3 Force and Motion

Practice 3.1 (p. 104) 6 (a) The MTR train is accelerating in the
1 C forward direction. The man tends to
2 C move at his original speed (smaller
3 (b), (e), (f) speed), so he would move backwards
4 relative to the MTR train.
(b) The MTR train is slowing down. The
man tends to move at his original speed
(greater speed), so he would move
forwards relative to the MTR train.
(c) The MTR train is moving forwards at
constant velocity. The man moves
forwards with the same constant velocity,
so he would remain at rest relative to the
MTR train.
(d) The MTR train is turning a corner. The
5 (a) Stretching a rubber band man tends to move at his original
(b) Standing on the floor direction, so he would move outwards
(c) Walking relative to the MTR train.
(d) Exists in every object on the earth at any 7 In space, the gravitational force acts on the
time spaceship is negligible. When the rockets are
(e) A compass shut down, they do not exert a force on the
(f) A rubbed plastic ruler attracts small bits spaceship. Therefore, no net force acts on the
of paper spaceship. By Newton’s first law, the
spaceship is in uniform motion and can travel
Practice 3.2 (p. 111) far out in space.
1 C 8 Joan moves on the ice surface with a constant
2 C velocity.
3 D
4 C Practice 3.3 (p. 122)
5 (a) No. Athletes would hit the wall of the 1 D
stadium if it is too close to the finishing 2 A
line. 3 B
(b) The mat is used to protect the athletes if 4 A
they hit the wall after passing the 5 D
finishing line.


6 (a) 7 (a) Horizontal component
= 40 + 30 cos 30° = 66.0 N
Vertical component
= 30 sin 30° = 15 N
Resultant = 66 2 + 15 2 = 67.7 N
Let θ be the angle between the resultant
Resultant’s magnitude is 67 N and the and the horizontal.
15
angle between the resultant and the tan = θ = 12.8°
66
horizontal is 13°.
Resultant’s magnitude is 67.7 N and the
(b)
angle between the resultant and the
horizontal is 12.8°.
(b) Horizontal component
= 40 + 30 cos 45° = 61.2 N
Vertical component
= 30 sin 45° = 21.2 N
Resultant’s magnitude is 65 N and the Resultant = 61.2 2 + 21.2 2 = 64.8 N
angle between the resultant and the
Let θ be the angle between the resultant
horizontal is 19°.
and the horizontal.
(c) 21.2
tan = θ = 19.1°
61.2
Resultant’s magnitude is 64.8 N and the
angle between the resultant and the
horizontal is 19.1°.
(c) Horizontal component
= 40 + 30 cos 60° = 55 N
Resultant’s magnitude is 60 N and the
Vertical component
angle between the resultant and the
= 30 sin 60° = 26.0 N
horizontal is 25°.
(d) Resultant = 55 2 + 26.0 2 = 60.8 N
Let θ be the angle between the resultant
and the horizontal.
26.0
tan = θ = 25.3°
55
Resultant’s magnitude is 60.8 N and the
angle between the resultant and the
Resultant’s magnitude is 50 N and the horizontal is 25.3°.
angle between the resultant and the
horizontal is 37°.

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 (d) Resultant = 40 2 + 30 2 = 50 N Hence, the angle between the two 5-N forces
Let θ be the angle between the resultant is 120°.
and the horizontal. Alternative method:
30 By tip-to-tail method, the two 5-N forces and
tan = θ = 36.9°
40 the resultant 5-N force form an equilateral
Resultant’s magnitude is 50 N and the triangle. It is known that each angle of an
angle between the resultant and the equilateral triangle is 60°. Therefore, the
horizontal is 36.9°. angle between the two 5-N forces is 120°.
8 (a) 10

(b) Resultant force = 2 × 400 = 800 N

The resultant force provided by the cable is
800 N.
11 For the 2-kg mass:

(c) R = weight × cos θ = 20 cos 30°

= 17.3 N
9 Suppose the two forces act in the direction as
shown. T = 20 N
Therefore we have:

Vertical component Fx = 5 sin θ

Horizontal component Fy
= 5 − 5 cos θ = 5 × (1 − cos θ)
(magnitude of the resultant)2 = Fx2 + Fy 2
52 = (5 sin θ)2 + [5 × (1 − cos θ)]2 2T cos 45° = W
1 = sin θ + 1 − 2 cos θ + cos θ
2 2
2 × 20 × cos 45° = W
cos θ = 0.5 W = 28.3 N
θ = 60°
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12 (a) 2T sin 10° = 500 3 B
T = 1440 N 4 C
The tension of the string is 1440 N. 5 A
(b) Component of force Net force = ma = 40 × 0.5 = 20 N
= T cos 10° 6 C
= 1440 × cos 10° By v2 – u2 = 2as,
= 1420 N 0 – u2 = 2a(20)
The component of the force that pulls −u2 = 40a
the car is 1420 N. u2
a=−
13 (a) 40
u2
Resistance = ma = 12 × − = –0.03u2
40

7 ‘A bag of sugar weighs 10 N.’ or ‘A bag of

sugar has a mass of 1 kg.’
8 By F = ma,
F 800 000
a= = = 2 m s–2
m 4 × 10 5
(b) As the mass is stationary, the net force When it flies horizontally, its acceleration is
acting on it is zero. 2 m s–2.
(c) (i) y-component of F1 100
( )−0
v−u
= weight of mass 9 (a) a = = 3.6 = 4.63 m s–2
t 6
= 10 N
The acceleration of the car is
y-component of F1 = F1 sin 30°
4.63 m s–2.
F1 sin 30° = 10 N
(b) F = ma = 1500 × 4.63 = 6945 N
F1 = 20 N
The force provided by the car engine is
x-component of F1 = F1 cos 30° 6945 N.
= 20 cos 30° 10 (a)
= 17.3 N
(ii) y-component of F2 = 0
x-component of F2
= x-component of F1 = 17.3 N
(d) From (c)(i), F1 = 20 N.
F2 = x-component of F2 = 17.3 N

Practice 3.4 (p. 140) (b) (i) Downwards along the slide
1 D (ii) No net force
2 B (iii) No net force
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11 Take the upward direction as positive. 14 Take the downward direction as positive.
Weight = mg Let R be the reading of the balance.
5
= 3 × 10 × 10 (a) By F = ma,
6
= 3 × 10 N R − mg = 0
Net force = ma R = 20 N
5
= 3 × 10 × 12 The reading of the balance is 20 N.
6
= 3.6 × 10 N (b) By F = ma,
Net force = thrust – weight of the rocket mg − R = ma
Thrust = net force + weight of the rocket 20 − R = 2 × 1.5
6 6
= 3.6 × 10 + 3 × 10 R = 17 N
6
= 6.6 × 10 N The reading of the balance is 17 N.
The thrust of the rocket is 6.6 × 10 N.
6
(c) By F = ma,
12 (a) R − mg = 0
R = 20 N
The reading of the balance is 20 N.
(d) By F = ma,
mg − R = ma
20 − R = 2 × (−0.5)
R = 21 N
The reading of the balance is 21 N.
(b) The friction acting on the box is 3 N.
15 (a) f = mg sin θ = (2)(10)sin 10° = 3.47 N
(c) By F = ma,
F 5−3 The frictional force acting on the trolley
m= = = 1 kg
a 2 is 3.47 N.
The mass of the box is 1 kg. (b) By F = ma,
13 (a) (i) Weight, air resistance mg sin θ − f = ma
(ii) Weight (2)(10) sin 30° − 3.47 = 2a
(iii) Weight, air resistance a = 3.27 m s–2
In the above 3 cases, the net force acts When the trolley moves down the
downwards. runway, its acceleration is 3.27 m s–2.
(b) 16 (a) Take the direction of the car movement
as positive.
By F = ma,
F −6000
a= = = –4 m s–2
m 1500
By v = u + at

108
0 − (− )
v−u 3.6 = 7.5 s
t= =
a 4


 It takes 7.5 s to stop the car. 3 D
1 4 A
(b) By s = ut + at 2 ,
2
5 C
1
s = (30)(7.5) + (−4)(7.5) 2 = 112.5 m 6 (a)
2
The braking distance is 112.5 m.
17 (a)
AB BC CD DE
Acceleration
1 2 0 –3
a / m s–2
Net force
3 6 0 –9
F/N
(b) His comment is correct. From the graph,
the velocity of the object starts to
decrease from t = 30 s onwards and (b)

becomes zero at t = 40 s. If the force

continues to act on the object, its
velocity will become negative. That
means it will change its moving
direction.
18 (a)
Time t / s 0–5 5–10 10–20 20–30
Acceleration
0 4 1 0
a / m s–2
(c) Force acting on A by B and force acting
(b) During 0–5 s, the object is moving at a
on B by A.
constant velocity as no net force acts on
7 (a) When the roller skater exerts a force on
it. During 5–10 s, the object is moving
the wall, the wall also exerts an equal
with an acceleration of 4 m s–2 as a net
but opposite force on the skater.
force of 20 N acts on it. During 10–20 s,
Therefore the skater moves backwards.
the object is moving with an acceleration
(b) When the diver pushes the platform, the
of 1 m s–2 as a net force of 5 N acts on it.
platform also exerts an equal but
During 20–30 s, the object is moving at
opposite force on the diver. Therefore
constant velocity as no net force acts on
the diver gains speed and dives.
it.
(c) When we push ourselves against the side
of the pool, the pool exerts an equal but
Practice 3.5 (p. 148)
opposite force on us. Therefore we
1 D
accelerate forwards.
2 C

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 (d) When the runner exerts a force on the (c) (i) By F = ma,
starting block, the block exerts an equal F 20
a= = = 2.5 m s–2
but opposite force on the runner. m 3+5

Therefore the runner moves forwards. The accelerations of the blocks are

8 (a) (i) Trolley A’s weight component 2.5 m s–2.

down the plane (ii) By F = ma,
= mg sin θ 20 – force acting on A by B
= (3)(10) sin 20° = mAa = 3 × 2.5 = 7.5 N
= 10.3 N ∴Force acting on A by B
(ii) Net force acting on it = 12.5 N (towards the left)

= 10.3 N – T (down the plane) By Newton’s third law,

(b) (i) Trolley B’s weight component force acting on B by A
down the plane = force acting on A by B (opposite
= mg sin θ direction)
= (2)(10) sin 30° = 12.5 N (towards the right)
= 10 N 10 (a) F = ma = (1)(1) = 1 N
(ii) Net force acting on it The net force acting on toy car B during
= T – 10 N (up the plane) collision is 1 N towards the right.
(c) Trolley A moves down the plane while (b) By Newton’s third law of motion, the

trolley B moves up the plane. force acting on B by A has the same

9 (a) magnitude as that acting on A by B, but

their directions are opposite.
Therefore, the net force acting on toy car
A is 1 N towards the left.
(c) Take the direction towards the right as
positive.
By F = ma,
F
a=
m
−1
=
3
= −0.333 m s−2
v = u + at
= 3 + (–0.333)(0.5)
(b) Net force acting on A = 2.83 m s–1
= 20 N – force acting on A by B The velocity of toy car A after the
Net force acting on B collision is 2.83 m s–1 towards the right.
= force acting on B by A

! 
Practice 3.6 (p. 165) (b)
1 A
Moment of force
= 30 sin 15° × 0.7 = 5.44 N m (clockwise) (In the same direction, with equal
2 B distance from O and on different sides of
Let W be the weight of the girl nearer to the O.)
boy.
(c)
Take moment about the joint, in equilibrium,
clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment
600 × 3 = 400 × (2+1) + W × 2
(In opposite directions and acting at the
W = 300 N
same position.)
The weight of the girl nearer to the boy is
8 (a) Let F be the force exerted by the biceps.
300 N.
Take moment about the elbow contact
3 D
point.
f × 0.05 = 100 × 0.3
Clockwise moment
f = 600 N
= 5 × 10 × 0.3 + 1.5 × 10 × 0.15
4 (a) A door handle is placed well away from
= 17.25 N m
the hinge to give a large moment for
Anticlockwise moment
turning the door.
= F × 0.05
(b) A mechanic uses a long spanner to give
In equilibrium,
a large moment for undoing the nut.
clockwise moment = anticlockwise
5 The centre of gravity of the bat is outside the
moment
edge of the table. The weight of the bat seems
17.25 = F × 0.05
to act on the centre of gravity and produces a
F = 345 N
torque which tips the bat over. The bat then
The force exerted by the biceps is
falls down.
345 N.
6
(b) Take moment about the shoulder joint,
the clockwise moment (= weight of
dumb-bell × length of the whole arm) is
greatly increased. In order to balance the
(Accept other reasonable answers.) dumb-bell, the shoulder muscle has to
7 (a) exert a great force to provide a sufficient
anticlockwise moment. Therefore the
man feels more tired.
9 (a) Torque = 5 N × 0.5 m = 2.5 N m
(In opposite directions and acting at
different positions.)

" 
 (b) Maximum force that can be applied On the Moon:
maximum torque 50 1
= = = 100 N By s = ut + at 2 ,
perpendicular distance 0.5 2
1 10 2
10 (a) Let m be the maximum mass that the 2 = 0+ t
2 6
system can withstand.
t = 2.4 = 6 tE = 2.45 tE
Take moment about A.
m × 10 × 0.1 = 2.4 × 10 × 0.06 4 C
m = 1.44 kg 5 D
The maximum mass that the system can 6 B

withstand is 1.44 kg. 7 A

(b) Use a G-clamp to fix the stand on the 8 B
bench or add a heavy weight on the 9 D

platform of the stand. 10 D

11 B
Revision exercise 3 12 A
Multiple-choice (p. 170) 13 D

1 A 14 (HKCEE 2006 Paper II Q31)

Moment of force about O 15 (HKCEE 2007 Paper II Q6)

=F×d 16 (HKCEE 2007 Paper II Q30)

= 8 sin 45° × 0.4 17 (HKCEE 2007 Paper II Q27)

= 2.26 N m (clockwise)
2 A Conventional (p. 173)
By F = ma, 1 (a) Gravitational acceleration of Mars
1
1000 – 500 = 1500a = × 10
3
a = 0.333 m s–2
1 1 = 3.33 m s–2 (1A)
s = ut + at 2 = 0 + (0.333)(10) 2 = 16.7 m
2 2 (b) The block dropped on Mars has a
3 B smaller acceleration than that on Earth.
On the Earth: (1A)
1 Thus, it takes more time for the block on
By s = ut + at 2 ,
2 Mars to reach the ground. (1A)
1
2 = 0 + (10)t E 2 2 (a) (i)
2 normal
tE = 0.4 force

tension tension
T1 from M T2 from
m1 m2

weight


 (2 tensions with T1 > T2) (1A) 4 Take moment about the left trestle.
(Weight and normal force, both of In equilibrium,
the same magnitude) (1A) clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment
(ii) (1M)
normal
force
500 × 3 = 700 × 1 + Y × 4 (1M)
Y = 200 N (1A)
tension
T1 from tension Besides,
M
m1 T2 from
m2
net force = 0 (1M)
friction X + Y = 700 + 500
X + 200 = 1200
weight X = 1000 N (1A)
5 (a) By F = ma, (1M)
(2 tensions with T1 > T2) (1A) F 30 − 10
a= = = 5 m s–2 (1A)
(Weight and normal force, both of m 4
the same magnitude) (1A) The acceleration of the box is 5 m s–2.
(Friction) (1A) 1
(b) s = ut + at 2 (1M)
(b) (i) Mass m1 accelerates downwards, 2
1
m2 accelerates upwards and M = 4 × 5 + (5)(5)2 = 82.5 m (1A)
2
accelerates to the left. (1A)
The displacement of the box is
(ii) Let f be the friction acting on M.
82.5 m.
If T1 > T2 + f, the masses will move
(c) Any one of the following: (1A)
in a way similar to that in (b)(i) but
Add a layer of oil / polystyrene beads
the magnitude of the acceleration
along the path of the block.
of the system will be smaller. (1A)
Use air cushion.
If T1 = T2 + f, the masses will
6 (a)
remain at rest. (1A)
3 (a) Moment about P
= Fd (0.5A)
= 10 × 3
= 30 N m (clockwise) (1A + 0.5A)
(b) Moment about Q
= 10 × 1
= 10 N m (clockwise) (1A + 0.5A)
(c) Moment about R = 10 × 0 = 0 (1A)
(d) Moment about S
(Weight of Joan) (1A)
= 10 × 1
(Reaction from the balance on Joan)
= 10 N m (anticlockwise) (1A + 0.5A)
(1A)


 (b) 7 (a) A force of 50 N is used to pull blocks of
Reading of Weight that Joan total mass 40 kg.
the scale feels (heavier, By F = ma, (1M)
(
, = or lighter or normal 50 = (10 + 30) × a
500 N weight) a = 1.25 m s−2 (1A)
Lift The acceleration of the boxes is
accelerates > 500 N heavier 1.25 m s−2.
upwards (1A) (1A) (b)

Lift moves
up at
constant = 500 N normal weight

speed (Correct force) (1A)

(Correct label) (1A)
Lift slows
< 500 N lighter
down and
stops (1A) (1A)

(c) Let R be the normal reaction acting on

Joan by the balance (the reading of the (Correct force) (1A)
scale) and W be the weight of Joan. (Correct label) (1A)
Take the upward direction as positive. (c) Let T be the tension in the string.
(i) By F = ma (1M) For the 30-kg box,
R − W = ma By F = ma, (1M)
R − 500 = 50 × 3 T = 30 × 1.25 = 37.5 N (1A)
R = 650 N (1A) The tension in the string is 37.5 N.
The reading of the scale is 650 N. (d) Net force = 50 − T
(ii) Since acceleration is 0 and, by = 50 − 37.5
F = ma, the reading of the scale = 12.5 N (1A)
R = W = 500 N. (1A) The net force acting on the 10-kg box is
(iii) By F = ma, (1M) 12.5 N.
R − W = ma (e) Her statement is not correct. (1A)
R − 500 = 50 × (−2) When the string breaks, the net force
R = 400 N (1A) acting on the 30-kg box is zero. (1A)
The reading of the scale is 400 N. By Newton’s first law of motion, the
box will continue to move and its
velocity will be constant. (1A)


 v−u gently momentarily. (1A)
8 (a) a= (1M)
t
(c) The box will slide down the plane by
2 −1
= = 20 m s–2 either reducing the friction acting on the
0.05
box or increasing the weight component
F = ma (1M)
of the box down the plane.
= 0.5(20)
Any two of the following: (2 × 1A)
= 10 N (1A)
Add rollers on the plane.
The force acting on the stone during the
Add a layer of wax/oil on the plane.
collision is 10 N.
Tilt the plane more such that the weight
(b) Force acting on the can
component of the box along the plane is
= force acting on the stone
greater than the friction acting on it.
= 10 N (1A)
(Or other reasonable answers)
(c) By F = ma, (1M)
F 10 10 (a)
a= = = 25 m s–2
m 0.4
v = u + at (1M)
= 0 + (25)(0.05)
= 1.25 m s–1 (1A)
The velocity of the can after collision is
1.25 m s–1.
9 (a) When the box tends to move along the (Correct forces) (1A)
plane, friction acts on it to oppose its (Correct labels) (1A)
motion. (1A)
Unless the net force acting on the box
down the plane is greater than zero (i.e.
when the weight component of the box
along the plane is larger than the friction
acting on it), the box will not slide down
the plane. (1A) (Correct forces) (1A)

(b) Samuel assumes that the plane is (Correct labels) (1A)

friction-compensated, such that the The reaction of m1 (R) and the force

weight component of the box along the acting on pan A by m1 (R′) form an

plane balances the friction acting on the action-and-reaction pair. (1A)

box. (1A) (b) The pans and masses would move

Therefore, the net force acting on the up/down at constant speed (1A)

box along the plane is zero and the box or remain at rest. (1A)

will move along the plane with a

uniform speed after pushing the box


 v / m s−1
11 (a)

t/s

(Axes with correct labels) (1A)

(Correct forces) (1A)
(The speed of the pot increases at a
(Correct labels) (1A)
decreasing rate.) (1A)
(b) The weight of Jackie is constant. (1A)
The air resistance acting on her increases 13 (a) (i)
normal
gradually from zero as her velocity reaction
increases. When the air resistance is
friction
equal to her weight, the net force acting
on her becomes zero. (1A)
(c) Jackie will fall at a constant speed. (1A)
weight
When the air resistance is equal to her
weight, the net force acting on her is (Weight) (1A)
zero. (1A) (Normal reaction) (1A)
By Newton’s second law, she will fall at (Friction) (1A)
a constant speed. (1A)
(ii) Take the direction down the plane
12 (a) I do not agree with Gloria. (1A)
as positive.
The air resistance acting on the flower
1 2
pot increases from zero as the pot falls in By s = ut + at , (1M)
2
air. (1A) 1
2 = 0 + × a × 42
Since the maximum magnitude of air 2
resistance acting on the pot is equal to a = 0.25 m s–2 (1A)
the weight of the flower pot, (1A) The acceleration of the trolley is
the downward net force acting on the pot 0.25 m s–2.
is always greater than or equal to zero. (iii) F = ma (1M)
By F = ma, the pot will not slow down.
= 1 × 0.25 = 0.25 N
(1A)
The resultant force acting on the
(b) Take the downward direction as
trolley is 0.25 N (down the plane).
positive.
(1A)


 (b) In order to allow the trolley to move (b)
down the runway at uniform velocity,
we should make the runway
friction-compensated, i.e. reduce the size
of the angle θ. (1A)
(c) The student is wrong. (1A)
normal reaction

(Axes with correct labels) (1A)

(The graph decreases linearly from A to
friction B.) (1A)
weight
(The graph is horizontal between B and
When the trolley moves up along the
C.) (1A)
runway, friction on the trolley acts (The graph is on the x-axis between B
downwards along the runway and the net and C.) (1A)
force acting on the trolley is not zero. v−u
15 (a) a = (1M)
t
(1A)
80 − 0
Instead of moving at a uniform speed, = = 2 m s–2
40
the trolley decelerates as it moves up By v 2 − u 2 = 2as , (1M)
2 2
along the runway. (1A) 80 − 0 = 2 × 2 × s
14 (a) When the food parcel is thrown from the s = 1600 m (1A)
plane, it accelerates at first. As it gains The minimum length of the runway is
1600 m.
speed, the air resistance acting on it
(b) Net force acting on the aeroplane
increases. The net force acting on the
= ma (1M)
food parcel and thus the acceleration 5
= 2.5 × 10 × 2
decreases (from point A to point B). = 5 × 105 N (1A)
(1A) (c) I would adjust the thrust to balance the
Eventually, the air resistance balances air resistance and the weight of the
the weight of the food parcel. The net aeroplane. (1A)
force acting on the food parcel and thus 16 (a) 0–4 s: The object moves with an
the acceleration becomes zero (from acceleration of 6 m s–2. (1A)
point B to point C). (1A) 4–8 s: The object moves with zero
As a result, the food parcel moves with a acceleration. (1A)
constant speed called terminal speed 8–12 s: The object moves with an
–1
(50 m s ). (1A) acceleration of –6 m s–2. (1A)


 (b) During 0–4 s: (b) Net force acting on the block
F = ma = 2 × 6 = 12 N (1A) = 12 + 5 2 (Pythagoras’ theorem)
The force acting on the object is 12 N. = 5.10 N (1A)
During 4–8 s: 5
tan θ =
F = ma = 2 × 0 = 0 (1A) 1
The force acting on the object is 0. θ = 78.7° (1A)
During 8–12 s: The net force is 5.10 N (S 78.7° E).
F = ma = 2 × (–6) = –12 N (1A) (c) By F = ma, (1M)
5.10
The force acting on the object is –12 N. a= = 2.04 m s–2 (1A)
2.5
17 (a)
The acceleration of the block is
2.04 m s–2.
19 (a) F

weight

(Forces F normal to the wings) (1A)

(Axes with correct labels) (1A)
(Weight) (1A)
(Correct shape) (1A)
(b)
(Correct slopes : during 0−9 s, F θ
slope = 3 m s–2; then slope = 0; final part F θ
steeper than the first part with negative
slope) (3 × 1A) θ
(v = 0 at the starting point and the end weight
point) (1A)
–1
Consider the forces in the vertical
(v = 27 m s at t = 9 s) (1A)
direction.
(b) The magnitude of the maximum
2F × cos θ = mg (1A)
acceleration of the train is 4 m s–2. (1A)
The aeroplane does not fly with uniform
18 (a) (i) Net force along vertical direction
velocity. (1A)
=3N–2N
This is because a net force, 2F sin θ, acts
= 1 N (downwards) (1A)
on the aeroplane towards the left. By
(ii) Net force along horizontal
F = ma, the aeroplane has an
direction
acceleration. (1A)
= 10 N – 5 N
= 5 N (towards the right) (1A)
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20 (a) 21 (a)

(Weight of passenger) (1A)

(2 tensions) (1A) (Reaction from the platform to the
(Weight) (1A) passenger) (1A)
(b) Take the upward direction as positive.
(b) The net force acting on the picture is
(i) Total distance during initial rise
zero.
= 50 – 2 = 48 m
Consider the vertical components.
Total time = 24 s
2T cos θ = mg (1M) 48
Average speed = (1M)
80° 24
2T × cos = 1 × 10
2 = 2 m s–1 (1A)
The average speed of the platform
T = 6.53 N (1A)
when it rises from the ground to
The tension in the string is 6.53 N.
the top of the tower is 2 m s–1.
(c)
(ii) Total distance during the first
downward thrust = 50 – 9 = 41 m
Total time = 43 – 39 = 4 s
41
Average speed = (1M)
4
= 10.25 m s–1(1A)
The average speed of the platform
during the first downward thrust
is 10.25 m s–1.

If a longer string is used, θ will be (iii)

smaller. (1A)
mg
Since T = , T decreases with θ.
2 cos θ
(1A)
Therefore, the tension in a longer string
is smaller and it is harder for the string
to break. (1A)


 Let P be the pulling force. 23 (a) The net force acting on the case is 0.
By F = ma, (1A)
P + mg = ma (1M) (b) Let T be the tension.
P = ma – mg 4T cos 20° = 225 × 10 (1M)
= m(1.5g) – mg T = 599 N (1A)
= 70 (–15) – 70(–10) The tension in each string is 599 N.
= –350 N (1A) (c) It is safer to hang the case with a longer
During the first downward thrust, string, (1A)
the pulling force acting on the because the angle between the string and
passenger by the chain is 350 N. the vertical will be smaller. (1A)
22 (a) By F = ma, (1M) Therefore, the tension in the string is
8000 – 5000 = 500a smaller and it is harder for the strings to
–2
a=6ms (1A) break. (1A)
The acceleration of the balloon is 24 (a) Take moment about the left trestle.
–2
6ms . In equilibrium,
v −u clockwise = anticlockwise (1M)
By a = , (1M) moment moment
t
v − u 20 − 0 600 × 1 + 200 × 2 = Y × 4 (1M)
t= = = 3.33 s (1A)
a 6 Y = 250 N (1A)
The balloon reaches a velocity of Besides,
–1
20 m s in 3.33 s. net force = 0 (1M)
(b) He feels his weight heavier than X + Y = 600 + 200
expected. (1A) X + 250 = 800
The upward net force acting on him is X = 550 N (1A)
R – W = ma > 0, where R is the normal (b) (i) When the plank begins to tip, the
reaction and W is his weight. He feels reaction Y is zero. (1A)
heavier because R is greater than W.(1A) (ii) Let d be the distance the painter is
(c) By Newton’s first law, the sandbag away from the left trestle when
–1
moves up at 20 m s when it leaves the the plank begins to tip.
balloon. (1A) From (i), we have Y = 0.
Then it slows down due to gravity. (1A) When the plank just begins to tip,
After reaching the maximum height, it the conditions of equilibrium still
changes its moving direction and apply.
accelerates downwards. (1A) Take moment about the left
As its velocity increases, the air trestle.
resistance increases. As a result, the clockwise = anticlockwise (1M)
moment moment
acceleration of the sandbag decreases.
200 × 2 = 600 × d
(1A)
d = 0.667 m (1A)
! 
 When the plank begins to tip, the 27 (a) The ball bearing accelerates at first. As it
painter is 0.667 m away from the gains speed, the fluid friction acting on it
left trestle. increases. The net force acting on the
25 Note that the centre of gravity of the can is ball bearing and thus the acceleration
approximately at its centre. The can will decreases. (1A)
topple when its centre of gravity is outside the Eventually, the fluid friction increases to
edge of the runway. a value that balances the weight of the
Maximum distance travelled by the can ball bearing. The net force acting on the
= 3 − 0.035 = 2.965 m (1M) ball bearing and thus the acceleration
By F = ma, (1M) becomes zero. (1A)
−0.2 = 0.5 × a Then the ball-bearing moves with a
−2
a = −0.4 m s constant speed called terminal speed.
2 2
By v − u = 2as, (1M) (1A)
2 2
0 − u = 2 × (−0.4) × 2.965 (b)
−1
u = 1.54 m s (1A)
The maximum velocity of the can just after
the impact is 1.54 m s−1.
26 (a) The trolley remains at rest until
t = 0.8 s. (1A)
Then it moves with a uniform
acceleration. (1A)
v−u
(b) a = (1M)
t
1.15 − 0
= = 0.575 m s–2 (1A) (Axes with correct labels.) (1A)
2.8 − 0.8
(The velocity firstly increases with time
The acceleration of the trolley is
0.575 m s–2. linearly.) (1A)
(c) F = ma (1M) (Then the slope of the curve decreases
= (1)(0.575) = 0.575 N (1A) continuously.) (1A)
The net force acting on the trolley is (Finally, the velocity becomes constant
0.575 N. and the slope of curve becomes zero.)
(d) He is incorrect. (1A)
(1A)
This is because he ignores the friction of
(c) When an aeroplane travels at a high
the runway. The spring balance reading
speed in air, it experiences a great air
is equal to the pulling force only. The
net force is equal to the pulling force resistance which opposes its motion of it.
minus the friction. (1A) (1A)

" 
 Air resistance increases with the speed The discrepancy may be due to the
of the moving object. Therefore, it is friction acting on the trolley; the friction
difficult for an aeroplane to travel at the acting on the trolley may not be

speed of sound in air. (1A) negligible. (1A)

The student must use a
In order to improve the speed of an
friction-compensated runway to carry
aeroplane, the body of the aeroplane
out this experiment. (1A)
should be streamlined so that air can
29 (a) (i)
flow smoothly over its surface and air
resistance can be reduced. (1A)
28 (a) In Figure v, from t = 0.1 s to t = 0.4 s,
the average value of tension is 2.44 N.
Tension T equals to the weight of the
weights.
Let m be the mass of the weights.
T = mg (1M)
(Weight) (1A)
2.44 = m × 10
(Force on boat by air) (1A)
m = 0.244 kg (1A)
(ii) The boat moves with a constant
The mass of the weights is 0.244 kg.
velocity (1A)
(b) (i) By the data in Figure v, the tension
towards the direction it is pushed.
of the string is 1.93 N
(1A)
(t = 1.1 s to 1.5 s). (1A)
(b) (i) As fans B and C blow air
(ii) The acceleration of the trolley is
backwards, an action force acts on
equal to the slope of the graph in
the air by the fans. (1A)
Figure w.
Thus, an equal and opposite
The acceleration is 1.24 m s−2.(1A)
reaction force acts on the fans by
(c) According to Newton’s second law
the air. (1A)
(F = ma), (1A)
Therefore, the boat moves forwards.
the tension pulling the force sensor and
(1A)
the trolley T = ma.
(ii) By F = ma,
T = (0.333 + 0.718) × 1.24 = 1.30 N(1A)
0.2 + 0.2 = 1a
This theoretical result is not close to the
a = 0.4 m s–2 (1M)
result in (b)(i). The results are not in
v = u + at (1M)
accordance with Newton’s second law. –1
= 0 + (0.4)(5) = 2 m s (1A)
(1A) –1
Its speed is 2 m s .


 (iii) Any one of the following: (1A) (ii) The reading on the balance is not
Switch off fan C. zero. (1A)
Control fan B to blow air The fan blows the air downwards
backwards and control fan C to and hits the balance. (1A)
blow air forwards. The air therefore exerts a force on
(c) (i) The boat still moves forwards (1A) the balance. (1A)
with a constant velocity. (1A) 31 (a) Take the moving direction of the trucks
(ii) Any one of the following: (1A) as positive.
Switch off fan A, then the boat will By F = ma, (1M)
land on the ground and will be F −6000
a= = = −0.706 m s–2
stopped by the friction. m 5.5 × 103 + 3000

Control both fans B and C to blow By v2 – u2 = 2as, (1M)

2
air forwards. 0 – u = 2(–0.706)(30)

30 (a) u = 6.51 m s–1 (1A)

The speed of the trucks after the
collision is 6.51 m s–1.
v−u
(b) a = (1M)
t
6.51 − 0
= = 130.2 m s–2
0.05
Net force = ma = (5.5 × 103)(130.2)
= 716 000 N (1M)
Force acting on truck P by truck Q
(Weight) (1A) = net force − friction
(Force on toy by air) (1A) = 716 000 − (−3000)
(b) The powerful fan of the toy blows air = 719 000 N (1A)
downwards. Therefore, an action force (c) Force acting on truck Q by truck P
acts on the air by fan. (1A) = force acting on truck P by truck Q (but
Then, an equal and opposite reaction in opposite direction)
force acts on the fan of the toy by the air. = –719 000 N (1A)
(1A) (d) Net force acting on truck Q
Such upward reaction force is larger = force acting on truck Q by truck P +
than the weight of the toy. Therefore, the friction
toy can go up in mid-air. (1A) = –719 000 + (−3000)
(c) (i) Minimum upward force = –722 000 N (1M)
= weight of the toy By F = ma, (1M)
50 –722 000 = 3000a
= × 10
1000
a = –240.7 m s–2
= 0.5 N (1A)

 By v = u + at, (b) (i)
u = v − at = 6.51 − (−240.7) × 0.05
= 18.5 m s–1 (1A)
The speed of truck Q before the collision
(Weight) (1A)
is 18.5 m s–1.
(Normal reaction) (1A)
32 (a) (i)
(ii)

(Force by the square object and the

masses) (1A)
(Weight acting at A) (1A) (Normal force and weight of the
(Friction) (1A) plank) (1A)
(Normal reaction) (1A) (iii) The force acting on the plank by
(ii) The weight and the normal reaction the square object and the normal
provide an anticlockwise moment force acting on the square object by
about X. (1A) the plank. (1A)
On the other hand, the clockwise (iv) (1) F should be the force acting on
moment is zero. (1A) the plank by the square object.
The anticlockwise moment is (1A)
larger than the clockwise moment. From (iii), we know that the
(1A) force acting on the plank by
Therefore, the box would topple the square object and the
about X. (1A) normal force acting on the
(b) In this case, the weight of the box acts at square object by the plank are
B, (1A) an action-and-reaction pair, so
and provides a clockwise moment about they are equal in magnitude.
X, (1A) (1A)
which balances the anticlockwise Since the square object is in
moment provided by the normal reaction equilibrium, by Newton’s first
and keeps the box in equilibrium. (1A) law, the net force acting on it
33 (a) He needs to make sure that x is the is zero. Therefore, the normal
horizontal distance between O and the reaction acting on the square
centre of gravity of the object, (1A) object is equal to the weight of
because the weight acts at the centre of the square object in magnitude.
gravity of the object. (1A) (1A)


 Therefore, F is equal to the
weight of the square object in
magnitude, which is 10 N.(1A)
(2) Torque
=F×d
= 10 × 1
= 10 N m (1A)
(v) The result on the torque is not the
same. (1A)
The square object is accelerating,
so the normal reaction acting on
the square object is not equal to
the weight of the square object
(10 N) in magnitude. (1A)
Therefore, F is different and so is
the torque ( = F × d). (1A)
34 (HKCEE 2006 Paper I Q4)
35 (a) (Moment =) F × perpendicular distance
from pivot (1A+1A)
(b) (i) 1.5 m (1A)
Assumption: uniform/regular beam.
(1A)
(ii) (1)

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