Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Table Of Contents
Introduction ...........................................................................................................1
California's Prehistory…………………………………………………………………..3
Local................................................................................................................20
State................................................................................................................20
Federal ............................................................................................................20
International.....................................................................................................20
2
Table of Figures
3
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
4
Introduction
Heritage? How is it defined? Who defines it? And what purpose does maritime
heritage serve in the broader context of the states cultural identity and the
countries history? Is California’s Maritime Heritage at threat and who can help to
Resources? These are just a few of the questions this essay will set out to
parks that are meant to serve multiple purposes in the protection and
California, along with Washington and Oregon make up the west coast of
The United States in North America. California like other territories is made up of
land with rivers, lakes, and estuaries, but it also has a coastline facing the Pacific
Ocean. Within these waters there are a number of islands that are considered a
part of California’s territory. The closest, known as one of the Channel Island’s is
called Anacapa and is located 12 nautical miles off the coast of Southern
coastline whilst San Miguel is the furthest and smallest that sits in the Pacific
5
waters off the California coast. The other six islands by name are listed on the
map below. These eight islands are divided between three coastal counties in
California: Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles. For the purpose of this
essay the author will evaluate the maritime heritage and management schemes
stronger case study two mainland projects will be compared and contrasted
within the framework of this discussion, both of which are not underwater cultural
heritage. The first is Santa Barbara’s Maritime Museum, and the other is San
Francisco’s Maritime National Historical Park. The history and maritime heritage
related to rivers, lakes and estuaries within California territory is not examined.
6
California’s Prehistory
land which creates a record for human occupation on the coast of California that
dates to “circa 9,000 years before the present (B.P.)” (California State Lands
the Ventura County region can be divided into three periods, which cover the
prehistory of California. The late period, which dates circa 800 to 150 B.P. is of
because this period marks the emergence of the Chumash Indian culture (CSLC
2006, 4.9-2). The Chumash Indian society lived along the coast of California as
far north as San Luis Obispo down to Malibu, but even more amazingly they also
occupied the Islands of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa.
They used their maritime technological skills to build planked wood canoes that
based on the Chumash maritime practices and culture. Those persons were
wooden tomol, the same type of canoe that was built by the Chumash Indians
that used this watercraft to cross the Santa Barbara Channel to reach the
museum also has on display replica tools that were used by the Chumash
Indians in food gathering from the sea. These replica items include such tools
7
as harpoons, fishnets, shell and bone fishhooks (CSLC 2006 4.9-2). In 2001 as
part of understanding the Chumash culture, and their ties to the sea, the National
Marine Sanctuary (CINMS) created a team who crossed the Santa Barbara
Channel within six hours in the same traditionally built tomol that is now on
archaeology brings to life the cultural heritage of the Chumash Indians, and how
they used the sea for important regional trade and other “marine resources”
Northern Channel Islands, and named them Islas San Lucas, collectively
Spanish Galleons filled with spices, silks, porcelains and other cargo from the
orient began to navigate the waters of the Pacific around the Channel Islands
and California’s coast, sometimes using the natural bays as a place to rest and
for refuge on their long journeys from the orient to South America (Panama or
Acapulco). From 1565 until 1815 the Spanish Galleons sailed the Pacific Ocean
from Manila in the Philippines for Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico and in so
8
doing has contributed to the maritime history and possibly the underwater cultural
(http://www.mms.gov/omm/pacific/kids/manilagalleons.htm).
Augustin, was journeying form the Philippines along the California coast on this
route and stopped in a bay near San Francisco where she sank in a violent
storm. The MMS, part of the U.S. Department of interior (2006) purports that the
San Augustin is the first known shipwreck for California and The National Park
This area, now known as Drake’s Bay is part of The National Parks Service, and
they have created a reserve. But this area is also recognized for another other
9
famous visitor that circumnavigated the world, and it is named after him: Sir
Francis Drake (Chartoff and Chartoff 1984, 389). Below is a map that the Drake
Navigators Guild produced to support the theory that Drake Landed in this area
of California, since it has been purported that he actually landed at Goleta beach
near Santa Barbara. The Guild used evidence from the publication World
10
19th & 20th Century Trade and Travel in California
come form the early past. One of the main contributing factors to the increase in
shipping along the California coast in the mid-19th century was the California
Gold Rush. Natives and Immigrants from all over the United States and abroad
Many of them traveled over land, but many more from countries all over the world
sailed to California in a variety of vessels. Some of these ships are truly unique to
this time period. The Winfield Scott, built in 1850 for example was a combination
of side paddlewheel steam power and sail and was purposely built to carry
passengers and other cargo on the East coast until ownership transferred in
transporting gold bullion, mail and passengers until she wrecked off Anacapa
11
shipwreck/cinms1.html). Her location is listed as 34°01N, 119°23W by the
Her wreck site is also listed on America’s National Register of Historic Places
and this designates this wreck site as one of California’s Underwater Cultural
detail with underwater cultural resources, their management and the laws in
place to protect and preserve the cultural resources will be charted out and
12
Fig 6: Historic Map of Anacapa Island, 1856 (http://historicals.ncd.noaa.gov/historicals/histmap.asp) Added
wreck site of Winfield Scott by J. Harrison
Another event that contributed to the increase of shipping off the west
coast of the United States and in California waters was the opening of the
Panama Canal on 15th August 1914. Prior to the canal being built ships traveling
from the east coast of America, such as from New York traveled 14,000 miles
around Cape Horn (South America) to reach San Francisco, California. Once the
Panama Canal opened the travel distance was reduced to 6,000 miles
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal).
13
Fig 7: Panama Canal: Historical Atlas By W. Shepard, 1923
(http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/panama_canal_shepherd.jpg)
This event increased trade by sea between states on the west coast of the U.S.
with those on the east coast and also with European countries. Goods could now
be shipped out of California to these locations and circumvent the travel around
Cape Horn. A good example of a long distance trading vessel was the Aggi. She
was built in Norway before construction of the canal was finished, but once it
opened she used this route for importing barley and beans from the agricultural
(http://channelislands.noaa.gov/shipwreck/dbase/cinms/aggi1.html).
On her last voyage she left San Francisco of the 29th April 1915 in tow headed
for the Panama Canal, which was less than a year old when she was caught in a
storm. Her cargo shifted submerging the forecastle of the vessel. The crew was
unable to gain control of her and she struck “Talcott Shoal, 1 mile northwest of
shipwreck/dbase/cinms/aggi1.html).
14
Fig 8: Northern Shipwreck Database CD-ROM (2002): Aggi
The Aggi, because she wrecked so close to Santa Rosa Island is now in the
National Park (CINP) has proprietary jurisdiction extending one nautical mile
offshore of the islands Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara
(CINMS 2003, 1). But CINP’s jurisdiction is within the California State Lands
Commission jurisdiction, which extends three nautical miles offshore, and it also
is overlapped by CINMS jurisdiction that extends offshore for six nautical miles
Aggi.
15
Managing California’s Underwater Cultural Resources
Program (NMSP) for California, and the leading agency for implementing this
by NOAA (CINMS 2006, i). These are the federal governing bodies that
implement laws and regulations regarding the offshore waters of the Channel
Islands, Richardson Rock, and Castle Rock within the six nautical mile
jurisdiction that this area, which is also a Sanctuary. The National Park Service
(NSP) also has jurisdiction up to one nautical mile offshore of four of the Channel
Islands: Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara. There
(CINP) service and CINMS share in the management and protection as well as
and Park.
Because these Islands are also considered the sovereign lands of the
6301 of the California Public Resource Code also manages and protects these
coastlines out to three nautical miles (CINMS 2006, i). According to CINMS, the
responsibility” to “preserve the public’s land for the use and enjoyment of future
generations”.
16
The above listed authorities strive for the same objectives under that
National Marine Sanctuaries Act, which is to “protect all natural and historical
The mission of the NMSP “is to identify, designate and manage areas of
the marine environment of special national, and in some cases
international, significance due to their conservation, recreational,
ecological, historical, research, educational, or aesthetic qualities.” (15
CFR 922.2(a)) Per the NMSA, the NMSP strives to improve the
conservation and management of marine resources and seeks to
“maintain for future generations the habitat, and ecological services, of
the natural assemblage of living resources that inhabit these areas” (16
U.S.C.1431 (a)(4)(C)). This statutory finding guides the NMSP to a broad
and comprehensive management approach consistent with NMSA’s
primary objective of resource protection. The focus of such an approach
is broad-scale, ecosystem-level protection and management, unique from
the various agencies and laws directed at managing single or limited
numbers of species or specific human activities within the ocean (CINMS
2006, 1).
These authorities also function under Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act. In order to better protect these shipwreck sites, the Channel
Islands National Marine Sanctuary, Channel Islands National Park, and the
sites for The National Register For Historic Places. According to CINMS (2003,
4) the Aggi, Cuba, Goldenhorn, and Winfield Scott are listed as historic
shipwreck properties. For any shipwreck to qualify for the National Register For
and association…and (A) that are associated with events that have made a
significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or (B) that are
17
significant in our past; or (C) that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,
(NPS: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/regulations.htm#605). “
enforce these laws, there are organizations such as the Coastal Maritime
numerous projects for the NPS (CMAR 2006). CMAR was established in 1993,
and are “actively involved in outreach programs that are designed to advance the
Maritime Heritage Resources inventory of the 140 known historic sites in the
Sanctuary and Park. As mentioned, only four of these vessels have made it to
the National Register For Historic Places. CINMS provides a partial list on their
website of thirty 19th and 20th century wrecks out of the 140 known wrecks that
rest within their federally governed six-mile nautical jurisdiction. The protection,
legislation that was passed 9th April 2003. The map below outlines two of the
Heritage Resources. It’s key outlines the areas recently affected by the
18
implementation of the States Marine Protected Area. There now are ten reserves
Fig 9: Map of California State Marine Protected Areas in the Channel Islands (2003)
(http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mrd/channel_islands/ci_finalmap.html)
The law that was passed to create California’s State Marine Protected Areas
Although the primary objective of the CSMPA is to protect the National Marine
19
become artificial reefs for many biological life forms and therefore become a
physical structure and underwater cultural resource benefiting form these marine
zones is the Winfield Scott. Almost the entire north/west side of Anacapa Island
has been designated as a marine reserve prohibiting any kind of fishing. The
implication of the State reserve is that many activities are restricted, including
recreational diving. Who decides these matters and under which legislations will
now be reviewed.
Los Angeles California National Parks Nil (but State Coastal Maritime
Maritime State Lands Service and Federal Archaeology
Museum Commission have to Recourses
National adhere to
Santa Barbara California Oceanographic UNCLOS
Maritime
State Parks and since rejoining
Museum
Atmospheric UNESCO in
Administration 2003)
Just to reiterate, each of these bodies create the management and organizational
schemes for the various programs, which have been implemented for The
20
conserve California’s Maritime Heritage. Below is a chart with the main bodies
NOAA to ensure public participation in the sanctuary. Below SAC there has been
specific areas related to education, conservation, fishing, port and harbor issues,
military activities, but nothing for under water cultural heritage per se
listed below:
21
• Ad Hoc Group on Enforcement of Marine Reserves
o They consult law enforcement agencies with regards to enforcing
marine reserve policies
• Sub-committee on Developing Management Plan Performance Measures
o To make sure the management plans of the National Marine
Sanctuary Program are productive, effective and, efficient
(http://www.channelislands.noaa.gov/sac/wgsub.html)
There are several other groups listed, but the recreational scuba diving
community does not seem to be represented by any of these groups, nor do they
have a working group of their own. This seems to be a failure in the organization
community, and numerous dive operations travel to the Channel Islands with
business for the dive operations that they are represented by the Ad Hoc Group
case, to would seem more reasonable to create a specific working group or sub-
committee for the recreational diving community and dive operators, just as the
the only concern for these organizations. They must also balance protection and
general. Both being intertwined by their relations to the sea, and the museums
22
that are used to educate the public, disseminate information and knowledge to
the community, and to preserve the cultural heritage that it not located on the
seafloor.
a nonprofit, privately owned organization. The maritime museum over the years
purchased land near Fisherman’s Warf and numerous vessels for their historical
collection. On June 27, 1988, Congress passed the Public Law 100-348
establishing the Maritime museum, park areas, and the historic vessels as the
administrative unit of the National Park Service and no longer a privately owned
(http://www.nps.gov/safr/parkmgmt/upload/Safrgmp.pdf).
The NPS now has the responsibility of preserving the historical vessels
owned by The San Francisco’s Maritime National Historic Park. One vessel
called Balclutha is more than 10 years older than the Aggi (built 1894). The
Balclutha was built in 1885, and launched from a shipyard near Glasgow,
management plan in order to execute the objectives of the Park. Many of the
the San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park can be compared to those
National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan. Both have their unique challenges
particularly with the protection and preservation of ships. The former deals with
vessels that have not wrecked (entails yearly upkeep and costs) and they now
have a total of six ships that are still floating that they must mange, protect and
preserve. The latter, has over 140 shipwrecks and aircraft within its boundaries,
and as it has been noted earlier, some of these are wrecks of archaeological and
historical significance, which also needs to be protected and preserved (as well
as they can be in the underwater environment). The small chart below compares
CINMSMP SFMNHP
Volunteer Programs ☺ ☺
CRM ☺ ☺
Preservation ☺ ☺
Mange Environmental Cont. ☺ ☺
Manage visitor use ☺ ☺
Clearly delineate boundaries ☺ ☺
Protect natural habitat ☺ "
Educational Programs ☺ ☺
Libraries # ☺
Archives # ☺
Museum Exhibits ☺ ☺
Lectures/ Seminars ☺ ☺
24
Just from this small sample of management plan goals and objectives, it is clear
Underwater Cultural Heritage is not much unlike providing for, and protection of,
California’s Maritime Heritage above the sea. The strategies are very different
such a short essay, it can be difficult to pull in the most significant aspects that
maritime cultural heritage extends as far back as circa 800 to 150 before the
present, with the settlement of the Chumash Indians along the California coast
and Channel Islands. The Chumash Indians and their maritime technologies
represent a very important place in local cultural heritage within California. But
cultural heritage, whether of a maritime nature or in general, does not begin and
end with the local aspect. As it has been shown, California’s Maritime Cultural
Heritage is rich throughout time. Historical documents place both the Spanish
Manila Galleons and Sir Francis Drake within California State territorial waters,
bays and along California’s coastline in the 16th century. These events broaden
setting. If The National Parks Service finds the remains of the Spanish Galleon
25
archaeological remains of its earliest known shipwreck, and its own linkage to
early European Maritime History through those cultural material remains instead
It has also been shown that early modern maritime history (within the last
three centuries) plays a vital role in California’s Maritime Heritage: both above
and below the sea. This material culture, which is so important to California’s
Maritime Heritage and its identity, must be managed in order for it to protected
and preserved. The latter half of this essay discussed the various laws,
By covering the material in this format, it was possible to answer all of the
questions posed at the being of this essay clearly. The role each of these
preservations, and parks has been addressed and the objectives set forth at the
26
Bibliography
British Museum, The (2007) Maris Pacifici , circa 1592 (British Museum online
collection) consulted 02.03.07
<http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/britishlibrary/controller/subjectidsearch?id=995&s
tartid=4500&width=4&height=2&idx=2>
California State Lands Commission (2004) Cabrillo Port Liquefied natural Gas
Deepwater Port—Draft EIS/EIR (Sacramento: California State Lands
Commission)
Color Map of Channel Islands MPA’s (2003) California Department of Fish and
Game, Marine Region online. Consulted 09.02.07
<http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mrd/channel_islands/ci_finalmap.html>
27
Office of Historic Preservation (1997) Forging A Future With A Past: A
Comprehensive Statewide Historic Preservation Plan For California. OHP:
Sacramento).
Oxley, I (1998) The Investigation of The Factors The Affect the Preservation of
Underwater Archaeological Sites. In L. Babits and H.V Tilburg (eds.) Maritime
Archaeology: A Reader of Substantive and Theoretical Contributions (Plenum
Press: New York).
Mystic Seaport: The Museum of America and the Sea (2007) The Illustrated
London News (1849) consulted 05.03.07
http://www.mysticseaport.org/library/Images/l026409/l026409-002-r.gif
National Marine Protected Area Center (2006) Marine Protected Areas, Marine
Cultural and Historic Newsletter 3.04: 1-24.
National Parks Service (2005) Channel Islands National Park (NPS online)
consulted 20.02.07< http://www.nps.gov/archive/chis/homepage.htm>
National Parks Service (no date) National Register of Historic Places (online)
consulted 09.02.07 http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/
Santa Cruz Island Foundation (no date) A Brief History of California’s Channel
Islands (online) consulted 17.02.07 <http://www.west.net/~scifmail/history.html>
29