http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_method experienced by many who followed it.

[2] Such
occurrences have since been determined to most likely
be a contact lens-like effect of moisture on the eye.[6]

Bates method Critics of the Bates method not only deny its efficacy,
but go on to cite potential negative consequences for
those who attempt to follow it, namely that they might
overexpose their eyes to sunlight, put themselves and
others at risk by not wearing their corrective lenses
while driving, or neglect conventional eye care,
possibly allowing serious conditions to develop.[5][7]

Underlying concepts

Accommodation

Accommodation is the process by which the eye

increases optical power to maintain focus on the retina
while shifting its gaze to a closer point. The long-
standing medical consensus is that this is
accomplished by action of the ciliary muscle, a muscle
Dr. Bates and his assistant. within the eye, which adjusts the curvature of the
eye's crystalline lens.[3] This explanation is based in the
The need for eyeglasses can be observed effect of atropine temporarily preventing
Claims
reversed by relaxation. accommodation when applied to the ciliary muscle, as
well as images reflected on the crystalline lens
Related fields Ophthalmology, Optometry becoming smaller as the eye shifts focus to a closer
point, indicating a change in the lens' shape. Bates
Year proposed 1891 rejected this explanation, and in his 1920 book
presented photographs which he said showed that the
Original William Horatio Bates image remained the same size even as the eye shifted
proponents Bernarr Macfadden focus, concluding from this that the lens was not a
factor in accommodation. However, optometrist Philip
Margaret Darst Corbett Pollack in a 1956 work characterized these
Subsequent photographs as "so blurred that it is impossible to tell
Aldous Huxley
proponents whether one image is larger than the other", in
Peter Mansfield
contrast to later photographs which clearly showed a
change in the size of the reflected images, just as had
See also See Clearly Method
been observed since the late nineteenth century.[4]

Bates adhered to a different explanation of

The Bates method is an alternative therapy aimed at
accommodation which had already been generally
improving eyesight. Eye-care physician William Horatio
disregarded by the medical community of his time.
Bates, M.D., (1860–1931) attributed nearly all sight
This model had the muscles surrounding the eyeball
problems to habitual strain of the eyes, and felt that
controlling its focus.[4] In addition to their known
glasses were harmful and never necessary. Bates self-
function of turning the eye, Bates maintained, they
published a book as well as a magazine (and earlier
also affect its shape,[8] elongating the eyeball to focus
collaborated with Bernarr MacFadden on a
at the near-point or shortening it to focus at a
correspondence course) detailing his approach to
distance.[9] Commenting on this hypothesis in an
helping people relax such "strain", and thus, he
interview with WebMD, ophthalmologist Richard E.
claimed, improve their sight. His techniques centered
Bensinger stated "When we put drops in the eye to
around visualization and movement. He placed
dilate the pupil, they paralyze the focusing muscles.
particular emphasis on imagining black letters and
The evidence of the anatomical fallacy is that you can't
marks, and the movement of such. He also felt that
focus, but your eye can move up and down, left and
exposing the eyes to sunlight would help alleviate the
right. The notion that external muscles affect focusing
"strain".[1]
is totally wrong."[3] Science author John Grant writes
that many animals, such as fishes, accommodate by
Despite continued anecdotal reports of successful elongation of the eyeball, "it's just that humans aren't
results, including well-publicized support by Aldous one of those animals."[10]
Huxley,[2] Bates' techniques have not been shown
objectively to improve eyesight,[3] and his main
Laboratory tests have shown that the eyeball is far too
physiological proposition – that the eyeball changes
rigid to spontaneously change shape to a degree which
shape to maintain focus – has consistently been
would be necessary to accomplish what Bates
contradicted by observation.[4] In 1952, optometry
described.[4] Exceedingly small changes in axial length
professor Elwin Marg wrote of Bates, “Most of his
of the eyeball (18.6-19.2 micrometres) are caused by
claims and almost all of his theories have been
the action of the ciliary muscle during accommodation.
considered false by practically all visual scientists.”[5]
However, these changes are far too small to account
Marg concluded that the Bates method owed its
popularity largely to "flashes of clear vision"

Página 1
for the necessary changes in focus, producing changes
of only -0.036 dioptres.[11]
Causes of sight problems
Medical professionals characterize refractive errors
such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism,
and presbyopia (the age-related blurring of near-point
vision) as consequences of the eye's shape and other
basic anatomy, which there is no evidence that any
exercise can alter.[12] Bates, however, believed that
these conditions are caused by tension of the muscles
surrounding the eyeball, which he believed prevents
the eyeball from sufficiently changing shape (per his
explanation of accommodation) when gaze is shifted
nearer or farther. Bates characterized this supposed
muscular tension as the consequence of a "mental
strain" to see, the relief of which he claimed would
instantly improve sight.[1][13] He also linked
disturbances in the circulation of blood, which he said
is "very largely influenced by thought", not only to
refractive errors but also to double vision, crossed-eye,
lazy eye, and to more serious eye conditions such as
cataracts and glaucoma.[4][14] His therapies were based
on these assumptions.[1]
Bates felt that corrective lenses, which he
characterized as "eye crutches", are an impediment to
curing poor vision. In his view, "strain" would increase
as the eyes adjust to the correction in front of them.
He thus recommended that glasses be discarded by
anyone applying his method.[1]
Treatments
In his writings, Bates discussed several techniques
which he claimed helped patients to improve their
sight. He wrote that "The ways in which people strain
to see are infinite, and the methods used to relieve the
strain must be almost equally varied",[13] emphasizing
that no single approach would work for everyone. His
techniques were all designed to help disassociate this
"strain" from seeing and thereby achieve "central
fixation", or seeing what is in the central point of vision
without staring. He asserted that "all errors of
refraction and all functional disturbances of the eye
disappear when it sees by central fixation" and that
other conditions were often relieved as well.[1]
Palming
Photo of someone "palming",
from Perfect Sight Without
Glasses.
Bates suggested closing the
eyes for minutes at a time to
help bring about relaxation.[15] He asserted that the
relaxation could be deepened in most cases by
"palming", or covering the closed eyes with the palms
of the hands, without putting pressure on the eyeballs.
[1]
If the covered eyes did not strain, he said, they
would see "a field so black that it is impossible to
remember, imagine, or see anything blacker", since
light was excluded by the palms. However, he reported
that some of his patients experienced "illusions of
lights and colors" sometimes amounting to
"kaleidoscopic appearances" as they "palmed",
occurrences which he attributed to his ubiquitous
"strain" and which he claimed disappeared when one
truly relaxed.[15] This phenomenon, however, was
almost certainly caused by Eigengrau or "dark light".
In fact, even in conditions of perfect darkness, as
inside a cave, neurons at every level of the visual
system produce random background activity that is
interpreted by the brain as patterns of light and color.
[4]
Visualization
Bates placed importance on mental images, as he felt
relaxation was the key to clarity of imagination as well
as of actual sight.[16] He claimed that one's poise could
be gauged by the visual memory of black; that the
darker it appeared in the mind, and the smaller the
area of black which could be imagined, the more
relaxed one was at the moment.[17] He recommended
that patients think of the top letter from an eye chart
and then visualize progressively smaller black letters,
and eventually a period or comma.[1] But he
emphasized his view that the clear visual memory of
black "cannot be attained by any sort of effort", stating
that "the memory is not the cause of the relaxation,
but must be preceded by it",[17] and cautioned against
"concentrating" on black, as he regarded an attempt to
"think of one thing only" as a strain.[15]
While Bates preferred to have patients imagine
something black, he also reported that some found
objects of other colors easiest to visualize, and thus
were benefited most by remembering those, because,
he asserted, "the memory can never be perfect unless
it is easy".[1][17] Skeptics reason that the only benefit to
eyesight gained from such techniques is itself
imagined, and point out that familiar objects, including
letters on an eye chart, can be recognized even when
they appear less than clear.[4]
Movement
Eye
movement exercises
Bates felt that the manner of eye movement affected
the sight. He suggested "shifting", or moving the eyes
back and forth to get an illusion of objects "swinging"
in the opposite direction. He believed that the smaller
the area over which the "swing" was experienced, the
greater was the benefit to sight. He also indicated that
it was usually helpful to close the eyes and imagine
something "swinging". By alternating actual and
Página 2
mental shifting over an image, Bates wrote, many
patients were quickly able to shorten the "shift" to a
point where they could "conceive and swing a letter
the size of a period in a newspaper." [18] One who
mastered this would attain the "universal swing",
Bates believed.[1]
Perhaps finding Bates' concepts of "shifting" and
"swinging" too complicated, some proponents of vision
improvement, such as Bernarr Macfadden, suggested
simply moving the eyes up and down, from side to
side, and shifting one's gaze between a near-point and
a far-point.[1]
Sunning
A burning-glass being used to focus sunlight on
someone's eye, from Perfect Sight Without Glasses.
Bates believed that the eyes were benefited by
exposure to sunlight. He stated that "persons with
normal sight can look directly at the sun, or at the
strongest artificial light, without injury or discomfort",
[19]
and gave several examples of patients' vision
purportedly improving after sungazing—this is at
variance with the well-known risk of eye damage which
can result from direct sunlight observation.[4][5][7]
Bates cautioned that, just as one should not attempt
to run a marathon without training, one should not
immediately look directly at the sun, but he suggested
that it could be worked up to. He acknowledged that
looking at the sun could have ill effects, but
characterized them as being "always temporary" and
in fact the effects of strain in response to sunlight. He
wrote that he had cured people who believed that the
sun had caused them permanent eye damage.[20] In his
magazine, Bates later suggested exposing only the
white part of the eyeball to direct sunlight, and only for
seconds at a time, after allowing the sun to shine on
closed eyelids for a longer period.[21]
Eventually Bates concluded that the practice of
sunning should only be done with closed eyelids.[22]
Posthumous publications of Bates' book omitted
mention of the supposed benefits from direct sunlight
shining on open eyes.[2]
Results
The purported benefits of Bates' techniques are
generally anecdotal, and their supposed effectiveness
in improving eyesight has not been substantiated by
medical research.[3] Several of Bates' techniques,
including "sunning", "swinging", and "palming", were
combined with healthy changes to diet and exercise in
a 1983 randomized controlled trial of myopic children
in India. After 6 months, the experimental groups "did
not show any statistically significant difference in
refractive status", but the children in the treatment
group "subjectively ... felt relieved of eye strain and
other symptoms."[23]
It has been argued, such as by philosopher Frank J.
Leavitt, that the method which Bates described would
be difficult to test scientifically due to his emphasis on
relaxation and visualization. Leavitt asked "How can
we tell whether someone has relaxed or imagined
something, or just thinks that he or she has imagined
it?" In regards to the possibility of a placebo trial,
Leavitt commented "I cannot conceive of how we could
put someone in a situation where he thinks he has
imagined something while we know that he has
not."[16]
After Bates
After Bates died in 1931, his methods of treatment
were continued by his widow Emily and other
associates,[8] some of whom incorporated exercises
and dietary recommendations.[1] Most subsequent
proponents did not stand by Bates' explanation of how
the eye focuses mechanically,[1] but nonetheless
maintained that relieving a habitual "strain" was the
key to improving sight.[2]
Margaret Darst Corbett
Margaret Darst Corbett first met Dr. Bates when she
consulted him about her husband’s eyesight. She
became his pupil, and eventually taught his method at
her School of Eye Education in Los Angeles.[24] She was
of the stated belief that "the optic nerve is really part
of the brain, and vision is nine-tenths mental and one-
tenth only physical."[2][25]
In late 1940, Corbett and her assistant were charged
with violations of the Medical Practice Act of California
for treating eyes without a licence. At the trial, many
of her students testified on her behalf, describing in
detail how she had enabled them to discard their
glasses. One witness testified that he had been almost
blind from cataracts, but that, after working with
Corbett, his vision had improved to such an extent that
for the first time he could read for eight hours at a
stretch without glasses. Corbett explained in court that
she was practicing neither optometry nor
ophthalmology and represented herself not as a doctor
but only as an “instructor of eye training”. Describing
her method she said "We turn vision on by teaching
the eyes to shift. We want the sense of motion to
relieve staring, to end the fixed look. We use light to
relax the eyes and to accustom them to the sun."[24]
Página 3
The trial attracted widespread interest, as did the “not
guilty” verdict. The case spurred a bill in the
Californian State Legislature which would have then
made such vision education illegal without an
optometric or medical licence. After a lively campaign
in the media, the bill was rejected.[26]
The case of Huxley
Aldous Huxley
Perhaps the most
famous proponent of
the Bates method was
the British writer
Aldous Huxley. At the
age of sixteen Huxley
had an attack of
keratitis, which, after
an 18-month period of
near-blindness, left
him with one eye just
capable of light
perception and the
other with an unaided
Snellen fraction of
10/200. This was mainly due to opacities in both
corneas, complicated by hyperopia and astigmatism.
He was able to read only if he wore thick glasses and
dilated his better pupil with atropine, to allow that eye
to see around an opacity in the center of the cornea.[27]
In 1939, at the age of 45 and with eyesight which
continued to deteriorate, he happened to hear of the
Bates method and sought the help of Margaret
Corbett, who gave him regular lessons.[27] Three years
later he wrote The Art of Seeing, in which he related:
"Within a couple of months I was reading without
spectacles and, what was better still, without strain
and fatigue... At the present time, my vision, though
very far from normal, is about twice as good as it used
to be when I wore spectacles".[28] Describing the
process, Huxley wrote that "Vision is not won by
making an effort to get it: it comes to those who have
learned to put their minds and eyes into a state of
alert passivity, of dynamic relaxation." He expressed
indifference regarding the veracity of Bates'
explanation of how the eye focuses, stating that "my
concern is not with the anatomical mechanism of
accommodation, but with the art of seeing".[2]
His case generated wide publicity as well as scrutiny.
Ophthalmologist Walter B. Lancaster, for example,
suggested in 1944 that Huxley had "learned how to
use what he has to better advantage" by training the
"cerebral part of seeing", rather than actually
improving the quality of the image on the retina.[2]
Lancaster faulted ophthalmologists in general for
neglecting the role of the brain in the process of
seeing, "leaving to irregular, half-trained workers the
cultivation of that field".[29]
In 1952, ten years after writing The Art of Seeing,
Huxley spoke at a Hollywood banquet, wearing no
glasses and, according to Bennett Cerf, apparently
reading his paper from the lectern without difficulty. In
Cerf's words:
Then suddenly he faltered—and the disturbing truth
became obvious. He wasn't reading his address at all.
He had learned it by heart. To refresh his memory he
brought the paper closer and closer to his eyes. When
it was only an inch or so away he still couldn't read it,
and had to fish for a magnifying glass in his pocket to
make the typing visible to him. It was an agonizing
moment.[1]
In response to this, Huxley wrote "I often do use
magnifying glasses where conditions of light are bad,
and have never claimed to be able to read except
under very good conditions."[30] This underscored that
he had not regained anything close to normal vision,
and in fact never claimed that he had.[31]
Modern variants
"Natural vision correction" or "natural vision
improvement" continues to be marketed by
practitioners offering individual instruction, many of
who have no medical or optometric credentials. Most
base their approach in the Bates method, though some
also integrate vision therapy techniques.[3] There are
also many self-help books and programs, which have
not been subjected to randomized controlled trials,
aimed at improving eyesight naturally.[32] Purveyors of
such approaches argue that they lack the funds to
formally test them.[33]
The heavily advertised "See Clearly Method" (of which
sales were halted by a court order in November 2006,
in response to what were found to be dishonest
marketing practices)[34] included "palming" and "light
therapy", both adapted from Bates.[12] The creators of
the program, however, emphasized that they did not
endorse Bates' approach overall.[35]
In his 1992 book The Bates Method, A Complete Guide
to Improving Eyesight—Naturally, "Bates method
teacher" Peter Mansfield was very critical of eye care
professionals for prescribing corrective lenses. He
recommended most of Bates' techniques to improve
vision, but omitted sungazing. The book included
accounts of twelve instances of eyesight improving,
but did not report any measurements of refractive
error.[36]
Czech native John Slavicek claims to have created an
"eye cure" that improves eyesight in three days,
borrowing from ancient yogic eye exercises,
visualizations from the Seth Material, and the Bates
method. Although he has testimonials from his
neighbor and others, several of his students indicate
that he has greatly exaggerated their cases. Slavicek's
self-published manual, Yoga for the Eyes, was rejected
by an ophthalmologist who evaluated it, and evinced
no interest from the World Health Organization and St.
Erik's Eye Foundation in Sweden as he had not
conducted double-blind tests.[37]
Claimed success
As evidence for the effectiveness of the Bates method,
proponents point to the many accounts of people
allegedly having improved their eyesight by applying
it.[3] While these anecdotes may be told and passed on
in good faith, several potential explanations exist for
Página 4
the phenomena reported other than a genuine reversal
of a refractive error due to the techniques practiced:
• Some cases of nearsightedness are recognized
as due to a transient spasm of the ciliary
muscle, rather than a misshapen eyeball.
These are classed as pseudomyopia, of which
spontaneous reversal may account for some
reports of improvement.[38]
• Research has confirmed that when nearsighted
subjects remove their corrective lenses, over
time there is a limited improvement (termed
"blur adaptation") in their unaided visual
resolution, even though autorefraction
indicates no corresponding change in refractive
error.[39] This is believed to occur due to
adjustments made in the visual system.[40] One
who has been practicing Bates' techniques and
notices such improvement may not realize that
simply leaving the glasses off would have had
the same effect, which may be especially
pronounced if the prescription was too strong
to begin with.[1]
• Visual acuity is affected by the size of the
pupil. When it constricts (such as in response
to an increase in light), the quality of focus will
improve significantly, at the cost of a reduced
ability to see in dim light. This is known as the
"pinhole effect".[6]
• Some eye defects may naturally change for the
better with age or in cycles (ophthalmologist
Stewart Duke-Elder suggested that this is what
happened with Aldous Huxley[41]). A cataract
when first setting in sometimes results in much
improved eyesight for a short time. One who
happens to have been practicing the Bates
method will likely credit it for any improvement
experienced regardless of the actual cause.[1]
• Some studies have suggested that a learned
ability to interpret blurred images may account
for perceived improvements in eyesight.[6]
Ophthalmologist Walter B. Lancaster had this
to say: "Since seeing is only partly a matter of
the image on the retina and the sensation it
produces, but is in still larger part a matter of
the cerebral processes of synthesis, in which
memories play a principal role, it follows that
by repetition, by practice, by exercises, one
builds up a substratum of memories useful for
the interpretation of sensations and facilitates
the syntheses which are the major part of
seeing."[29]
"Flashes of clear vision"
Bates method enthusiasts often report experiencing
"flashes" of clear vision, in which eyesight momentarily
becomes much sharper, but then reverts back to its
previous state.[2] Such flashes are not the result of
squinting, and can occur in one eye at a time or in
both eyes at once.[42] Observation has suggested that
both the quality and duration of such flashes can be
increased with practice, with some subjects holding a
substantial improvement for several minutes. Tests of
such subjects have found that the temporary
improvement in visual acuity is real, but per
retinoscopy is not due to any change in refractive
error.[2] A 1982 study concluded that such occurrences
are best explained as a contact lens-like effect of
moisture on the eye, based on increased tear action
exhibited by 15 out of 17 subjects who experienced
such improvement.[6]
General research
See also: Behavioral optometry and Vision therapy
In 2004 the American Academy of Ophthalmology
(AAO) published a review of various research
regarding "visual training",[3] which consisted of "eye
exercises, muscle relaxation techniques, biofeedback,
eye patches, or eye massages", "alone or in
combinations". No evidence was found that such
techniques could objectively benefit eyesight, though
some studies noted changes, both positive and
negative, in the visual acuity of nearsighted subjects
as measured by a Snellen chart. In some cases noted
improvements were maintained at subsequent follow-
ups. However, these results were not seen as actual
reversals of nearsightedness, and were attributed
instead to factors such as "improvements in
interpreting blurred images, changes in mood or
motivation, creation of an artificial contact lens by tear
film changes, or a pinhole effect from miosis of the
pupil."[6]
In 2005 the Ophthalmology Department of New
Zealand's Christchurch Hospital published a review of
forty-three studies regarding the use of eye exercises.
They found that "As yet there is no clear scientific
evidence published in the mainstream literature
supporting the use of eye exercises" to improve visual
acuity, and concluded that "their use therefore remains
controversial."[43]
General criticisms
Dead-end
A frequent criticism of the Bates method is that it has
remained relatively obscure, which is seen as proof
that it is not truly effective. Writer Alan M. MacRobert
concluded in a 1979 article that the "most telling
argument against the Bates system" and other
alternative therapies was that they "bore no fruit". In
regards to the Bates method, he reasoned that "If
palming, shifting, and swinging could really cure poor
eyesight, glasses would be as obsolete by now as
horse-drawn carriages."[44] Others, including
philosopher Frank J. Leavitt, have argued that due to
Bates' emphasis on relaxation and visualization,
application of his principles would depend heavily on
each individual, as with martial arts and yoga, and that
the Bates method is therefore not discredited simply
by its failure to become mainstream.[16]
Corrective lenses and safety
Discarding one's corrective lenses, as Bates
recommended, or wearing lenses weaker than one's
prescribed correction, as some Bates method
advocates suggest, poses a potential safety hazard in
certain situations, especially when one is operating a
Página 5
motor vehicle.[7] Most teachers of the Bates method
caution that when driving, one should wear the
correction legally required.[7]
Avoidance of conventional treatment
One of the greatest potential dangers of faith in the
Bates method is that a believer may be disinclined to
seek medical advice regarding what could be a sight-
threatening condition requiring prompt treatment,
such as glaucoma.[5] Also, children with vision
problems may require early attention by a professional
in order to successfully prevent lazy eye. Such
treatment may include exercises, but which are
different from those associated with the Bates method,
and parents who subscribe to Bates' ideas may delay
seeking conventional care until it is too late.[7] It may
further be necessary for a child at risk of developing
lazy eye to wear the proper correction.[45]
See also
• Iridology
• Pinhole glasses
• Tibetan eye chart
References
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(1957). "Chapter 19: Throw Away Your Glasses!".
Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Reprint:
Courier Dover Publications. pp. 230–241. ISBN 0-
486-20394-8.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Marg, Elwin (April 1952).
"Flashes of clear vision and negative accommodation
with reference to the Bates Method of visual
training" (PDF). American Journal of Optometry &
Archives of American Academy of Optometry 29 (4):
167–84.
3. ^ a b c d e f g Skarnulis, Leanna (5 February
2007). "Natural Vision Correction: Does It Work?".
WebMD. Archived from the original on June 22,
2008. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h Pollack, Philip (1956).
"Chapter 3: Fallacies of the Bates System". The
Truth about Eye Exercises. Philadelphia: Chilton
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5. ^ a b c d Chou, Brian (15 September 2004).
"Exposing the Secrets of Fringe Eye Care". Review of
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7. ^ a b c d e Grierson, Ian (2000). "Exercises
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8. ^ a b "Exercise v. Eyeglasses". Time. 15
March 1943.
9. ^ Bates, William H. (1920). "Chapter 4:
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by Experiments on the Eye Muscles of Fish, Cats,
Dogs, Rabbits and other Animals". Perfect Sight
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FFF: Surrey, UK. ISBN 1904332498.
11. ^ Drexler W, Findl O, Schmetterer L,
Hitzenberger CK, Fercher AF. (1 October 1998). "Eye
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12. ^ a b Rob Murphy, Marilyn Haddrill, Gary
Heiting (May 2009). "The See Clearly Method &
Other Programs: Do Eye Exercises Improve Vision?".
AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
13. ^ a b Bates, William H. (1920). "Chapter 9:
The Cause and Cure of Errors of Refraction". Perfect
Sight Without Glasses. New York: Central Fixation
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14. ^ Bates, William H. (1920). "Chapter 10:
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16. ^ a b c Leavitt, Frank J. (2007). "How to
Save the World: Alternatives to Biomedical
Research". Ethics in Biomedical Research:
International Perspectives. Rodopi. pp. 203–207.
17. ^ a b c Bates, William H. (1920). "Chapter
13: Memory as an Aid to Vision". Perfect Sight
Without Glasses. New York: Central Fixation
Publishing Co. pp. 136–147. ISBN 8890075635.
18. ^ Bates, William H. (1920). "Chapter 15:
Shifting and Swinging". Perfect Sight Without
Glasses. New York: Central Fixation Publishing Co.
pp. 159–171. ISBN 8890075635.
19. ^ Bates, William H. (June 1920). "Sun-
gazing". Better Eyesight (New York: Central Fixation
Publishing Co).
20. ^ Bates, William H. (1920). "Chapter 17:
Vision Under Adverse Conditions a Benefit to the
Eyes". Perfect Sight Without Glasses. New York:
Central Fixation Publishing Co. pp. 183–197.
ISBN 8890075635.
21. ^ Bates, William H. (July 1929). "The Use
of the Sun Glass". Better Eyesight (New York:
Central Fixation Publishing Co).
22. ^ Quackenbush, Thomas R. Relearning to
See. Berkley: North Atlantic Books, 1997, pp. 229-
231.
23. ^ Mohan, Madan (1983). "Therapy of
myopia". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 31 (6):
741–3. PMID 6676257.
24. ^ a b Pollack, Philip (1956). The Truth about
Eye Exercises. Philadelphia: Chilton Company. p. 7.
25. ^ Corbett, Margaret Darst (1954). How to
Improve your Sight. London: Faber and Faber.
pp. 26–27.
26. ^ Pollack, Philip (1956). The Truth about
Eye Exercises. Philadelphia: Chilton Company. p. 8.
27. ^ a b "‘Fifty per cent terrific! fifty per cent
non-existent’: Aldous Huxley and medicine" (PDF).
The Ceylon Medical Journal 49 (4): 142–3.
December 2004.
28. ^ Nugel, Bernfried (2008). Aldous Huxley,
Man of Letters: Thinker, Critic and Artist:
Proceedings of the Third International Aldous Huxley
Symposium, Riga 2004. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-
Münster. pp. 250. ISBN 9783825890346.
29. ^ a b Lancaster, Walter B (31 October
1945). "Present Status of Eye Exercise for
Improvement of Visual Function" (PDF). The
Australasian Journal of Optometry 28 (10): 449–
480.
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 30. ^ Smith, Grover Cleveland (1970). Letters Recent articles about the method:
of Aldous Huxley. Harper & Row. pp. 815.
ISBN 070111312X. • Russell S. Worrall OD, Jacob Nevyas PhD, Stephen
31. ^ Murray, Nicholas (2003). "Sorrow". Barrett MD. "Eye-Related Quackery". Quackwatch.
Aldous Huxley: A Biography. Macmillan. pp. 421– • Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine–Bates
422. ISBN 0312302371. Method entry by Lisa Frick.
32. ^ "I can see clearly now...sort of". Harvard • Drake, Michael (July/August 1983). "Improve Your
Women's Health Watch. 1 July 2003. Vision Naturally with Eye Exercises". Mother Earth
33. ^ Bradley, Robyn E. (23 September 2003). News.
"Advocates see only benefits from eye exercises". • Tomlinson, Cybèle. "20/20 Vision Quest". Yoga
The Boston Globe. Journal.
34. ^ Shin, Annys (6 November 2006). "Seeing
the See Clearly Method for What It Is". Coverage focusing on individual cases:
washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
35. ^ Steven M. Beresford, David W. Muris,
Mara Tableman, Francis A. Young. "Clinical • Antonia Orfield, M.A., O.D. (1994). "Seeing Space:
Evaluation of the See Clearly Method" (PDF). pp. 13. Undergoing Brain Re-Programming to Reduce
Retrieved 14 March 2009. Myopia" (PDF). Journal of Behavioral Optometry 5
(5): 123–131.
36. ^ Grosvenor, Theodore (November 1997).
"Book Review". Optometry and Vision Science 74 • "To See or Not to See–Natural Vision Correction".
(11): 880.[dead link] BBC. 27 September 2004.
37. ^ Barendsen, Kristin (20 November 2003). • Robertson, Kate (14 October 2007). "Seeing eye to
"Blind faith". The Prague Post. eye". The Sydney Morning Herald.
38. ^ S Leo, Y Ling, T Wong, B Quah (October
2007). "Report of the National Myopia Prevention Non-English works
and Control Workgroup 2006: A Summary" (PDF).
Singapore: Annals-Academy of Medicine 36 (10):
• Russian book on the Bates method—Automatically
67.
translated by Google
39. ^ Mark Rosenfield, Susan Hong, Sini
George (September 2004). "Blur Adaptation in
Myopes". Optometry and Vision Science 81 (9):
657–662.
doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000144743.34976.da.
PMID 15365384.
40. ^ Konrad Pesudovs, Noel A. Brennan
(1993). "Decreased Uncorrected Vision After a Period
of Distance Fixation with Spectacle Wear" (PDF).
American Academy of Optometry 70 (7): 528–531.
41. ^ Duke-Elder, Stewart (22 May 1943).
"Aldous Huxley on Vision" (PDF). British Medical
Journal: 635–636.
42. ^ Beach, S. Judd (1948). "Myopia Cures".
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological
Society 46: 284–294. PMC 1312764.
PMID 16693476.
43. ^ Rawstron JA, Burley CD, Elder MJ (2005).
"A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy
of eye exercises". J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
42 (2): 82–8. PMID 15825744.
44. ^ MacRobert, Alan M. (28 March 1979).
"Hocus Focus: modern spiritualism". San Diego
Reader.
45. ^ Donahue, Sean P. (February 2007).
"Prescribing Spectacles in Children: A Pediatric
Ophthalmologist's Approach". Optometry and Vision
Science 84 (2): 110–114.
doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e318031b09b.
PMID 17299340.

External links

Historical writings:

• Inc, Time (27 May 1957). "The Unending Search for

'Normal' Vision". Life (Time Inc).
• Library of public domain works related to the Bates
method.
• Bates' first published article about his method of
treating eyesight, American Journal of
Ophthalmology, 1891, pp. 181–183.

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