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Article III, Section 4

Freedom of Expression

I. Freedom of speech – defined


II. Scope of freedom of expression
III. Rationale for freedom of expression
Holmes in Abrams vs. U.S. (250 U.S. 610)
IV. Modes of expression – oral and written language, symbolisms
V. Elements
A. Freedom from previous or prior restraint/censorship
1. What is censorship?
2. What does censorship involve?
Rationale why prior restraint/censorship is abhorred –
New York Times vs United States, 403 U.S. 713
Gonzales vs Comelec, 27 SCRA 835
Iglesia ni Cristo vs CA, 259 SCRA 529
B. Freedom from subsequent punishment
Article III, Section 18(1)
C. Tests
1. Clear and Present Danger Rule
Schenck vs United States, 249 SCRA 97
Gonzales vs. Comelec, supra.
Primicias vs. Fuguso, 80 Phil 71
2. Dangerous Tendency Rule
Gitlow vs. New York, 268 US 652
Bayan Muna vs Executive Secretary, 488 SCRA 226
Cabansag vs Fernandez, 102 Phil 152
3. Balance-of-Interest Test
American Communications Association vs. Douds, 339 US 282
VI. Criticism of Conduct of Government Officials
US vs Bustos, 37 Phil 731
Lagunzad vs Soto Vda de Gonzales
VII. Limitations on Free Speech
Right of Privacy
Reasonable bounds of gathering news
VIII. Obscenity
A. Test of obscenity
Miller vs California, 37 L. ed 2ed 419
IX. Freedom of Assembly and Petition
De La Cruz vs Ela, 99 Phil 346
A. Tests of a Lawful Assembly
1. Purpose of assembly - De Jonge vs Oregon, 229 US 353
2. Auspices test – Evangelista vs Earnshaw, 57 Phil 255
3. What is the extent of the authority of the State to regulate public
assemblies? Navarro vs Villegas, 31 SCRA 731
4. Rules on assembly and petition
Reyes vs Bagatsing, October, 1983 and November, 1983
B. Academic Freedom

Article III, Section 8


Right of Association
A. Meaning of provision
B. Right to form unions
1. Private and government workers
Article IX-B, Section 2(5)

Article III, Section 7


Right to Access to Information
A. Access to official records
Subido vs Ozaeta, 80 Phil 383
Legaspi vs CSC, 150 SCRA 530
Valmonte vs Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256

N.B. Get rulings/doctrines on the cases cited

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