Data Communication Networks - DCN Living in A Network Centric World

Data Communication
Networks – DCN
Living in a Network
Centric World
Network Fundamentals – Chapter1 & 2
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Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
Network – brings world together
 What is Network ?
 Importance of Communication
 Examples of Network
 Importance of Network
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How Networks Impact Daily Life
 The benefits of instantaneous communication
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 The methods that we use to share ideas and
information are constantly changing and evolving.
 Whereas the human network was once limited to face-

to-face conversations.
 Early data networks were limited to exchanging

character-based information between connected
computer systems.
 Current networks have evolved to carry voice, video

streams, text, and graphics between many different
types of devices.
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 The characteristics and purpose of popular communication
media such as, IM, Wikis , Blogs, Podcasting etc.
–Instant messaging
•Real time communication between 2 or more people based on
typed text
–Weblogs (Blogs)
•Web pages created by an individual
–Podcasting
•Website that contains audio files available for downloading
–WiKi
A wiki is software that allows users to easily create, edit, and link
pages together. Wikis are often used to create collaborative
websites
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 The various elements that make up a network
–Devices - These are used to communicate with one another
–Medium - This is how the devices are connected together
–Messages - Information that travels over the medium
–Rules - Governs how messages flow across network
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External factors affecting the success of
communication include:
 The quality of the pathway between the sender and the

recipient
 The number of times the message has to be redirected
or readdressed
 The number of other messages being transmitted
simultaneously on the communication network
 The amount of time allotted for successful
communication
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Internal Factors affecting the success of
communication include:
 The size of the message

 The complexity of the message
 The importance of the message
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Network connections
 For a network to function, the devices must be

interconnected.
 Network connections can be wired or wireless.
 In wired connections, the medium is either copper,
which carries electrical signals, or optical fiber, which
carries light signals.
 In wireless connections, the medium is the Earth's
atmosphere, or space, and the signals are microwaves.
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Multiple services-multiple networks
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Converged network
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Network architecture
 There are four basic characteristics that the basic

Network architecture need to meet user expectations:
1. Fault tolerance
2. Scalability
3. Quality of service
4. Security
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Network Architecture Characteristics
 Fault tolerance
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Fault Tolerance
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 Packet Switched Connectionless Networks
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Scalability
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Quality of service
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Security
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Bits & Bytes
 1 bit (b) = 1 or 0
 1 byte (B) = 8 bits (b)
 1 kilobytes (KB) = 1024 bytes (B)
 1 megabytes (MB) = 1024 kilobytes (KB)
 1 gigabytes (GB) = 1024 megabytes (MB)
 1 terabytes (TB) = 1024 gigabytes (GB)
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Decimal Number System
 Base = 10
 It is called Base 10 because it uses combinations of ten
symbols to represent all possible numbers.
 Digits = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9
 A decimal number system is based on powers of 10.
 Ex. – 213 = 2*102 + 1*101 + 3*100
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Binary Number System
 Base = 2
 It is called Base 2 because it uses combinations of 2 symbols to
represent all possible numbers.
 Digits = 0 & 1
 Ex. –
1010 = 1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 0*20
=8+0+2+0
= 10
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Network Structure
 How messages are communicated
1. Data is sent across a network in small segments
2. Multiple data signals are combined into one signal
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Multiplexing
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 Network elements - Devices
• End Devices
• Intermediately devices
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 End Devices and their Role in the Network
– End devices form interface with human network &
data network
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Role of the End devices
 A host device is either the source or destination of a

message transmitted over the network.
 In order to distinguish one host from another, each host
on a network is identified by an address.
 When a host initiates communication, it uses the
address of the destination host to specify where the
message should be sent.
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 Intermediary devices are:
 Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless
access points)
 Internetworking Devices (routers)
 Communication Servers and Modems
 Security Devices (firewalls)
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Role of an intermediary device
 Provides connectivity and ensures data flows across

network
 Regenerate and retransmit data signals

 Maintain information about what pathways exist through
the network
 Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link
failure
 Classify and direct messages according to QoS priorities
 Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security
settings
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 Network media -
is the channel over which a message travels
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Criteria for choosing a network media are:
 The distance the media can successfully carry a signal.

 The environment in which the media is to be installed.
 The amount of data and the speed at which it must be
transmitted.
 The cost of the media and installation
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Network Types - LAN
 A network helping a home, building or campus is
considered a Local Area Network (LAN)
 A LAN is usually administered by a single organization.
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Network Types - WAN
 LANs separated by geographic distance are connected
by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Network Types – Network of Networks
 The internet is defined as a global mesh of
interconnected networks
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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 Benefits include
1. Assists in protocol design, because protocols that operate at

a specific layer have defined information that they act upon
and a defined interface to the layers above and below.
2. Advances competition because products from different

vendors can work together.
3. Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from

affecting other layers above and below.
4. Provides a common language to describe networking

functions and capabilities.
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OSI and TCP/IP model
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Function of Protocol in Network Communication
A protocol is a set of predetermined rules
– Protocol Functions -
• Define the structure of layer specific PDU's
• Outline the functions necessary for
communications between layers
• Require layer dependent encapsulations
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Define structure of layer specific PDU
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Share information about pathways
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Protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation
The form that a piece of data takes at each layer or a layer specific
encapsulation is called a Protocol Data Unit (PDU).
Function of encapsulation –
- Identifies data & send it to end device
- Ensures that data pieces can be directed to the correct receiving
end device
Data - The general term for the PDU used at the Application
layer
Segment - Transport Layer PDU
Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU
Frame - Data link layer PDU
Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the
medium
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TCP/IP Mode
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Physical Layer
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Data Link Layer
 Supports error detection
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Network Layer
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Transport Layer
 Port number is used to identify services & processes
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Port numbers
 Transport layer uses an addressing scheme called a
port number to send data to the proper application.
 Some of these services and port numbers are:
 Domain Name System (DNS) - 53
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - 80
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - 25
 Post Office Protocol (POP) - 110
 Telnet - 23
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - 67
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - 20 and 21
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Session Layer
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Presentation Layer
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Application Layer
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Data Communication Networks - DCN Living in A Network Centric World

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Data Communication

Network Fundamentals – Chapter1 & 2

 Whereas the human network was once limited to face-

 Early data networks were limited to exchanging

 Current networks have evolved to carry voice, video

 The quality of the pathway between the sender and the

 The size of the message

 For a network to function, the devices must be

 There are four basic characteristics that the basic

 A host device is either the source or destination of a

 Provides connectivity and ensures data flows across

 Regenerate and retransmit data signals

 The distance the media can successfully carry a signal.

1. Assists in protocol design, because protocols that operate at

2. Advances competition because products from different

3. Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from

4. Provides a common language to describe networking

A protocol is a set of predetermined rules

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