MECHANICAL PAPER

PRESENTATION

Impact of mechanical engineering in

sustainable energy
 ABSTRACT:-

The present paper deals with the production of the energy for the rural sector.
The energy production in a rural sector is not well organize and efficient. This
paper deal with the development of power generation from the renewable
source of energy like the wind, solar and compost. The present technology is a
hybrid of above all three (wind +solar+ compost). The wind mill or turbine
which can generate 80% of the energy use for household purpose. Wind speeds
are often low in summer, when the sun resources are at their best during the
raining we have a well and good supply of the compost which will add as the
fuel to the system and the system will work without any kind of the hindrance
and this is the most important part of our product. The Wind turbine are the
smaller or larger rotating machine that convert the kinetic energy of the wind
into the mechanical energy of the shaft which can be used to produce the
electrical energy with the help of the generator. Solar cells or the solar panel are
the part which convert the solar energy into the electrical energy. Compost can
produce the electrical energy with the help of the micro turbine these are the
small gas turbine that burn methane mixed with the compressed air the hot
pressurized gaseous that result from the combustion are forced out of the
combustion chamber and the turbine wheel causing it to spin and turn the
generator in addition to the most micro turbine include a compressor recuperate
(a gas to gas heat exchanger that uses some of the heat from the exhaust to pre
heat the incoming air) and various devices for controlling combustion and
converting electricity to the desired form. This also known for their relatively
clean combustion and low exhaust emission particularly NOx component.
INTRODUCTION

WIND TURBINE

Wind energy is the most pure form of the energy which we can posses and is also one of the most efficient
form of the energy. Wind turbine/mills are the method of harnessing the fluid power (wind) into mechanical
power. When the shaft of the wind mill is hooked up to generator the electric energy is formed. Some of the
convention in the wind mill technology is that at the most only 16/27 the part of the kinetic energy of the wind
can be extracted this is called the bentz limit and can be easily proved by the mathematical calculus Most of the
today‟s wind mill are able to extract the 30 %of the wind power. Power available per square meter
=P=P*.5*u*u*u and the equation for the power available is given by Rated power is the maximum power output
of the turbine which is dependent on the number of the factor especially the generator and the wind speed.

Configuration
Sound wave is elastic:-pressure wave are constantly being created and propagated by the wind blades and
the turbine as the whole (46 DB) of the sound is allowed in the residential area this cause the problem of the
development of the sound which make a negative impact for the acceptance of the wind mill. This is the
phenomenon greatly affecting the second configuration of the wind mill that is the vertical axis wind mill. That
is the reason why the vertical axis wind mill are not preferred and the greater maintenance phenomenon larger
space requirement. So we will prefer the horizontal axis wind mill for the power production and the
development of the system because of the simple design and easy maintained. Eradication of the sound wave is
not possible but the reduction will do it great. There is another concept that is of the environment concern that it
causes the noise visual impact and the death of the birds, this can be removed by the application of the florescent
paints and the development of the electronic circuit which will keep the fling creature away. And above all is
easily possible in the horizontal axis wind mill.
 DESIGN SAFTEY

The design is one of the safest designs with the fluorescent paint. It has a mechanical breaking system which
can stop the function of the turbine according to our will and make the structure controllable and safe and easy
for maintenance. Energy storing device is simple and easy to operate. And there is the presence of the current
control device which will stop the overcharging of the battery and other system. The device will work to save
our instrument from the short circuit and other electrical problem. Because of the lattice configuration the
maintenance factor is feasible.

DESIGN OF THE WIND TURBINE

Basic point to be consider where the wind mill should be establish.*Available wind energy, higher near the
coastal region very large lake and the offshore island.*Mean wind speed.*Seasonal density of the air or the
relative density of the air.*Hazardous condition like the wind storm. Average wind speeds in India are around
5.6-7.5m per second, according to the Centre for Wind Energy Technology, an Indian government unit. The
centre for the development of the wind energy.

The technology describe have very robust design with the gust fighting capacity .The design is of the 5
interconnected wind wheel of the PPV with the gears on the circumference of all the five wheels out of these
entire five wheels, 4 wheels are of the same dimension and the same blade cut and design. Fifth wheel special
centre power wheel will help us to collect the wind power from the entire four wind wheel and transmit it to the
gear box. Various factor considered while designing the wind wheel is removal of the noise problem use of the
special material so that it doesn‟t cause interference in the communication system if it is installed on the Indian
roof top. Site selection is very important for both effective performance and safe operation of wind turbine.
Because wind power is a cube function of the wind speed, a 10% increase in wind speed will result in
approximately a 37% increase in the wind power available from the wind and a similar increase in turbine
performance. For example, wind energy at a wind speed of 5 m/s is twice as much as wind energy at a wind
speed of 4 m/s. And it is always true that as the tower gets higher off the ground, the wind speed grows stronger.
Wind turbine will get a better performance as the tower erects higher. The wind turbine will be severely
damaged and its operational life span can be affected if it is installed in a site where there is unstable air flow or
severe turbulence. Furthermore, turbulence can substantially reduce the capacity of the wind turbine to generate
power. Therefore, a site with severe turbulence should not be chosen but avoided at all cost. The tower should
be at least 20 feet higher than the highest obstacle. The above are the basic guide line still there are various other
factors like the surrounding trees and many more so it is important to analyze all this while working on the
Indian rooftop it is highly consider the height of the wind mills.

Major problem

1. The most important is the lack of the knowledge regarding the advantages wind mill in the common
people. There is the requirement to advertise green and to propagate green. The under graduate study
do not cover the topic of wind mill in good sense so it should also be included in curriculum

2. Inequality in the house terraces causing the varied height by increasing the obstacle to the wind mill so
the height of the tower can‟t be analyzed in the well manner.

3. The components and the spares part of the wind mill is not available in the market easily and the lack
of the service.
4. People are unaware to long term benefits in this area and the wind mills are considered hard to manage
because of the battery and the other arrangement.

5. Lack of the industrial approach and lack of the open market for the wind mill causing the barrier for the
development of the wind mill in the Indian market.

6. Indian people are advertisement-friendly and consider the market according to the advertisement and
move for those things which are highly advertise.

7. Discontinuous housing development and the geographic condition. Discontinuous hilly region and the
plane region cause the variation for the development of the wind mill.

8. Wind wheel favoring conditions in the costal region are not utilized fully.

9. NGO and the government organizations lacking their steps to advertise green technology and help
people to install the wind mills.

10. Lack of the confidence of people to generate power on home.

11. No development of the main grid and the renewable grid of the power system so that the factor of
storage can be removed and the power can be sell out easily and achieve back from the main grid. As
the Suzlon and GE Energy have develop the system for that and the system function able in Canada

Technical Feature

1. Start up Wind Speed (m/s): 2.3(according to the present model)

2. Wind Speed at which the production start (m/s): 3
3. Wind Speed at which the max energy can be obtained (m/s): 12
4. Wind Speed till which the mill work efficiently (m/s): 35
5. Rated Power (W): 5kw
6. Maximum Power (W): (not tested)

Geometrical feature

1. Wind wheel Diameter of larger wind wheel 1.5

2. Wind wheel diameter of smaller wind wheel 0.635m
3. Number of wind wheels: 5

Manufacturing feature
1. Material of blades: PPV conducting plastic
2. Over-speed protection: Aerodynamic effects of the blades and electromagnetic brake
3. Over-current protection: Use of the current control device
4. Design specification
 1. *With the help of this design we can reduce the noise to the lower side of the limit and cam maintain it
below 46 dB
2. *This design have the five separate structure and they are easy to remove so easy to maintain
a. Easy production of the wind wheel by the help of the injection moulding and there is the
present market which has the efficient technology for the production of the wind wheel which
is extensively used in the cooling tower from many years. Injection moulding and the large
scale production will decrease the price and make it more economically efficient.
3. Design doesn‟t have any tedious arrangement as all the 4 wheel are active and are free it is easy to
remove the wheel and replace new
4. The design is also active for the wind speed low than that of 5m/s. No interference to the
communication system
5. Active response to the small wind resulting into good power production.
6. Good aesthetic look.

Design of the tower

The height of a small turbine tower should take into account the height of the surrounding obstacles: to attain
maximum efficiency, the height of the tower should allow the bottom of the turbine blades to be 10 meters (30
feet) or more above the top of any obstacle within 100 meters/300 feet of the tower. However, the tower height
depends also on the turbine model and characteristics. In the above given model the most suitable tower
structure is the lattice configuration the example of that is shown below. This kind of the tower are the cheaper
one and are easily climbable, or to use the small dia tube as the tower supported by the guy wires. But the first
solution is the best keeping in mind the factor of maintenance and durability and is also cost effective. Since in
India the height of the buildings varies and so it will affect the height and so it is the pre field analysis which
will help for the determination of the height of the tower and is the onsite work before installation. So the height
of the tower can‟t be estimated without the site visit and so we have not included the analysis of the design.

Operation and Maintenance

As the above design is the simple one no complicated circuit and no more sensor technology and present of
the easy mechanism the wind wheel turbine is easy to operate. And the maintained of this wind wheel will be
less because of the small disintegrated part and the blade will be cheaper because of mass production by the
injection moulding so the replacement will charge less and there is no arrangement of tedious system to the
peripheral wheel so it can easily removed and replace. So to maintain and operate the present model is easy and
simple.

Technical and commercial feasibility

Visually the design may be seen as complicated but the complication will make it technically simpler and the
present industry working on the various polymers so the more suitable polymer will be coming up the character
of conducting and the strength. This design whose heart is the wind wheel the production of this component is
simple with the injection moulding and the cycle time for the production will be less and so a mass and
continuous production can be done which will make the component cheaper. Technically the simple mechanical
breaking system is used in the design which makes it easy to control. The tower is climbable so is simple to
manage and service the product and the maintenance of the product .The development of the gears on the
circumference is the hard job but can be performed easily by the injection moulding and the dimensional
accuracy can also be maintained by the same process.

Wind energy mechanism develop under this project is the simplest form of the multi blade wind mill with the
help of the polymer technology so that this technology revolutionaries the production of the wind mill with the
mass production of the wind mill. The basic polymer is made up of the conducting polymer which will eradicate
all the present problem of the current wind mills. These wind mills are efficient even at the small wind speed of
5m/s. The present problem of the interference in the communication waves can be easily solved with the help of
development of such a wind turbine. These wind turbines are highly efficient and follow the upper level of bentz
rule. These wind mills do not require any kind of furling mechanism and yawing mechanism and multiple of
these wind mills can be used for the integrated production of the energy.

COMPOST

The system has main aim to design and develop for the management of the waste of the urban and the metro
city and the rural sector. The compost and the waste of the cow act as the feed material for the generation of the
heat and the electricity. Major biodegradable product which are used for the power production is used daily
product.
To produce electricity from methane are improving continuously in the western area but the application of the
such technology in India is still awaited and this is the most sad part of this we are developing in the all the
sector but the use of the non-renewable source of the energy is only approached and this is the most saddest part
because this cause the generation of the pollution and also the unnecessary loss of the natural resources and the
problem of the economic inequality giving rise to the unnecessary political and the ethical issue. In this article I
have discussed regarding the some of the instrument that can be used to produce the electrical energy. This old
but the new production technology of the energy will revolutionaries‟ the word because that will result into the
production of the energy in the cheaper rate and the energy without pollution and the energy without the politics
and true equal energy concept. The machine those convert the compost into the energy is are of the two types

1. Micro turbines

2. Reciprocating gas engine

Micro turbine:-these are the small turbine which is burn methane mixed with the compressed air. The true
uniqueness of these micro design is its small structure which can be installed.” all the component are housed in
the self contained unit roughly the size of the large household appliance.

Micro turbine can be scaled to accommodate small power generators and the user.

On the other side the reciprocating gas are essentially natural gas engine that have been transformed into the
machine that can handle larger volume of the f

The primary design is given below

Aesthetics:

Improves the surrounding because of uses of the waste biodegradable product and also eliminates the need of
heavy structures for power transmission and also the overhead power lines.
Cost-effective:

The micro turbines are cost effective with the community and social uses

Functional:

1. Provides better power reliability and quality, especially for those areas which are far away from the
main power grid and for a good social consumption with supply to the remote areas where traditional
transmission lines are not present as an option

2. Can be alternative to diesel generators for onsite power for mission critical functions like party and the
primary schools in the remote village areas and for the remote hospitals

3. Improve grid reliability

4. Can be located on site with space limitation for the production of power

Productive:

1. Provides high quality power for sensitive applications

2. Faster response time

3. Capacitive addition and reduction can be made easily

4. Standby power decrease down time

5. Produce less noise than reciprocating engines

Characteristics of micro turbines:

1. Quality power and reliability

2. Stand-by power
3. Peak saving
4. Boost power
5. Low cost energy
6. Combined heat and power

Strengths of Micro turbines:

1. No efficient fuel
2. Less noise
3. Lesser vibration.
4. Less maintenance.

Weaknesses of Micro turbines:

1. Low fuel to electricity efficiency

2. Loss of power output and efficiency with higher ambient temperature and elevation
So these kinds of systems are easily applicable in those villages and rural areas where the main grid power lines
are not available with the social society (Co-operative society), a small power generation system can be created
which produce the power by decomposing the waste of the household and animal dung. This system promotes
larger generation of power which can be utilized by a small village and prove out to be the most reliable source
of electrical energy in the distant villages.

SOLAR ENERGY

We have always used solar energy as far back as humans have existed on this planet. We know today, that
there are multiple uses of solar energy. We use the solar energy every day in many different ways. When we
hang laundry outside to dry in the sun, we are using the solar heat to do work, drying our clothes. Plants use the
solar light to make food. Animals eat plants for food. And as we learned, decaying plants hundreds of millions
of years ago produced the coal, oil and natural gas that we use today. Very often there is confusion about the
various methods used to harness solar energy. Energy from the sun can be categorized in two ways: (1) in the
form of heat (or thermal energy), and (2) in the form of light energy. Solar thermal technologies uses the solar
heat energy to heat substances (such as water or air) for applications such as space heating, pool heating and
water heating for homes and businesses. There are a variety of products on the market that uses solar thermal
energy. Often the products used for this application are called solar thermal collectors and can be mounted on
the roof of a building or in some other sunny location. The solar heat can also be used to produce electricity on a
large utility-scale by converting the solar energy into mechanical energy.

Solar Cell
You've probably seen calculators that have Solar cells, calculators that never need batteries, and in some
cases don't even have an off button. As long as you have enough light, solar cells seem to work forever. You
may have seen larger solar panels on emergency road signs or call boxes, on buoys, even in parking lots to
power lights.
Although these larger solar panels aren't as common as solar powered calculators, they're out there and not that
hard to spot if you know where to look. There are solar cell arrays on satellites, where they are used to power
the electrical systems.
You have probably also been hearing about the "solar revolution" for the last 20 years the idea that one day we
will all use free electricity from the sun. This is a seductive promise: On a bright, sunny day, the sun shines
approximately 1,000 watts of energy per square meter of the planet's surface, and if we could collect all of that
energy into solar cells we could easily power our homes and offices for free.
In this article, we will examine solar cells to learn how they convert the sun's energy directly into electricity. In
the process, you will learn why we are getting closer to using the solar energy on a daily basis, and why we still
have more research to do before the process becomes cost effective.

Powering a House with Solar Energy

 Now that we have our PV modules, what do we do with it? What would you have to do to power your house
with solar energy? Although it's not as simple as just slapping some modules on your roof, it's not extremely
difficult to do, either.
First of all, not every roof has the correct orientation or angle of inclination to take advantage of the sun's
energy. Non-tracking PV systems in the Northern Hemisphere should point toward true south (this is the
orientation). They should be inclined at an angle equal to the area's latitude to absorb the maximum amount of
energy year-round. A different orientation and/or inclination could be used if you want to maximize energy
production for the morning or afternoon, and/or the summer or winter. Of course, the modules should never be
shaded by nearby trees or buildings, no matter the time of day or the time of year. In a PV module, even if just
one of its 36 cells is shaded, solar power production will be reduced by more than half.
If you have a house with a UN shaded, south-facing roof, you need to decide what size system you need. This is
complicated by the facts that your electricity production depends on the weather, which is never completely
predictable, and that your electricity demand will also vary. These hurdles are fairly easy to clear.
Meteorological data gives average monthly sunlight levels for different geographical areas. This takes into
account rainfall and cloudy days, as well as altitude, humidity, and other more subtle factors. You should design
for the worst month, so that you'll have enough electricity all year. With that data, and knowing your average
household demand (your utility bill conveniently lets you know how much energy you use every month),there
are simple methods you can use to determine just how many PV modules you'll need. You'll also need to decide
on a system voltage, which you can control by deciding how many modules to wire in series.
You may have already guessed a couple of problems that we'll have to solve. First, what do we do when the sun
isn't shining? Certainly, no one would accept only having electricity during the day, and then only on clear days,
if they have a choice. We need energy storage -- batteries. Unfortunately, batteries add a lot of cost and
maintenance to the PV system. Currently, however, it's a necessity if you want to be completely independent.
One way around the problem is to connect your house to the utility grid, buying power when you need it and
selling to them when you produce more than you need. This way, the utility acts as a practically infinite storage
system. The utility has to agree, of course, and in most cases will buy power from you at a much lower price
than their own selling price. You will also need special equipment to make sure that the power you sell to your
utility is synchronous with theirs -- that it shares the same sinusoidal waveform and frequency. Safety is an issue
as well. The utility has to make sure that if there's a power outage in your neighbourhood; your PV system won't
try to feed electricity into lines that a lineman may think is dead. This is called islanding.
If you decide to use batteries, keep in mind that they will have to be maintained, and then replaced after a
certain number of years. The PV modules should last 20 years or more, but batteries just don't have that kind of
useful life. Batteries in PV systems can also be very dangerous because of the energy they store and the acidic
electrolytes they contain, so you'll need a well-ventilated, non-metallic enclosure for them.
Although several different kinds of batteries are commonly used, the one characteristic they should all have
in common is that they are deep-cycle batteries. Unlike your car battery, which is a shallow-cycle battery, deep-
cycle batteries can discharge more of their stored energy while still maintaining long life. Car batteries discharge
a large current for a very short time -- to start your car -- and are then immediately recharged as you drive. PV
batteries generally have to discharge a smaller current for a longer period (such as all night), while being
charged during the day.
The most commonly used deep-cycle batteries are lead-acid batteries (both sealed and vented) and nickel-
cadmium batteries. Nickel-cadmium batteries are more expensive, but last longer and can be discharged more
completely without harm. Even deep-cycle lead-acid batteries can't be discharged 100 percent without seriously
shortening battery life, and generally, PV systems are designed to discharge lead-acid batteries no more than 40
percent or 50 percent.
Also, the use of batteries requires the installation of another component called a charge controller. Batteries
last a lot longer if care is taken so that they aren't overcharged or drained too much. That's what a charge
controller does. Once the batteries are fully charged, the charge controller doesn't let current from the PV
modules continue to flow into them. Similarly, once the batteries have been drained to a certain predetermined
level, controlled by measuring battery voltage, many charge controllers will not allow more current to be
drained from the batteries until they have been recharged. The use of a charge controller is essential for long
battery life.
The other problem is that the electricity generated by your PV modules, and extracted from your batteries if
you choose to use them, is direct current, while the electricity supplied by your utility (and the kind that every
appliance in your house uses) is alternating current. You will need an inverter, a device that converts DC to AC.
Most large inverters will also allow you to automatically control how your system works. Some PV modules,
called AC modules, actually have an inverter already built into each module, eliminating the need for a large,
central inverter, and simplifying wiring issues.
Solar Energy Production Process
Energy production through means of solar energy is the future of world's energy needs. This free energy
from sun can be easily converted into electrical energy to reduce energy costs and provide electricity in remote
areas where infrastructure is limited.

Energy Production

A technical overview of the equipment used in a solar electric system.

To select a solar electric system for your home or RV, you should know what the major parts are called, what
each one is for, and how they work together. Here is a quick overview explaining the whole process. .
The Process
Sun shining on solar panels produces direct current electricity, or DC, the only kind of power stored in batteries.
Often this is 12 volt DC, the standard used in cars and RVs. Larger systems may be designed for 24 volt DC, or
sometimes 48 volt DC. This just means combining the same solar panels in pairs for 24 volt, or groups of four to
get 48 volt. Windmills and micro-hydro generators produce DC for charging batteries.
This DC power is stored in deep cycle lead-acid batteries, which give back the electricity as needed, even when
no power is being produced. Like a bank account, power put into batteries over a period of time can be taken out
more quickly if a lot is needed. Like a bank account you cannot take out more than you put in, or the account
will be depleted. Moreover, lead-acid batteries need to be frequently 100% fully charged to remain in good
condition. They should never be drawn completely down to empty. Because of these needs, to get the most years
from your batteries requires some supervision by the owner.
The inverter is a major component that converts the 12, 24, or 48 volt DC current from the battery into 120
volt AC current, the same as utility power for standard household lights, outlets, and appliances. Most solar
homes use primarily 120 volt AC produced by the inverter. A few DC circuits are usually added where using
DC can save a lot of energy. Sometimes a small solar electric RV, boat, or cabin may have no inverter, and use
only DC wiring and appliances.

SAFE EFFICIENT ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE FOR THE THREE HYBRID SYSTEM

Ultra capacitors: A new generation of ultra capacitors is emerging, and hopes they revolutionize the power
grid, too? Capacitors have traditionally been used to produce quick bursts of speed and to deliver fast charge
times, rather than for endurance, but some of the newer ultra capacitors are getting better in this area. Grapheme
Energy, an Austin-based ultra capacitor developer that emerged in January and is seed funded by Quarks Trust,
works with the strongest material ever tested — a one-atom thick sheet of graphite — and is looking to apply its
device to the power grid.

The Smart Storage technology is a hybrid battery which combines an asymmetric „super capacitor‟ electrode
and a lead-acid battery in a single unit cell. Advanced materials used for the electrodes and current management
absorb and release charge rapidly and at efficiencies well above conventional battery types. „Ultra battery‟
which has been successfully trailed in hybrid vehicles,”

Extensive technology development is now underway to produce a low cost and easily manufactured deep-
cycle stationary battery that meets demanding variable operating conditions. “The Smart Storage technology is
based on CSIRO‟s „Ultra battery‟ which has been successfully trailed in hybrid vehicles,” (statement from the
GM of the industry)It is expected that the discharge and charge power of the Smart Storage battery will be 50
per cent higher and its cycle-life at least three times longer than that of the conventional lead-acid counterpart.

Conclusion
As we have seen that the wind, solar and compost work well in absence of each other. While combining the
systems we can generate electricity endlessly in the rainy, summer and winter seasons without any hindrance
and a proper and systematic method of storing the energy is also discussed above which play an important role
in the social life to the rural sector. Successful application of these technologies will bring the electricity to the
60% of rural world which is deprived from their basic need of electricity. It will also reduce the political
dependability of the electrical energy. It will also bring the development in the rural sector by developing the
industries and various electrical dependants. The social dilemma of not having the electricity which is the curse
to the some of the developing society there will be always a barrier if sustainable technologies are not evolver in
the system. Then the system has to face the problems and there will be always a gap between in the developing
and the developed nation and other production will cause the pollution in the system so that will be having much
higher cost than that of the life. This system can effectively effect the life of the people of the developing nation
like India and the Nigeria where there is the great prospect of development but there is no electricity when we
have summer we have a great power cut so all the things which is related with the power can be solved very
easily by using the sustainable energy.
References
http://energy-guru.com/Wind%20Energy%20Information.htm
http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in

GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS

1. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy - MNRE

2. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency - IREDA

WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATIONS

1. Indian Wind Energy Association - INWEA

2. Indian Wind Turbine Manufactures Association - IWTMA

WIND ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

1. Centre for Wind Energy Technology - C-WET

2. World Institute of Sustainable Energy - WISE

RENEWABLE ENERGY

1. Wind Power India

2. The Source for Renewable Energy

PERIODICALS

1 - Renewable Energy A newsletter of MNRE

2. Green Energy Archives - WISE Publications

3. In Wind Chronicle - An International magazine on wind industry

4. India Green File