Beruflich Dokumente
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Vishal Ramnath
R&D Metrologist: Pressure & Vacuum
vramnath@nmisa.org
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Table of contents I
Review of Methods for Pressure Generation/Measurement
Mechanism of Pressure Generation
Mathematical Model of Pressure Balance
Mechanism to Solve Formulation of Mathematical Equation
Solution for Roots of Multivariable Equation
Defining an EoS for the Working Fluid
Solution of the Roots (Pressure) of the Nonlinear Equation
Calculation of Generated Pressure Uncertainty
Specific Issues Encountered in Uncertainty Analysis
Methodology Used in Cross-Floating Analysis
Derivation of Basis Equation used in Cross-Floating I.
Estimation of the Straight Line Uncertainties Corresponding to u (A0 )
and u (λ)
Discussion
Specific Comments on Intercomparison Results
Recommendations Going Foward
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∂F
P= ⇔ P = NkT i .e. PV = nRT (ideal gas EoS ) (6)
∂ An
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∂F
P= ⇔ P = NkT i .e. PV = nRT (ideal gas EoS ) (6)
∂ An
1 a scalar has zero dimensions and only a magnitude e.g. quantity of matter [moles], a
vector has one dimension and a direction e.g. velocity of wind, a matrix has two dimensions
and direction and orientation e.g. strain
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1 a scalar has zero dimensions and only a magnitude e.g. quantity of matter [moles], a
vector has one dimension and a direction e.g. velocity of wind, a matrix has two dimensions
and direction and orientation e.g. strain
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1 a scalar has zero dimensions and only a magnitude e.g. quantity of matter [moles], a
vector has one dimension and a direction e.g. velocity of wind, a matrix has two dimensions
and direction and orientation e.g. strain
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vector has one dimension and a direction e.g. velocity of wind, a matrix has two dimensions
and direction and orientation e.g. strain
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(a) Ruska model 2465A- (b) Ruska model 2485- (c) Desgranges & Huot
U-754 pneumatic PB 930D hydraulic PB model DH 5503S hydraulic
PB
Figure: Low range PB (a), medium range PB (b) and high range PB (c)
http://www.nimt.or.th/
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axis of radial
symmetry
neutral surface weight
low pressure
cylinder p2
x=L
piston
gravity
r
y
x=0
h0
high pressure p1 r0
r0*
R0
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nP o
n ρa
i =1 mi 1 − ρi − Vs (ρf − ρa ) + H (ρf − ρa )S g + σ C
p−Π =
S
(7)
S = A0 (1 + λP )[1 + α(t − t0 )] (8)
In the above equations the nomenclature used is:
equations are to be solved to determine the unknown applied pressure P (and then by implication the absolute pressure p).
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X = [ m1 , m2 , . . . , mn , (14)
ρ1 , ρ2 , . . . , ρn , (15)
? T
A0 , λ, αp , αc , t , Vs , H , Π, σ, g , tair , RHair ] (16)
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The density of the air may be calculated using the CIPM-2007 formula3
which expresses the air density in terms of
ta – atmospheric temperature (measured with in-house thermometer
traceable to water triple point (WTP) cell)
pa – atmospheric pressure (measured with in-house barometer
traceable to absolute medium gas pressures with Ruska LS)
ha – atmospheric relative humidity expressed as a pure number
such that 0 6 ha 6 1 (traceable to in-house hybrid humidity
generator: validated in humidity regional inter-comparison)
3 Metrologia 45 2008 149–155 ”Revised Formula for the Density of Moist Air
(CIPM-2007)”, Picard A et al
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p [Pa] – atmospheric pressure (total pressure with implicit assumption of Dalton’s partial pressure law)
t [◦ C] – air temperature
R [J mol−1 K−1 ] – universal gas constant (using CODATA 2006 values4 cited in: Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol 80, April–June
2008, Mohr P J et al)
4 http://www.nist.gov/pml/div684/fcdc/upload/rmp2006-2.pdf
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ρa
1− ρs
true mass : m = ms ρa (19)
1− ρm
! !
(c ) (s )
(c ) ρa ρa
calibration cert data : ms 1− (c )
= ms 1− (20)
ρs ρs
(c )
ρa
1− (c ) 1− ρa
(c ) ρs ρs
⇔m = ms (s)
× ρ(21)
1− ρa 1− ρm
a
ρs
a The Pressure Balance: Theory and Practice, Dadson R S et al, 1982, National Physical
Laboratory / HMSO 16 / 30
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Solution of Roots of f (X ) = 0
In the mathematical model of the EURAMET.M.P-K13 key
comparison there will in general be a variable number of inputs since
a varying number of mass pieces n are used to generate a
sequence of (applied) pressures for P ∈ [50, . . . , 500] MPa
It can be shown that for n mass pieces used in
X = [m1 , . . . , mn , ρ1 , . . . , ρn , A?0 , λ, αp , αc , t , Vs , H , pa , ta , ha , σ, g ]T
there will be a total of (2n + 12) state variables incorporated into the
measurand model to solve for the unknown generated applied
pressure
Consider the terms in f (X ) which are known and unknown
Pn
ρa
f (X ) = i =1 mi 1 − − Vs (ρf − ρa )
ρi
?
+ H (ρf − ρa )A0 [1 + λ(p − Π)][1 + α(t − 20)]
−1 (22)
+ σg (4π A?0 [1 + α(t − 20)]) 2
?
A0
− g
(p − Π)[1 + λ(p − Π)][1 + α(t − 20)]
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f (Y ; X ? ) = 0 (27)
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5 Cox M G and Harris P M, Software Support for Metrology Best Practice Guide No. 6 –
5 Cox M G and Harris P M, Software Support for Metrology Best Practice Guide No. 6 –
6 consultation of the statistical literature such as Metrologia journal articles and IMEKO
conferences states that it is poor practice to simply assume unity correlation in the absence
of information: the recommended option is to assume zero correlation
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6 consultation of the statistical literature such as Metrologia journal articles and IMEKO
conferences states that it is poor practice to simply assume unity correlation in the absence
of information: the recommended option is to assume zero correlation
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conferences states that it is poor practice to simply assume unity correlation in the absence
of information: the recommended option is to assume zero correlation
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m
!
ρa
q
1 X (B )
⇒ SB = × g mB j 1− − VB (ρf − ρa )g + σB 4π A0
PA ρm B j
j =1
(30)
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m
!
ρa
q
1 X (B )
⇒ SB = × g mB j 1− − VB (ρf − ρa )g + σB 4π A0
PA ρm B j
j =1
(30)
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m
!
ρa
q
1 X (B )
⇒ SB = × g mB j 1− − VB (ρf − ρa )g + σB 4π A0
PA ρm B j
j =1
(30)
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m
!
ρa
q
1 X (B )
⇒ SB = × g mB j 1− − VB (ρf − ρa )g + σB 4π A0
PA ρm B j
j =1
(30)
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A(P ) = A0 (1 + λP ) (33)
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A(P ) = A0 (1 + λP ) (33)
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Discussion
Specific Comments on Intercomparison Results
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Discussion
Specific Comments on Intercomparison Results
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Discussion
Specific Comments on Intercomparison Results
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Discussion
Recommendations Going Foward
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Discussion
Recommendations Going Foward
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Discussion
Recommendations Going Foward
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Discussion
Recommendations Going Foward
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Discussion
Recommendations Going Foward
Discussion
Recommendations Going Foward
Acknowledgements
This work was performed with financial support of the South African
Department of Trade and Industry
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