses from
working to improve labelling. the UK, and aims for 70 per cent. renewable sources.
Sainsbury’s has 3,500 local products in stores.
Trees Sainsbury’s ‘Supply Something New’ scheme
2. Waste
Morrisons is committed to purchasing timber aims to help small and medium-sized
from legal, well-managed and sustainable local suppliers. Packaging
sources. Some paper products are Sainsbury’s raises awareness of seasonality Sainsbury’s is working to make as much
manufactured using recycled materials. with advertising and in-store activity – for packaging as possible recyclable and
example, celebrating UK apple and strawberry encourages customers to recycle. A number of
seasons, and Jamie Oliver TV adverts for projects aim to phase out PVC, utilise
asparagus and new potatoes.‘Try Something recyclable plastics, and introduce packaging
New Today’ in-store tip cards use seasonal made from compostable, renewable materials
products. Fish, meat and delicatessen counter such as maize or sugarcane. Sainsbury’s trial of
staff are able to communicate messages compostable packaging on organic apples and
around seasonality and local products. potatoes is the first of its kind in the UK.
31
Sainsbury’s has also reduced packaging and Recycling able to explain origin and method of capture. Sainsbury’s is developing crop action plans
increased recyclability of Easter egg packaging. Sainsbury’s packaging contains information on Sainsbury’s supports the Responsible Fishing with twelve supplier groups to minimise
Sainsbury’s aims to reduce its operational recycling properties. Sainsbury’s was the first Scheme. All UK boats supplying Sainsbury’s pesticide residues on a dozen fruit and
waste, recover as much as is practical and retailer to label products ‘sorry not recyclable’. will be certified to this scheme. vegetable crops.
dispose of the rest responsibly (for example, it It is extending its on-site recycling facilities,
donates unwanted food through a food building on the network of local authority
Trees
donation scheme). It is working to replace facilities already in situ.
8,400 tonnes of cardboard with re-usable A member of the WWF Forest and Trade
Sainsbury’s is the only major retailer to run a
crates over two years. Network Group, Sainsbury’s is committed to
programme donating food still fit for human
sourcing wood-based products from
These are all reflected in its KPIs. consumption to a range of charitable causes.
sustainably managed forests. It increased its
FSC-certified products from six in 2004 to 21
Carrier bags 3. Nature in 2005 and will continue to raise the FSC-
Sainsbury’s aims to reduce carrier bag usage Sustainable fish certified content of wood-based products.
by 5 per cent, and to encourage reusable Sainsbury’s is the UK’s leading fishmonger and
options rather than degradable bags. It offers aims to source all its fish from sustainable 4. Sustainable farming
several reusable options and sells 120,000 sources. Sainsbury’s offers the widest range of Organics/pesticides
‘bags for life’ a week.This saves about 50 MSC products in the UK and was the first
million standard bags a year. The profit from Following the launch of Sainsbury’s ‘So
retailer to sell MSC-approved cod.
‘bags for life’ goes into store-nominated Organic’ range in September 2005, organic
Sainsbury’s delisted skate and huss in February sales have grown by 20 per cent. The range
community projects. In store recycling facilities
2006 and aims (working with MSC) to delist has also broadened, with price cuts on 100
for carrier bags collected 100 million bags
all red-rated fish by the end of 2006. It has lines. Initiatives such as ‘Farm Promise’ milk
(1,000 tonnes) last year.
communicated this to customers with from farms ‘in conversion’ to organic are
suggested seasonal alternatives. By autumn helping to grow product availability.
Packaging 2006 it will avoid plaice, cod and haddock
Sainsbury’s seeks to reduce pesticides, using
Sainsbury’s aims to reduce carrier bag usage by during their main spawning season.
natural alternatives wherever possible, in its
five per cent, and to encourage reusable options Its ‘New in Season’ promotion celebrates own brand. The company monitors pesticide
rather than degradable bags. It offers several fish seasonality by highlighting less well- residue year-round. Products exceeding
reusable options and sells 120,000 ‘bags for life’ known species – for example, Torbay Sole – maximum residue levels (MRL) are removed
a week. This saves about 50 million standard when plentiful. pending control measures. The number of
bags a year. The profit from ‘bags for life’ goes Its ‘Try something new’ campaign will feature products with any detected pesticide residue
into store-nominated community projects. In tip cards promoting products such as oysters, has dropped from 53 per cent in 2004/5 to
store recycling facilities for carrier bags collected sprats, redfish and halibut. In addition to on- 49.6 per cent in 2005/6, reducing those above
100 million bags (1,000 tonnes) last year. pack information, fish counter staff will be the MRL by half.
32
Somerfield Tesco

Overall policy/targets 2. Waste rubberwood and bamboo. In some cases the Overall policy/targets
Somerfield’s key performance indicators are Packaging wood is supplier-certified as recycled or Tesco aims to reduce its energy use per
currently under review following the store’s reclaimed, but cannot be FSC-certified. square foot by half by 2010, against a 2000
Somerfield accepts any packaging of
purchase by a private equity group. appropriate food grade. It uses recycled paper For cost reasons, there is no recycled content baseline. It aims to reduce C02 emissions
labels. Aluminium and tin cans and glass in toilet paper, kitchen towels or tissues, from its vehicle fleet (per case delivered) by
bottles have a recycled content. Recycled scrap except for its ‘Makes Sense’ facial tissues. 30 per cent, and to increase store waste
1. Climate change recycled to 80 per cent, over the next
plastic is used in plastic refuse sacks. It has no
Seasonality three years.
recycled plastic packaging. 4. Sustainable farming
Somerfield magazine and in-store point of
sale highlight seasonal produce. Somerfield Organics/pesticides
Carrier bags 1. Climate change
purchases from the UK in season, provided Somerfield offers organic products where
quality meets specifications. Typically half of Somerfield has minimised the thickness of its there is space and demand. The company is Seasonality
fruit and vegetables is UK-sourced. Somerfield carrier bags as far as is possible. Its bags are working with the Assured Produce Scheme Tesco aims to increase its British produce.
works with suppliers to extend the growing degradable and break down over 6-12 (ACP) and EurepGap to minimise pesticide use. It helps small suppliers, works with farmers to
season where possible, though it recognises months. With support from WRAP, the It aims to achieve ‘no detectable residues’ by extend growing seasons, and clearly labels
local objections to polytunnels. company‘s trial ‘bags for life’ promotion will means of good agricultural practice. food origins. Tesco promotes British and
Somerfield always ensures availability roll out to all stores later in 2006. regional foods in-store. It aims to increase
out of season if there is sufficient regional produce available and increase its
consumer demand. celebration of British seasons this year.
Recycling
Stores recover and recycle cardboard and
Transport plastic. Carrier bags are recovered in all stores Transport

Somerfield aims to minimise airfreight and recycled. Tesco is moving from air to sea freight wherever
primarily due to the cost. The company is possible. It is improving the efficiency of its
working with WRAP to develop a new film to distribution fleet and aims to reduce CO2
3. Nature emissions per case of goods delivered by 30 per
protect produce, enabling more lines to be
Sustainable fish cent over next three years, including using rail
transported by ship.
Somerfield policy is to avoid and replace ‘at transport instead of road.
The company is reducing CO2 emissions from
risk’ fish: it removed huss, swordfish and
its vehicle fleet through purchase of new
monkfish in 2005 and skate in 2006. Energy
fuel-efficient vehicles and looking into
alternative fuels. Tesco has established a £100 million fund for
Trees sustainable environmental technology such as
Somerfield uses FSC-certified stock for all its wind turbines, solar panels, combined heat and
virgin wood products except for pine, power and gasification. It intends to reduce its
33
energy use per square foot by half by 2010, Recycling species in store by increasing the range Tesco aims to increase this to 100 per cent by
against a 2000 baseline. Tesco has opened two Tesco wants to lead on recycling and aims to stocked, providing clear origin labelling, 2007. The standards include use of pesticides
model ‘energy efficient stores’; this model will encourage customers to double the amount training staff in sustainability issues and and fertilisers, responsible use of energy, water
apply to all new stores. they bring to stores to recycle: nine out of ten promoting the MSC in-store. In March 2006 and other natural resources, pollution
customers say they would recycle more if it Tesco introduced organic cod. prevention, and wildlife and landscape
were easier. This could account for ten per conversation.
2. Waste
cent of the UK total needed to meet EU Trees Tesco has reviewed the use of 10,000
Packaging
packaging recycling targets by 2008. Over the pesticides used on 90 crops worldwide.
In July 2005 Tesco signed the ‘Courtauld Tesco never knowingly purchases timber
past two years Tesco has invested in innovative It has banned 260 and more strictly controlled
Commitment’ to help reduce the growth in from illegal sources. All sources of timber
recycling machines which sort plastic, metal 1,000 more.
household waste, and its packaging strategy for garden furniture are either FSC-approved
and glass, and plans to add 100 more in front
group is working to reduce waste throughout or members of the Tropical Forest Trust
of store this year.
the business. The cardboard used for fresh (TFT) who are committed to achieving
Tesco has increased the store waste it recycles FSC certification.
pizzas has been reduced by 60 per cent.
from 55 per cent to 71 per cent over four
Tesco is committed to purchasing tissue and
years, working toward 80 per cent over the
disposable paper from legal, sustainable
Carrier bags next three. It is testing gasification to find clean
sources. All pulp used for own-brand toilet
ways to generate energy from food waste.
Tesco is working to reduce carrier bag use by rolls, paper towels, facial tissues, wet wipes
a quarter (one million fewer bags) by 2008 and nappies is made from recycled waste or
and has introduced a Clubcard incentive 3. Nature timber from well-managed forests; there is a
scheme for customers reusing bags. It will choice of tissue products containing totally
Sustainable fish
introduce degradable bags to all stores by recycled content, 30 per cent recycled
September 2006 and reduce the amount of Tesco is committed to sustainability in its
content, or virgin pulp. In 2005/6 Tesco sold
plastic in its bags by ten per cent in 2005/6. seafood sourcing and avoids over-fished or
80 million rolls of 100 per cent recycled Value
It has increased promotion of ‘bags for life’ vulnerable stocks by sourcing from MSC-
toilet paper. Tesco is making recycled content
and other reusable carriers. ‘Bags for life’, certified fisheries. Tesco works with fisheries to
clearer on its labels.
made from 100 per cent recycled plastic, gain MSC certification. Tesco sells more MSC-
feature prominent recycling messages. certified products than any other supermarket.
Tesco.com delivery drivers are trained to ask In 2005/6 all Tesco fresh fish counters were 4. Sustainable farming
customers to return used bags and staff are MSC-certified. Tesco aims to introduce five Organics/pesticides
trained to use fewer bags when packing new MSC-certified lines in 2006/7. It also
Tesco’s integrated farm management scheme,
customers’ shopping. All stores have works with suppliers and the industry to
‘Nature’s Choice’, ensures that fruit,
prominent carrier bag recycling units. improve sustainability of fisheries and fishing
vegetables and salad meet high safety and
methods, including minimising harm to other
environmental standards. Ninety per cent of
species. Tesco promotes sustainable fish
suppliers met the requirements. In 2005/6 and
34
Waitrose

Overall policy/targets Transport the reusable ‘bag for life’ in 1997. These are farmed fish from well-managed sources –
Waitrose CSR targets include energy, waste, Transport represents 19 per cent of Waitrose’s recycled into ‘plaswood’ furniture when approximately half of all fish sold.
emissions, transport and packaging. carbon footprint (calculated since 2000). replaced. Each year the Waitrose ‘bag for life’ Waitrose is committed to increasing customer
Although total mileage is increasing as a saves over 50 million conventional carrier awareness of sustainability through its
• Waste: increase in waste recycled by 10 per
result of significant growth in business over bags. Waitrose also has a biodegradable jute website, leaflets in branches and staff on
cent in 2006 and reduction in waste
the last two years, total mileage per £million wine bag and heavy duty carrier bags. It is service counters. Fish specialists in each
produced per £1million turnover by 10 per
of sales is decreasing year on year. Waitrose conducting trials for in-store carrier bag branch receive comprehensive training to
cent, based on 2003 figures
aims to produce ten per cent less CO2 recycling facilities. ensure they can speak to customers with
• Emissions: ten per cent reduction in CO2
emissions per £million of sales by 2010 (based confidence and authority.
emissions per £million of sales by 2010,
on 2000 figures). Waitrose is improving its Recycling
based on 2000 figures
fuel efficiency and use and evaluating the
• Transport: fewer miles driven per £million of Packaging includes recycled content where Trees
effect on food miles of local deliveries.
sales year-on-year possible. Over 70 per cent of shops offer Waitrose subscribes to John Lewis
customer recycling facilities. All stores recycle Partnership’s policy to source only
• Packaging: weight of packaging relative to
Energy cardboard and plastic, which representing 45 independently certified timber, such as FSC.
sales not to exceed 2002 baseline.
Waitrose aims to five per cent less energy than per cent of waste. Waitrose’s own-brand tissue and toilet papers
2003 by 2008, and ten per cent by 2013. use only FSC-certified paper,100 per cent
1. Climate change recycled products or those which have
3. Nature
Seasonality achieved the EU Ecolabel standard.
2. Waste Sustainable fish
Waitrose has a strong policy of buying British
Packaging Waitrose sources all fish from well-managed
and selecting local and regional produce – for 4. Sustainable farming
Waitrose has signed the WRAP ‘Courtauld fisheries, using responsible fishing methods. It
example, during British growing season 70
Commitment’ to minimise product packaging. works with MSC and delists fish where there Organics/pesticides
per cent of apples and 100 per cent of
Packaging consumption relative to sales has are concerns about sustainable resources: Waitrose offers one of the widest organic
strawberries are UK-sourced. All Waitrose
fallen – 24 per cent less in 2005 than in 2002. North Sea cod and haddock fishery were ranges – more than 1,300 products. Waitrose
milk, cream and eggs and over half of fresh
It is trialling biodegradable materials in its delisted in 1999 and in 1996 Waitrose was organic sales have a 17 per cent share of the
vegetables are sourced in the UK.
organic product ranges. the first retailer to stop selling fresh, wild organic market, against Waitrose’s 3.8 per
Waitrose has more than 170 local (within 30 Atlantic salmon. It has stopped selling marlin,
Waitrose has a commitment that the weight cent overall market share.
miles of the shop) suppliers, providing over wild Atlantic salmon, blue fin tuna, sturgeon
500 product lines. Products are clearly of its packaging relative to sales will not Waitrose uses the LEAF marque extensively
products, shark, ling, dogfish, Chilean sea
labelled to support local businesses and raise exceed the 2002 baseline. and is the only retailer to insist that all its
bass, Atlantic halibut, threatened skate and
awareness of seasonality and food miles. British growers adopt it.
rays and orange roughy.
Waitrose promotes British products when in Carrier bags Waitrose’s policy either restricts or
Over seven years it has converted all fresh and
season. Its recently launched sourcing website prohibits altogether the use of a number of
Waitrose aims to discourage carrier bag use smoked cod and haddock to line-caught,
provides information on its British, regional agro-chemicals.
and was the first UK supermarket to introduce greatly reducing impact on the marine
and local sourcing commitments. environment. It also sells a wide selection of 35
Notes and references

1. See, for example, Tukker, A et al, 10. Triodos Bank/Farmers Weekly magazine 22. Royal Agricultural Society of England,
Environmental impact of products survey, www.triodos.co.uk, 2006. Differentiation: a sustainable future for
(EIPRO): analysis of the life cycle 11. January to December 2005 UK import UK agriculture, July 2006.
environmental impacts related to the model statistics for fresh fruit and 23. Pretty, J., Lang, T. et al, Farm costs and
total final consumption of the EU25, vegetables. Data collected by HM food miles: an assessment of the full
European Science and Technology Revenue and Customs’ Tariff and cost of the UK food basket, Food Policy
Observatory, 2005. Statistical Department. Data supplied by 30 (1), 2005.
2. As ref. 1. Business and Trade Statistics Ltd. 24. Defra, Organic Action Plan, 2002.
3. Energy Review: Statement by the Rt Hon 12. www.womens-institute.org.uk. 25. Linking Environment and Farming, the
Alistair Darling, Secretary of State for 13. WRAP, pers.comm., 19 September 2005. LEAF Marque certification standards cover
Trade and Industry, 11 July 2006. soil management, energy and water
14. WRAP, Carrier bag usage and attitudes
4. Transport 2000 Trust, Wise moves: benchmark and target market study efficiency, crop protection and animal
exploring the relationship between food, research findings, Andrew Irving husbandry. See www.leafuk.org.
transport and CO2, 2003. Associates Market Research, March 2005. 26. www.pan-uk.org.
5. Defra, Food industry sustainability 15. Lord Rooker, Minister of State, Defra, 27. Sustainable Consumption Roundtable,
strategy, 2006. House of Lords, 12 July 2006 I will if you will Towards sustainable
6. CO2 emissions from airfreight calculated 16. Green alliance, Note of Green Alliance consumption, NCC/ Sustainable
using Defra’s Environmental reporting: seminar: Is the future for food-packaging Development Commission, 2006.
guidelines for company reporting on compostable or recycleable?
greenhouse gas emissions March 2006.
(www.defra.gov.uk). Distance from New
17. WWF, www.panda.org, (accessed April
Zealand 18332km. The ‘school run’ is
2006).
made in a mid-size car (1.4-2.1 litres)
making a return journey total 1.93 km (or 18. FAO, Review of the state of world marine
0.6 miles each way). fishery resources, Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organisation of the UN, 2005.
7. Garnett, T., Fruit & vegetables and UK
greenhouse gas emissions: exploring the 19. Greenpeace, A recipe for disaster:
relationship, Food and Climate Research supermarkets’ insatiable appetite for
Network, University of Surrey, July 2006. seafood, 2005.
8. IGD, Connecting consumers with farming 20. www.msc.org.
and food produce, 2005. 21. www.fsc-uk.org.
9. IGD, Retail and foodservice opportunities
for local food, 2006.
36

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen