University of Edinburgh

School of Veterinary Medicine

2010-2011

Clinical Foundation
Course

Course Organiser: Dr Sally Anne Argyle

For use by third year students in:

Semester One 2010/2011

Please note: It is the students’ responsibility to ensure they are aware of the
correct lecture, practical, tutorial, and examination schedules
 CLINICAL FOUNDATION COURSE

Semester One 2010/2011

Third year students

This course will provide instruction in the practical and theorectical aspects of several topics that are
considered core subjects with regard to diagnosis and treatment of veterinary species. The subject
areas included are:

• Applied pharmacology and therapeutics

• Diagnostic imaging
• Surgery
• Anaesthesia and Critical Care

Specific detail for each of these components is given below, and general information, including
assessment information follows these four sections.

Applied Pharmacolgy and Therapeutics

1 Introduction
The teaching of Veterinary Pharmacology begins in the third year of the course and will be
further reinforced during the fourth and final year, exemplifying the importance of this subject.

The pharmacology component of the third year course is broadly divided into a number of
areas with basic or “core” pharmacology, therapeutics and legislation being covered in
Semester I in this course (the CFC), and systems based pharmacology being covered in
Semester II as part of the dog and cat course. The course is complemented by lectures from
other subject areas such as physiology, microbiology, parasitology, pathology and by the
clinical lectures in Semester II.

2 Objectives/Aims
• To provide the students with information and understanding of the pharmacology of
drugs, enabling them to use drugs in animals, in an appropriate and responsible
manner. NOTE: The term pharmacology will be taken to include the
pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, side effects, toxicity and clinical relevance of
a group of drugs or an individual agent.
• To discuss the main legislation affecting the use of drugs in veterinary species and to
discuss some of the ethical, public health and societal issues associated with the use
of drugs in veterinary practice.

3 Learning Outcomes
On completion of the course, the student should:
• have a broad knowledge of the mode of interaction of drugs with their receptors and
the consequences of this interaction at a cellular level and to the whole body.
• understand how the body deals with drugs.
• understand how drugs interact with pathogens e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites and
fungi.
• have a sound knowledge of the toxic effects of drugs on the whole animal and on the
environment.
• have a clear knowledge of the legislation governing the use of drugs in animals.

4 Methods of Teaching and Learning

The primary means of teaching this course will be by lecture. Computer Assisted Learning
Packages will also be available from Semester I throughout the year.
Two drop in tutorial sessions will be available for students. During these sessions there will be
an opportunity to address concepts covered in the lectures which may be of particular concern
to the students. These sessions will also provide an opportunity to place some of the areas
discussed into a more clinical context and clinical scenarios will be created to try and
encourage this.

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5 Brief Lecture Synopses
AP1, AP2, AP3, AP4 - Drug action, PK, PD S Argyle
Veterinary Pharmacology will be introduced in this series of 4 lectures. These lectures will aim
to:
• Explain the basic principles of drug pharmacokinetics in terms of absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs (disposition)
• Highlight the relevance of pharmacokinetics to practical drug usage.
• Identify the concept of different receptor types and subtypes and second messenger
systems.
• Explain the basic principles of drug-receptor interactions and to explain how drugs act
within the body.

AP5, AP6, AP7 - Autonomic nervous system S Argyle

This series of 3 lectures will aim to:
• Revisit the anatomy and physiology of the autonomic nervous system.
• Discuss the pharmacology of the different classes of drugs which have their effect on
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

AP8, AP9 - Anthelmintics S Argyle

This series of 2 lectures will aim to:
• Identify the main classes of anthelmintic agents used in veterinary medicine.
• Discuss how anthelmintics affect helminths.
• Discuss the pharmacology of the main classes of anthelmintic agents giving examples
within each class.
• Discuss the issues surrounding anthelmintic resistance.

AP10 - Antiprotozoals S Argyle

This lecture will aim to:
• Define the term “coccidiosis” and briefly revise the life cycle of the organisms causing
this condition.
• Discuss the pharmacology of the drugs used in the treatment and management of
“coccidiosis”.
• Discuss the pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of other protozoal diseases
such as babesiosis and giardiasis.

AP11, AP12 - Ectoparaciticides S Argyle

The aim of these lectures will be to:
• Identify the main ectoparasites routinely treated and controlled in veterinary practice
• Discuss the pharmacology and use of the main classes of ectoparasiticide used in
their management and control.

AP13, AP14, AP15, AP16, AP17, AP18, AP19, AP20 - Antimicrobials S Argyle
This series of 8 lectures will incorporate antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents and will
aim to:
• Describe how antimicrobial agents affect micro organisms.
• Identify the main classes of antimicrobial agent.
• Discuss the pharmacology of the different classes of antimicrobial agent in terms of
their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, side effects and
toxicity.
• Identify the salient points in terms of rational use of antimicrobial agents
• Discuss the issues surrounding antimicrobial resistance.

AP21, AP22 - Reproductive pharmacology X Donadeu/

A Gardiner
The aim of these two lectures will be to:
• Discuss the pharmacology of hormones used to diagnose, treat and manipulate
reproductive (dys)functions in males and females of our domestic species
• Outline indications of use and therapeutic approaches for the main reproductive
hormones in veterinary medicine

AP23 - Corticosteroids S Argyle

The aim of this lecture will be to:
• Discuss the pharmacology and clinical applications of the corticosteroids.

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 AP24, AP25 - NSAIDS S Argyle
The aim of these 2 lectures will be to:
• Briefly revisit the process of inflammation in relation to the non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Discuss the pharmacology and clinical relevance of the NSAIDs used in veterinary
medicine

AP26, AP27 - Pharmacy and legislation L Shipley

The aim of these two lectures will be to:
• Discuss the current United Kingdom legislation governing the acquisition, use,
storage and distribution of drugs in relation to veterinary medicine.

6 Recommended Texts
General Pharmacology textbooks
• Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology, 2007, 6th edition. Eds Rang Dale and Ritter &
Moore
• The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th edition. Eds McGraw Hill
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2001, 8th edition. Katzung B.G. Eds McGraw Hill
• Medical Pharmacology at a Glance, M.J. Neal, 6th Edition 2009 Wiley Blackwell.

Comment from S. Argyle: Of the four above my favourite would be Rang and Dale BUT bear in mind
that this is not a veterinary specific text book so that some of the topics will not be appropriate and
some areas will not be especially well covered HOWEVER still a good buy. The Medical
Pharmacology at a Glance book again not veterinary orientated but an excellent revision aid
especially if you like lots of diagrams. Does not have enough detail as a sole source of information.

General Veterinary Pharmacology textbooks

• Equine Clinical Pharamacology, 2004. Editors Bertone and Horspool, Saunders.
• Pharmacology. Franklin A. Ahrens. Baltimore, Md. London Williams & Wilkins 1996.
• Plumb’s Veterinary Handbook. Donald C Plumb. Wiley Blackwell, 6th Edition 2008.
• Small animal clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. Dawn Merton Boothe.
Philadelphia London W.B. Saunders 2001.
• Small animal clinical pharmacology Jill E. Maddison, Stephen Page, David B. Church.
London W. B. Saunders, 2nd edition 2008.
• Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics edited by Riviere and Papich. Wiley
Blackwell 9th Edition 2009.

Specific topics
• Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Eds Prescott Baggot and Walker,
Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press 2000.
• Guide to Antimicrobial Use in Animals. Eds Guardabassi, Jensen and Kruse. Wiley
Blackwell. 2008. (this is an excellent and recent text but probably more pertinent as
you move into your clinical areas).

Online Resources
• www.vmd.gov.uk Veterinary Medicines Directorate
• www.noah.co.uk National office of Animal Health and on-line compendium
• www.defra.gov.uk Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
• www.emea.eu.int European Medicines Agency
• www.vpc.gov.uk Veterinary Products Committee
• www.erapharm.org Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals

7 Subject Organiser and Teaching Team members

Subject Organiser
Dr S Argyle Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 651 3910
Teaching Team
Dr X Donadeu Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 651 3910
Miss Elizabeth Shipley Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC

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Diagnostic Imaging
1. Module Objectives/Aims
To provide an introduction to diagnostic imaging that relates anatomy and pathology to
imaging interpretation in a clinical context.

2. Learning Outcomes
General principles of radiography and radiology:
• Principles of x-ray formation, interaction with tissue, image formation.
• Understand the principles and application of radiation safety.
• Understand the basics of digital radiographic image capture
• Know how to evaluate a radiograph including: positioning, centring, collimation,
exposure, artefacts; assess radiographic quality
• Know to include patient factors such as age, sex, breed, respiratory phase and body
condition in radiographic assessment

Radiographic contrast studies, head & spine imaging:

• Understand the concept of image contrast, use of contrast media in veterinary
radiology, types of contrast and their uses, indications, patient preparation
• Be familiar with conventional radiographic imaging applicatiosn for the small and large
animal head
• Be familiar with major radiographic techniques for the equine head and the small
animal spine

CT & MRI Principles

 Basic understanding of how a CT image is produced, indications, image interpretation and
use of contrast medium in CT
 Basic understanding of how an MRI image is produced, principles of image interpretation
 Understand T1 & T2 relaxation process
 Be familiar with MRI pulse sequences commonly used in veterinary medicine
 Know the advantages and disadvantages of CT & MR in relation to other imaging
modalities

Orthopaedic imaging:
• Know how to assess radiographs of musculoskeletal structures
• Know the normal musculoskeletal anatomy and be familiar with the terminology used
to describe lesion character and location
• Be able to recognise and interpret the common skeletal abnormalities associated with
the bones, joints and soft tissues
• Understand the difference between aggressive and non-aggressive bone lesions
• Understand the basic principles of bone scintigraphy, indications, types of studies, image
interpretation and safety aspects

Thoracic imaging
• Know the normal radiographic features of the canine and feline thorax
• Know the general abnormalities that most commonly affect small animals; including
cardiovascular, pleural/ mediastinal, pulmonary, tracheal, oesophageal and thoracic
wall diseases
• Understanding and interpretation of pulmonary patterns
• Understand applications for alternative thoracic imaging modalities

Ultrasound: Principles and abdominal ultrasound:

• Know the general principles of diagnostic ultrasound
• Know the commonly used transducer types and display modes
• Understand general interpretation of images and artefacts
• Know the basic examination techniques including patient preparation
• Have a general understanding of an abdominal ultrasound examination
• Know which structures are best assessed by radiography and which by ultrasound

Abdominal Imaging:
• Know general principles, including patient preparation, and techniques of radiology
and ultrasound of the abdomen
• Know and be able to identify the normally visible structures on abdominal radiographs

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 • Know how to assess liver, spleen, GI tract, UG tract radiographically
• Understand basics of abdominal ultrasound applications

3. Methods of Teaching and Learning

Lectures: There will be a lecture course comprising 9 lectures

Tutorials:
A) Computer Assisted Learning: 3 sessions of 2 hours have been timetabled to allow
students to work through this self-explanatory teaching material at their own pace. This CAL
can be found from the CLIVE index on the desktop of any centrally managed University PC.
Open the CLIVE index, click on courses and select Third Year. The Physics of Diagnostic
Imaging package can be found on the third screen. Notes to accompany this package are
available from the Diagnostic Imaging CAL page, accesed from the CFC page on EEVeC.

B) Small Group Tutorials: 3 small group 1h tutorials for skeletal, thoracic and abdominal
radiography. The student cohort will be divided into 12 groups (4 sessions, each session split
up into 3 groups) to allow radiographic interpretation in small groups of approximately 12
students. Each group will view and discuss radiographs with a tutor. Tutorials are matched to
follow the corresponding lecture content.

Collateral Reading:
Students will be provided with lecture presentations in pdf format. There will be no additional
lecture notes. Instead students are expected to read relevant chapters in diagnostic imaging
textbooks from the following list. The reading list is intentionally kept short and only considers
the most relevant and up-to-date material.

4. Recommended Reading Material:

Thrall D: Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology.

Fifth Edition, 2007; Saunders Elsevier: St. Louis, MS. ISBN 978-1-4160-2615-0
 Go to http://evolve.elsevier.com or http://evolve.elsevier.com/Thrall/vetrad/ and register online (it’s free).
This will give you online access to additional reading material, videos, case studies, quizzes and sample
chapters.
 The Veterinary Consult Edition of this book gives you the book & free computer download of the book.
There is no download-only version to our knowledge.
 This is the most comprehensive modern diagnostic imaging textbook covering all major imaging
modalities, body parts and commonly imaged species. If you consider studying or purchasing one
textbook about imaging, this would be your best option. It will serve you well for the course and be
a useful companion in clinical practice. Being an all-inclusive textbook, it lacks some more detailed
information provided in other specialized publications.

Barr FJ & Kirberger RM: BSAVA manual of canine and feline musculoskeletal imaging
2006, BSAVA, Quedgeley, UK, 286 pages, ISBN 10-0-905214-86-2

Schwarz T & Johnson V: BSAVA manual of canine and feline thoracic imaging.
2008, BSAVA, Quedgeley, UK, 408 pages, 875 illustrations. ISBN 978-0-905214-97-9

O’Brien R & Barr F: BSAVA manual of canine and feline abdominal imaging.
2009, BSAVA, Quedgeley, UK, 252 pages, ISBN 978-1-905319-10-7
 The BSAVA imaging series provides a comprehensive and the most detailed account of
canine and feline diagnostic imaging. They are well structured and illustrated, making them
very suitable for student learning; however the scope is beyond the required knowledge for
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 final year students. For anybody with ambitions in small animal practice, these would be
good books to study from now and use in praxis later on.

Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, Kold S, Poulos P: Clinical radiology of the horse.

3rd edition, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell, 760 pages, 150 illustrations, ISBN 9781405171083
 This textbook is the ultimate reference for equine radiography, covering radiographic
technique, anatomy and radiologic interpretation. The book will only cover a small part of
the course content but it it is very well structured and illustrated. Anybody with serious
ambitions for equine praxis will need this book.

Guidance Notes for the safe use of Ionising Radiation in Veterinary use.
Ionising Radiations Regulations, 1999. BVA, June 2002; in collaboration with NRPB. www.bva.co.uk
 This pulications lays out the legal framework for veterinary radiography in the UK.

Recommended radiology web addresses (available via CLIVE or the internet)

• http://www.vet.ohio-state.edu/docs/ClinSci/radiology/teaching/cow.htm
• http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/larad/index.html
• http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/radiology/
• www.upei.ca/~vca341/lungpatterns

5 Subject Organisers and Teaching Team members

Subject Organiser
Dr. Tobias Schwarz (TS)
Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, EBVC

Team Members
Mrs. Mairi Frame (MF)
Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, EBVC

Mrs. Elizabeth Munro (EM)

Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, EBVC

Dr. Tiziana Liuti (TL)

Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, EBVC

Dr. Carolina Urraca (CU)

Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Large Animals, EBVC

Dr. Martin Weaver (MW)

Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Large Animals, EBVC

6. Brief Lecture & Tutorial Synopses

Week Lecture / Tutorial Number & Title Tutor

1 L1 Principles of radiography and radiologic interpretation Liuti

2 T1 CAL 1 Physics Tutorial CAL

3 T1 CAL 1 Physics Tutorial CAL

3 T1 CAL 1 Physics Tutorial CAL

3 L2 Image contrast & contrast studies, head & spine Schwarz

4 T2 CAL 2 Physics Tutorial CAL

4 T2 CAL 2 Physics Tutorial CAL

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 4 L3 Principles & applications of CT & MRI Schwarz

4 L4 Orthopaedic imaging imaging, nuclear medicine Urraca

5 T2 CAL 2 Physics Tutorial CAL

5 T3 CAL 3 Physics Tutorial CAL

5 T3 CAL 3 Physics Tutorial CAL

6 T3 CAL 3 Physics Tutorial CAL

7 L5 Imaging of lungs and airways Liuti

7 T4 Skeletal Tutorial Schwarz, Urraca, Weaver

7 T4 Skeletal Tutorial Schwarz, Urraca, Weaver

8 T4 Skeletal Tutorial Liuti, Urraca, Weaver

8 T4 Skeletal Tutorial Liuti, Urraca, Weaver

8 L6 Mediastinal, pleural & cardiovascular imaging Liuti

9 L7 Principles & applications of diagnostic ultrasound Munro

9 T5 Thorax Tutorial Schwarz, Frame, Urraca

9 T5 Thorax Tutorial Schwarz, Frame, Urraca

9 L8 Gastrointestinal & urogenital imaging Liuti

9 L9 Imaging of liver, spleen, pancreas & adrenal glands Munro

10 T5 Thorax Tutorial Liuti, Munro, Urraca

10 T5 Thorax Tutorial Liuti, Munro, Urraca

10 T6 Abdomen Tutorial Schwarz, Frame, Urraca

10 T6 Abdomen Tutorial Schwarz, Frame, Urraca

11 T6 Abdomen Tutorial Liuti, Munro, Urraca

11 T6 Abdomen Tutorial Liuti, Munro, Urraca

Surgery
1 Introduction
This part of the course covers general principles of aseptic surgery.

2 Module Objectives/Aims
To provide a rationale for, and an understanding of, basic general surgical principles,
concepts, terminology, and methodology. This will provide a grounding to be applied when
evaluating and treating soft tissue and orthopaedic cases, whether the cases initially appear
simple or complex.

3 Learning Outcomes
After studying this section effectively, you will be able to:

• outline and justify the principles of surgical asepsis

• define and outline techniques of disinfection and sterilization
• outline and explain the design of the surgical area and the responsibilities and
behaviours of surgical personnel

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 • describe and justify optimal cleaning protocols for the surgical suite
• describe appropriate preoperative evaluation of the dog or cat with surgical disease
• describe and explain the preparation of the operative site and surgical team
• be able to identify common surgical intrumentation and be familiar with its use and
care
• outline the properties and uses of common suture materials and apply this knowledge
to selection of appropriate sutures to the prevailing surgical conditions
• be able to outline methods of surgical haemostasis
• outline and explain how infection might become established at a surgical site and
identify when perioperative antibiosis is indicated or contraindicated
• outline postoperative care for the surgical patient in the light of clinical evaluation and
surgical treatment
• outline and explain alternatives for achieving adequate postoperative nutrition
• be confident to apply a bandage to various anatomic regions of the dog
• be able to place a secure surgical knot by the two-handed method
• be able to close a basic skin wound securely
• understand the importance of and know how to institute effective hand-hygeine
measures
• be able to prepare for aseptic surgery effectively, with no unrecognized breaches in
aseptic technique

4 Methods of Teaching and Learning

The majority of this core subject will be learned by self-directed study, for which reading and
research time has been scheduled in the CFC timetable. The core study material is that
presented in the first 11 chapters (page 1 to 110 inclusive) of the third edition of Fossum’s
Textbook.

By the end of this course, you should be completely familiar with the information and concepts
illustrated in these chapters. Self directed study will be complemented by a lecture course
comprising three lectures. No course notes will be provided.

A powerpoint presentation covering surgical instrumentation is available through EEVeC

Practical aspects of surgery will be learned and developed in the Small Animal Practical
Clinical Course, in particular during the sessions on Theatre Practice and Surgical
Techniques. These practicals have been designed to complement your self-study, and form
an essential part of this course. You will get most out of these practicals if you are prepared
for them in advance. A selection of the practical skills taught will be formally examined as part
of the CFC professional exam

5 Brief Lecture Synopses

S1 Introduction, terminology, surgical principles,
tissue handling Dr Donald Yool
Terminology. Halsted’s principles. General principles of tissue handling and dissection in
surgery. Classification of surgical procedures.

S2 Suture materials Dr John R Mosley

Physical, biological and mechanical characteristics of suture materials. Surgical needles.
Suture sizes. Other biomaterials.

S3 Haemorrhage and surgical haemostasis Dr Dylan Clements

First aid techniques. Methods of haemostasis including electrosurgery.

6 Recommended Text
• Small Animal Surgery, Third Edition 2007. T.W. Fossum (ed) Mosby

7 Subject Organisers and Teaching Team members

Subject Organiser
Dr John R. Mosley
Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, EBVC

Teaching Team
Dr John R. Mosley
Dr Donald Yool
Dr Dylan Clements

8
Anaesthesia and Critical Care
1 Introduction
The principles and practice of veterinary anaesthesia and the effects of disease on
anaesthetic management are taught in tandem with a series of tutorials in which anaesthetic
problems in the individual species are discussed. Thus, the challenges with anaesthesia in a
considerable range of clinical situations are covered, and provide the basis for practical
teaching in the final year. A review of the physiology and pharmacology of the major organ
systems provides an introduction to intensive care practices.

2 Objectives/Aims
• To provide information on the physiological and pharmacological principles of
anaesthesia with practical attention to the particular problems associated with horses,
food, companion and laboratory animals.
• To discuss the implications of commonly encountered conditions (e.g. extremes of
age, pregnancy) surgical procedures and diseases on the management of
anaesthesia so that students develop the ability to identify 'high-risk' cases and create
justifiable anaesthetic protocols.
• To allow development of fundamental technical skills, e.g. intravenous catheter
placement, endotracheal intubation, anaesthetic machine operation, positive pressure
ventilation.
• To develop familiarity with anaesthetic equipment including machines, anaesthetic
breathing systems and monitoring apparatus. To be able to prepare and identify
problems with such equipment and to use it safely in a clinical setting.
• To develop skills at clinical and physiological monitoring. To recognise deviations from
acceptability and to respond appropriately.

3 Learning Outcomes
• Safe use of simple anaesthetic hardware.
• Informed discussion of case management of simple and advanced cases.
• Informed discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of techniques and drugs.
• Recognition of poor, unsafe veterinary anaesthetic practice.
• Recognition of risks associated with drugs and equipment used in veterinary
anaesthetic practise.

4 Methods of Teaching and Learning

This will be a lecture course, supported by an integrated series of large group tutorials

5 Brief Lecture Synopses

A1 Introduction to anaesthesia and intensive care RE Clutton
Concepts, definitions (general surgical balanced anaesthesia), objectives of anaesthesia.
CNS organisation and function. Sensation, pain, muscle relaxation. Achieving clinical goals.
Overall philosophies. Approach to case management.

A2, A3 Sedatives and tranquilizers 1 & 2 KJ Blissitt

A4, A5 Pharmacology of analgesics 1 & 2 J Duncan

A6 Analgesia RE Clutton
Noxious afferent systems. Ethical, clinical and practical considerations.
Recognition/prediction of perioperative pain. Pharmacological management of perioperative
pain. Practical techniques including neuraxial anaesthesia.

A7 General anaesthetic agents 1 G Schoeffmann

A8 General anaesthetic agents 2 I Self

A9 General anaesthetic agents 3 I Self

A10 Airway management, oxygenation and Ventilation KJ Blissitt

Physiological definitions. Causes of hypoxia and hypercapnia. Arterial blood-gas analysis.
Management of ventilation: spontaneous, assisted and controlled. Thoracotomy.
Oxygenation of critical patients.

A11 Surgical muscle relaxation RE Clutton

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 Intraoperative/intensive care relaxation. Physiology of motor systems. Pharmacological
interruption of motor systems. Neuromuscular blocking agents. Monitoring neuromuscular
blockade. Clinical application.

A12 Local Anaesthetics RE Clutton

Advantages and disadvantages of local anaesthesia. Common techniques used in veterinary
anaesthesia.

A13 Anaesthetic management G Schoeffmann

Pre-operative examination. Risk assessment. Pre-operative preparation. Selection of
anaesthetic protocol, airway control, anaesthetic breathing system, ventilatory mode, patient
position, monitoring protocol, fluid regime, problem prediction

A14 Anaesthetic machines RE Clutton

Anatomy and function of anaesthetic machine components. Machine preparation,
management, problem-solving and maintenance. Hazards of mis-use.

A15 Monitoring anaesthesia I Self

Clinical monitoring of neurological, cardiopulmonary, renal and metabolic variables.
Significance. Introduction to biophysical measurement.

A16 Anaesthetic breathing systems KJ Blissitt

Re-breathing, CO2 management. Hypercapnia. Hypoxia. Geometry and management of
common breathing systems. Advantages and disadvantages of each.

A17, A18 Perioperative Fluids 1 & 2 RE Clutton

Physiology of body fluids. Clinical significance of derangement. Clinical and laboratory
assessment of derangement. Pre-operative fluid preparation. Perioperative fluid
management in the uncomplicated surgical case

Pathophysiology of hypovolaemic shock. Recognition and emergency treatment. Blood

banking. Significance of surgical haemorrhage, intra-operative monitoring of haemorrhage
and management. What is “shock”? Pathophysiology of hypovolaemic shock. Assessing fluid
losses and treatment.

A19 Physiological Problems in anaesthesia 1 KJ Blissitt

Aetiology, significance, prevention, treatment of physiological problems; tachycardia,
bradycardia, hypotension, arrythmias, hypoventilation, tachypnoea, apnoea, hypothermia,
hyperthermia.

A20 CCPR RE Clutton

Factors predisposing to cardiac arrest. Prevention, recognition and management of
cerebrocardiopulmonary resuscitation.

A21 Miscellaneous problems RE Clutton

Cause, significance, prevention, treatment of pathophysiological problems; irritant drugs,
shivering, prolonged recovery, inadequate anaesthesia, overdosage, underdosage, pain.
Environmental contamination with anaesthetic gases; prevention.

A22 Anaesthesia GI and liver KJ Blissitt

A23 Anaesthesia renal and endocrine RE Clutton

A24 Anaesthesia and obstetrics RE Clutton

6 Recommended Texts
 BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia (Paperback) by
Chris Seymour (Author), Chris Seymour; Tanya Duke (Editor). British Small Animal
Veterinary Association; 2nd edition (23rd May 2007) ISBN-10: 0905214986; ISBN-13:
978-0905214986

 Veterinary Anaesthesia by Leslie W. Hall, Kathy W. Clarke, and Cynthia M. Trim

(2000) 10th Edition London: Balliere Tindall; ISBN-10: 0702020354; ISBN-13: 978-
0702020353

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  Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia: An Introduction for Research Workers and
Technicians (Hardcover) by Paul A. Flecknell. London: Academic Press; 2nd edition
(4th April 1996) ISBN-10: 0122603613; ISBN-13: 978-0122603617

 Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia (Paperback) by Tom Doherty (Editor),

Alexander Valverde (Editor) Blackwell Publishing; 1st edition (June 2006). ISBN 10:
1405129670; ISBN 13: 978-1405129671

Online Resources
• Anaesthetic Circuits.
• Regional Perineural Anaesthesia (in the Summerhall library (on CD-ROM) for the
Mac).
• Endotracheal intubation.
• Shock and circulatory failure (CD-ROM Summerhall library)
Questions/Answers:
• Anaesthesia in Horses
• Anaesthesia in Ruminants
• Anaesthesia in Pigs

7 Tutorial Synopses
Nine tutorials to be held during the First Semester starting in Week 2 – one hour duration
(quarter classes).

A1 Introduction to Anaesthesia
A2 Horses
A3 Ruminants
A4 Dogs
A5 Cats
A6 Anaesthetic machines
A7 Breathing systems
A8 Small and exotic animals
A9 Multiple trauma

8 Subject Organisers and Teaching Team members

Subject Organiser
Professor RE Clutton Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 50 6220

Teaching Team
Dr KJ Blissitt Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 50 6283
Mr M Camburn Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 50 7588
Ms J Mansell Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 50 6230
Ms F Strachan Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 50 6230
G Schoeffmann

CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
Professor D Argyle
CO1 Approach to the Cancer Patient D Argyle
L3DCCO01 - Understand the incidence and biology of cancer in small animal patients
- Understand the concept of staging
- Understand the basic modalities of treatment
- Understand and be able to apply appropriate biopsy techniques

CO2 Paraneoplastic Syndromes D Argyle

L3DCCO02 - Understand the basic pathophysiology of paraneoplastic syndromes
- Understand the pathophysiology of hypercalcaemia, differential diagnosis and
management options
- Understand the other common paraneoplastic syndromes including
hypoglycaemia, hyperhistaminaemia, fever, hypertrophic osteopathy

CO3 Surgical Oncology D Argyle

L3DCCO03 - Understand the basic principles of surgical Oncology

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CO4 Cancer Chemotherapy D Argyle
L3DCCO04 - Understand the basic principles of cancer chemotherapy
- Know the classes of drugs used in veterinary medicine and be able to give
examples

CO5 Decision Making in Oncology 1 D Argyle

L3DCCO05 Concepts of decision making in oncology will be reinforced through clinical examples

CO6 Decision Making in Oncology 2 D Argyle

L3DCCO06 - Concepts of decision making in oncology will be reinforced through clinical
examples

Recommended Texts
 Decision Making in Small Animal Oncology by Argyle, D.J. (Blackwell-Wiley).

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General Course Information

1 Timetable
See EEVeC
The Course runs from Monday 20th September to Monday 6th December 2010.

Semester One
Applied Pharmacology Lects 1 - 27 Weeks 1 - 11
Diagnostic Imaging Lects 1 - 9 Weeks 1 - 9
Introduction to Surgery Lects 1 - 3 Weeks 1-6
Anaesthesia/Intensive Care Lects 1 - 25 Weeks 1 - 10
ULT = Upper Lecture Theatre, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre.

2 Course Organiser
Dr Sally Anne Argyle
Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Easter Bush Veterinary Centre
Tel: 651 3910
Email: sally.argyle@ed.ac.uk

3 Assessment Methods
There will be Professional Examination at the end of the course. All the subject areas
covered in the course are examinable. The written exam will comprise two parts; part 1 will
contain 30 multiple choice questions and will contribute 40% to the overall written exam total;
part 2 will contain 8 short answer questions, all of which should be attempted, and will
contibute 60% to the overall written exam total.

A practical objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) will take place in the early part of
the second semester. This is an integral part of the Professional Examination, and will
comprise two practical stations, both of which must be passed.

Passing this Course will require attainment of the learning outcomes and attendance at
greater than 75% of all practical classes.

Resit Examinations will be held in August 2010.

Students should refer to the Undergraduate Assessment Regulations available at

http://www.aaps.ed.ac.uk/regulations/exam.htm

4 Examination Information
Student feedback after degree examination:

1 Exam Boards are required to minute comments from External and Internal Examiners
about the performance of failed students. This information is then fed back to the
student by their Director of Studies.
2 The Director of Studies can provide general information about exam performance and
can direct the student for more specific feedback to the relevant member of the
examination board.
3 Exam Board members/markers are allowed to discuss exam performance in
assessments within their areas of expertise. At this time, students may review their
script however discussions about the comparison of individual students’ performance
will not be entered into.

Plagiarism
Student Guidance on the Avoidance of Plagiarism, and the University’s Procedures for
Dealing with Plagiarism Cases in Taught Undergraduate Programmes can be found within the
Assessment Regulations. Full details of the University’s policy on and procedures for dealing
with plagiarism can be found on:
http://www.aaps.ed.ac.uk/regulations/Plagiarism/Intro.htm

Complaints Procedure
A student complaints procedure is in operation and can be found on the under noted website:
http://www.aaps.ed.ac.uk/regulations/Complaints/index2005.htm

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 SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
THIRD YEAR PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION
FOR THE DEGREE OF BVM&S

CLINICAL FOUNDATION COURSE

EXAMINATION REGULATIONS1

Subject to The University of Edinburgh Degree Examination Regulations and the provisions of the
BVM&S Regulations included in the University Calendar, the following regulations shall apply to the
Third Year Professional Examination in the Clinical Foundation Course

1 Examination Board
Those involved in teaching the course and who are appointed by the Head of School to the
Examination Board. External examiner(s) appointed on the recommendation of Senatus
Academicus in accordance with such procedure as shall be prescribed by the University
Court.

2 The Examination
The examination will consist of an End-of-Semester examination to be held in December and
a practical OSCE examination to be taken in March. These assessments are defined in the
Examination arrangements.

3 The Resit Examination

Students who have failed the written examination in December will be required to take a resit
examination in August.

Students who fail the practical examination will be re-examined by the Internal Examiner in the
presence of the External Examiner near the end of the second semester. A further resit
opportunity will be held in August.

4 Requirements
Attendance at a minimum of 75% of the practical classes is required before a student will be
allowed to sit the End-of-Semester examination.

5 Adjudication
Pass in a Degree Examination
In order to pass, a candidate must obtain a final mark of not less than 50% or have an
exemption.

Pass with Distinction in a Degree Examination

A pass with Distinction in a Degree Examination subject will be awarded for a final mark of not
less than 70%, provided that this mark has been obtained at the first attempt.

Pass with Credit in a Degree Examination

A pass with Credit in a Degree Examination subject will be awarded for a final mark of 60-
69%, provided that this mark has been obtained at the first attempt.

Fail
Candidates who achieve less than 48% will have failed.

6 Borderline candidates
Borderline candidates will be considered at the examination board meeting. Consideration will
be given to:

a) Special circumstances
b) Profiles of performance

Borderline candidates are defined as students who attain an overall mark less than 50% but
not less than 48%.

7 Results
On receipt of the completed results sheets signed by at least one external examiner and one
internal examiner marks will be available to students on noticeboards, on EEVeC or via their
Director of Studies. Registry will contact failing students, who should have consulted their
Director of Studies, with details of any resit examinations.

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