The First Celestial Globe of Willem Janszoon Blaeu

Author(s): D. J. Warner
Source: Imago Mundi, Vol. 25 (1971), pp. 29-38
Published by: Imago Mundi, Ltd.
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1150590 .
Accessed: 13/05/2011 13:21

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless
you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you
may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.

Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at .
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=iml. .

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed
page of such transmission.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Imago Mundi, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Imago Mundi.

http://www.jstor.org
THE FIRST CELESTIAL GLOBE OF WILLEM JANSZOON BLAEU
By D. J. WARNER, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

According to standard accounts of the history of
celestial cartography Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-
1638), during his first few years as a cartographer,
issued four distinct globes, two terrestrial and two
celestial.' Blaeu's first globe, a model of the earth
34 centimeters in diameter, was dated 1599. In 1602
Blaeu published a pair of globes, both terrestrial
and celestial, of 23 centimeters diameter. Then, in
1603, he produced a second celestial globe; this,
with a diameter of 34 centimeters, was apparently
to be paired with the earlier earth. Since globe-
making was a difficult and time-consuming art, and
since cartographers were notorious for their
plagiarism, it is not surprising that globe-makers
issued globes immediately upon completion, or that
the two halves of a pair of globes often bore
different dates. Be that as it may, we can still wonder
why Blaeu waited four years to publish the celestial
mate to his first terrestrial globe. Why, during this
period, did he begin again with a new and smaller
edition? Did Blaeu intend to make a 34 centimeter
celestial globe around 1599? If so, what happened
to it? What relation did Blaeu's work have to that
of his contemporary compatriots?
The little that is known of Blaeu's early life
strongly suggests that he intended to publish a
celestial globe in 1596, if not very soon thereafter.2
This globe would be not merely a handsome parlor
decoration, but a graphic representation of the best
available catalog of star positions and magnitudes -
that is, it would depict the stars as charted by
Tycho Brahe, the great astronomical observer. In
the autumn of 1595 Blaeu, then aged 24, went to
the Danish island of Hven where Tycho was
compiling his catalog, the first completely new
stellar catalog since that included in Ptolemy's
Almagest more than fourteen centuries earlier.
Blaeu's primary objective at Hven was to obtain a
copy of Tycho's observations. In this he was
successful. The following spring he returned to his
native Alkmaar and proceeded to design his first
celestial globe. Although the date of publication is
unknown, it must have been before 16 May 1600,
at which time Tycho could write to Tobias Fischer
recommending Blaeu's new globe made in ac-
cordance with his observations.3 This feature was
significant. All previous celestial globes and charts
were based on the Ptolemaic list of stars; Blaeu's
globe was the first to show the Tychonic positions.4
Another fact worthy of note is that although
Tycho's observations were circulated in manuscript
form as early as 1598, they would not be published
in book form until 1602.5 Blaeu's globe, therefore,
was the first published account, albeit graphical
rather than numerical, of Tycho's great catalog6 - a
fact often overlooked by scholars more at home
with books than with artifacts.
Tycho's star catalog was both more accurate and

1 LeopoldiniLuzio, I GlobiBlaviani.Catalogo dei globi antichiconservatiin Italia. facs. 1, (Florence,1957).

2 HermanRichter, WillemJansz.Blaeu withTychoBraheon Hven, andhis mapof the island:some newfacts, Imago Mundi.
III, (1939). p. 53-4.
3 Tycho Brahe, OperaOmnia,ed. by J. L. E. Dreyer(Hauniae, 1925)VIII, p. 321-3; and cited in HermanRichter, op cit.,
p .54. However, unawareof any examples of Blaeu'sfirst celestialglobe, Richtererroneouslycommentedthat this statement
of Tycho's 'mustnot be taken to mean that Blaeuhad alreadyput any celestialglobes on the market'.
4 In 1590 Arnold Van Langren, son of Jacob Van Langren,the well known Dutch cartographer,had gone to Tycho's
observatoryto obtain a copy of the star catalog for use on a new celestial globe. According to Gassendi, Tycho approved
of the project,but insistedhe wait until the catalogwas completed.Five yearslater, in 1595,Tycho sent a copy of the catalog
- presumablythe 777 star version- to the Van Langrens.See PierreGassendi,TychoBrahe,ed. by WilhelmNorlind (Lund,
1951)pp. 115, 127. In the above mentionedletterof 16 May 1600 to Tobias Fischer, Tycho recommendedthe globe of Van
Langren,as well as that of Blaeu,since both incorporatedhis starpositions.As yet, however,no examplesof this Van Langren
celestial globe are known.
5 The history of Tycho's star catalogs is detailed in J. L. E. Dreyer, TychoBrahe (New York, 1963). The catalog of 777
stars was published in Tycho Brahe, AstronomiaeInstaurataeProgymnasmata(Prague, 1602; Frankfurt, 1610), volume 1.
The expandedcatalog of 1000stars,circulatedin manuscriptform from 1598, was firstpublishedin JohannesKepler,Tabulae
Rudolphinae(Ulm, 1627).
6. That is, it representedthe state of the catalog at the time of Blaeu's visit to Hven, and did not show the stars added
during the second half of 1596 and early in 1597.

29
more extensive than that of Ptolemy. However
accurate the Ptolemaic star positions may originally
have been, owing to the precession of the equinoxes,
the slow but constant rotation of the vernal equinox
around the heavens, these ancient positions were
no longer true; and although the phenomenon of
precession was known, the value of its constant
was in doubt. Tycho's catalog, on the other hand,
was so new that precession was of little consequence.
Furthermore, whereas Ptolemaic positions were
generally read to within 10' of arc, Tycho's
instruments, as precise as naked eye instruments
could be, were about one order of magnitude
better.7
Ptolemy's star catalog, and its Arabic revisions,
gave the positions and magnitudes of 1028 stars
(three of which were repeats) visible to the unaided
eye. Tycho, it has often been noted, after pains-
takingly measuring 777 stars, rounded out his
catalog by hastily observing 223 more.8 This is
indeed true, but the implication that Tycho's
catalog was somewhat less than Ptolemy's is not.
Historians usually neglect to mention that Ptolemy
at latitude 31ONcould see a much greater part of
the heavens than could Tycho, far north at latitude
56?. Consequently, although Tycho could not
observe many of Ptolemy's southern stars, he had
a much better view of the northern skies. As a
result, in the northern constellations Tycho ca-
talogued many stars unnoticed by Ptolemy; for
instance, Tycho observed 26 stars in Cassiopea
where Ptolemy saw only 13.9
Assuming then that Blaeu did publish a celestial
globe some time between 1596 and 1600, do any
copies of it still exist? Yes, at least one partial copy.
Johannes Keuning has called attention to, but not
elaborated on, this important item. He noted that
at Alkmaar, where Blaeu lived from 1596 to 1599,
he 'made his first celestial globe, dedicated to the
Prince Maurice. Three sheets with 9 segments of it
are in the Liechtenstein Library at Vienna.'10
These sheets are now housed in Houghton Library
at Harvard University. (Figures 1, 2 & 3.) Because
these Liechtenstein gores are important, and may
be unique, a detailed description of them is in order.
The Liechtenstein gores are made for a globe 34
centimeters in diameter - i.e., the same size as
Blaeu's terrestrial globe of 1599 and his celestial
globe of 1603. Each gore covers one sign, and
extends from latitude 700 north to 700 south. The
nine extant gores represent the nine zodiacal signs
Aries through Sagittarius (i.e., the constellations
Pisces through Scorpio); the gores for the signs
Capricornus, Aquarius, and Pisces, and the two
polar caps are missing. The globe's celestial
coordinates are typical of those shown on globes
and charts of the period: the edges of the gores
define the zodiacal signs; both the ecliptic and the
equator are drawn and graduated into degrees;
and the Arctic and Antarctic circles, the Tropics of
Cancer and Capricorn, and the equinoctial colure
are drawn. The only constellations drawn are the
Ptolemaic ones plus Coma Berenices, which first
appeared on Mercator's celestial globe of 1551;
Antinous, the other Mercator constellation, would
appear on one of the missing gores. Following
tradition the constellation figures face the earth;
and since the globe presents the stars as seen from
outside our universe, the figures are shown from
the back. At the time Blaeu worked there was no
consensus as to the one proper name for each star
or constellation, and indeed many different names
were used for the same object. Accordingly, each
constellation and many of the brighter stars on the
Liechtenstein gores is named in Latin and Greek,
and often in bastardized Arabic as well.
The Liechtensteingores are undated. Nevertheless,
numerous details to be discussed below indicate they
were made before 1600.
The author of the gores signed his name in two
places - in the dedicatory cartouche north of
Auriga and Perseus, and on the scroll south of

I C. H. F. Peters and E. B.
Knobel, Ptolemy'sCatalogueof Stars (Washington,1915); and 'Comparisonof Tycho Brahe's
positions of standardstars with modern results', in J. L. E. Dreyer, op cit., p. 387-388.
8 J. L. E. Dreyer, op. cit., p. 227; and C. Doris Hellman, TychoBrahe, Dictionary of ScientificBiography(New York,
1970) II, p. 411.
9 Tycho, with his customaryreticence,madejust this point when explainingthe extent and precisionof his stellarobserva-
tions in his Astronomiae Instaurate Mechanica of 1598. See Tycho Brahe, Description of His Instruments and Scientific Work,
translatedand edited by Hans Raeder, Ellis Stromgrenand Bengt Stromgren(Copenhagen,1946),p. 112-113.
10Johannes Keuning, XVIth century cartography in the Netherlands, Imago Mundi. IX (1952), p. 56. Luzio, op. cit., p. 2,
merely paraphrasesKeuning's comments.

30
 ..........
.............. .............

... . . ....... .....

.....
.........
........ . .....
...........
...........
. . . . ... . . . ..
... .. . . . . .
..............

...... .... :T
a V, x
.......... ... ..............
.............
..
X,

... .......
..........

all":"..,x.M,
.:XX.
.............

...........
ps
KaiserTech:::

:Differe ntiability: Xi
..........
..........
.......... X: ............ ... ..........
.. ............

X.:X::-
XI:
..........

v::

-7:7. Calibration
A. SI,
.............. v bo ..:
XX
..................

Disillusionment XX
I

"a
M
.................
................. . . . .. . . . . .

...........

..... ......

.. . ........
...........
............
,X

xxX4 Ukrainian

....... . . . .. ...
. . ... .. .. .
x J. - -
... ...........
............ ...........

...........

Austria...., :::x
..... ..... ...........

.. . .......

...
.......
.. ........
A

M
MAP
. .. . . .
...... . .....

...... .....
X.:

........ . .. . . . . ......
.. ..........
........
............
... ..... ....

.............
i X. ...............
. .........
...........

W 094,M

.......... ..........
............
x. x ............
 ,
!!!.!.!!:!:!:!!.!.!:!:!: ,:i!:,Z. 777 I !

`ti.
..........
._-..
...
. _.......,.::i;:,
.1., .,.,..:!i]ii:::i:::::i;:".,..
i..::j.., ....,
... ...... -:::-, - __..._
.!:::: :
_. --: .I.I.I.I..'...,
.:!::::::::l,,
.....!- ...r,:
:,:
......
..q:,.:
::''::,
_,_n,
::::::i]: -,X,
i;,:ii.I..:::::::::]i:.:::::::
- ,:
,.....,.,.,.....,........."". ..51-1
.,. -...." :::7x
:::-:::::::::::
:.:,%',;:::::
... : :.: : .: ;.1 .,
::..
..'_,. ,
'X.:".:. ::::
11 _,.::, -::'1:144 :: , ::-: .:... '...''...--:..
:., ...
. ,:;
, ::i
: .Iiiiii:::i
...',.Si
.....
.:::i: . . ..,
.. ..,......,.",,..':i::::::i::i::I--
...,.,-_..,..
\i
... : I..... ", '. ... . -..U_'_, :
....
-...,..
I" :i:::::::::
,...,..,. 11-, 1:
:::::::::::::,I.
....:ikl:I. ;::]::::: _-_- .j.3: , :i.-... i::,,. iA:II "I
.:. ...-X.:::::
_,N",''
::11:::::::::::: x]:.,-........ ::::;X:; '' .,..,
:...i::::::. :. :, ::::".:::::]:,::::::,

,::::mijj::j:::-.... 4c:::,
:::-iiii: .......,
_.:4,C_:ii:,.]:::
. ...,
::, .,
r.... : .,:,I---. I., 1,
.1.... ,:i::::::i.\,,.,:.
i::-:::..4,. ii.--'.:: . ::Ii::: ::i:j:::::R::3,x.,JK. S: : :::::, ::. ...,. -:__':::X: : ..::,.
...., "..l..,....
.I...-11 ....'...
-1--:7;;,--::i::._!_.I. .......,:,:`,::x.:::,:::::::::::::::: 'I.,-.
,::,^,,' , rl.,.;
-..., I...
--, --- 1,I. ,..::.:;:::,:: ::! ."._..
.i:ii::::::::i--.-:I-.1..'.- , ,I'... ....I.I..'. :::: .:::.
....%..i],,'i
..,-....
::::::i:::::i.:,....
i:::::::::::l...,...
..
.xI...
...A.
.. _I- ,,... -
',:,::::::::;::::::V 7f:.;,
"-...
1 :::::i:
-..-.
.....
_".
_-.- ::::::: 7::::j::::: '.
a...
''..,.-4-1 .:-.,
iiilil.':::i:]i...,wl:__
_
77? _ -,- .i.i;-
Z'-,;
:::: :.: -7:::::- x
,.,
:::::::-::,:X- -:7.
,
..:,- ,:::::l:.'l.,Zl ",eM1I
...,
__,.,-.
.1
, ZpI:,:.;:I',-,
,
,::: ,11-:,
... 1-1 '.
.".....
...,..,:.::::::::::::i,
I .:
::::::-::-,ii ii:;:::::, , 1I
-.: . .. , . -,::
::::i,,.:ii:i::i:::'... -,A-- -,-,t-I::;i . ::7::::.."-:, "I",''I
..,.,:'..:.,,:,:,
.i:i;::;:::i::::::.:.,,..:j::]::-::,:::::::.,,::,.:,::; 4.".'_
' 1: - K. - .:.::: ,;::_ ,-_ ::;::::,i::.:i::: .,-
: .1. ,:Z.:. I -0,, ...... :N.:.___._- _.j %, I.."
III . ::::::::::::::;:: -,..,
:::i:::*:ii::::i::]]:;-,::,:iii-.17I
......
I..- ..ii w -..., I--- :::, : .::: .....I -.1-
M,'
j:i:i:i::::i:ii:::::7:::::

-.,--I------
--."'.-

-;i"iii i::::i:::ii...-..,
..-,I
...,._
.-
.-I.
:i:::
."".
i:iiii;iii;::];: :::::-.....
:::::::::;:::.,-
,x
,:.:: -1-....,
....I.:;:7,:.:,-
'''',Z-....-l'-..,-_X",,.,
'';-_:;...... - :,.:

---....--__,
- ,..::::i::ll:::::.:::::::
---....,.
.:,::.':-
:,::i::i:
.-- , I

1,F:.:-,
-:::::::::,::
j',:_:,,:-:,
:.
.--

,"
,4-
TI::::,::::

.1.
li

:.
I------,,::! ,,--: -....,., I:::::,

::::. -,
_...'T'. , ,:,. -,

-_i:ii!:::::S.:,
,-.::.:,:::,::-7-,:l:":::::::::::;ii:::
''iii::;:::,:i::. 4,d7: :::: :.i,. ,,,_ -- -:.,:]: --,,

,:::.::.::;iiiiiiii:i:.::::j:.ii:,
:I ..." ....,".,::,:,.,.:;::;`:--... 1 ,1,41" ..- ._ :::::::::::::::.:::::
I_.-
,
.... . -, ..::", .-.1.11.iI':

$'-_-A
.iii:::* i:::i,::::.:,:.::..:-- . - ...-- -

-11_...-
....=-.:---;i11. , : -X-%",: ., '
::::::
......
%:,::b;iI\:
.:i::i_......
.,:.._;;a";,Il ::::;ii ,:-,x:::- I.% -...,11 ,,I,, I"i",. -::._,.,,:i,::::I/-_
I-_.,..'..._
- ,, I I .... , ::::o ::i:i:w:. !::::::::::
.--I,
:i::,i:-
, I.. i::::::::.:
:: :,::
:::::i.-,:i:
-, -i

, 0r T - ::/:.: .,._. -,:.11 .. ''I -I---_ ..... _,::::

. '1-
,,0:,:::_:: ''::::,:::,::".
:: '. _%.- - ,_-
.., ::,-:-: ,,,,,,- : ,
.., -I.., :::::::i:i::
,- 4 :]:: ,',::::::ii:::,.
,::,::: :-z:!.7,
X:
,,,I-..I--. :,::,
t. ,.,:.
::,_-;: ..I.
,,j:.-,:,
:,' :::,,:-::
:.:.:: ,..': I-:::
I:-..,_:.:,x.,__
...I\_ N. , ::. ,-,._,.._
''

:;:, ,.,-,,-:,", 1:_4"I :: I:

,::::::
::":',7:
....:
...-. :;:i:::iiii:i:i-
11-,

-I...
...'...
,.,:,_.%.,,__,
" Ii_ i!. ;::::,.
::

.--, :,;! :
ii'

1. "1..,'.::.
III",.,........
"'. ----
v.Vi:
I..,.-_::I...
,-.11-1. -;-- O:I_
..
i.W.,.-'.
_-
.I. , ,14
.1
--1.1-1-
----

-0I::::::: :::,:, .,::X I----

ll`-'_
':: ,.11_.Z-;- - -::::::A:
.., :: ,::,::::::.:::::I -:.:.,:..
1: - : ::: - 11-
11
:!;!i,
':

---
,"-i -.......
::::!-.::
......:::j:::.:i:i::::i.:-::,-,
I::.... ...,,...::,
-l',1-1
-- 1,
I:: .. --. .:-:. I....I.....'
..I.-,: :
",
-'l,: " :o ::::::::, I."::.!
::::: ::.:.::,.
....:ii::::iiii _.
.I::i:
,,1.-i:ij::,:::
..:-::,.,I
..l...-I, : IIIII_-.i*i
:, I %_ .,::.:::::: ...-_ ,%,-.l
,%l.
, Fiji;::, ::O! II----
;:.::-1, :: ?,;
.1-1 .",I_: -1 ---:::::"
::::: --
. __-.:_.
,:::::,:l:-:-:
Z--111. '::i;:::::: ,11
- -I"::::::::,. i:::::::j":::;:::
i:,::,:::
_:-::;:::::i:::::::,:j.::::::-:::::;;::::::,,'. ::::::::l:::::::::X:,:I--
:,:-"::':'::?i: ... e"--,:,,--'
,-,-.:j-.::::1.A :,_::-::-f--- ... ,- - I--- ;;i:,__; :,:,-':
.--_ ::i:::::,:::,::::,.::::::::iii:::::: _
-... ,:-,
:;:-::I-:::: :,
:::;::::,:::::::::::::::::::-:-.,."I --.
"I'll
"::,,
::::::::::::::: ,:
--- , .. ''
..
,-11 ..II--- .
,:,:::_:::::l ."::
.....I -
-,;:'...
.---.---"::ii::i::::i :j-:,:i:ji
1:,:,::-::-:::::::-:.:-::,.,-:::
11-1- 11
,-.I-,
::::i:::,,,"'.", --,.-,::::i:::ii:::::::::::::: -- ::: :,: _:,,,:"I
_...,-, '
:::::::: : Ic
iiii!i ... ::;::il::: %,'-;::: : :-', 1:,: ::: 'j-: ::: : :'l ::: ,:--_ ::, , , : x ,,::: 7:::
.--.-:-::::i, , .7,,.,.%,, ::::i:::::::::;::::::::: ::iiiii::::::,:, . -. -- , ;,,, 7:,::,: :. - :`:::t::,
--, -::::::;::::::::::: ::i::iii::".,.,..O.-.:::,,':,,:::::::,:::,,,,.,, -1111-_ :? , _,
ll`"., ,.",,--l", - -'.... :,:::--,A":,:,:,:::::':::::ji:::.1 ,::.::::: :,:-
.,-II-",-- -... : ::::::;: 1-1-1 -::: , -,Va
'_-i::::: :;!iii:,n:, -
:::;::::::::::::::::: .1 :-:-:XX:%i :::;, ... _-, I I I . I-, :",,, 1 11-11"VI _,"'.- -'I cl --- ::,;:lll
11.1,", ': 11-:: _::_ ::: ::::::: -_-- If:. 1.,I--,.--
,_. ....... ". ': '' ,': ::-
, ,;: !, ,:::::::::,-,.:.::.::-,:_:,.:: I . , '_,---.%,,, ' :, :: ,
'I':::i:j:::i::::]:::: -,%l :::::.:.::;:.,:::::.."I .,iiI-":::::::-i,:::.:,:::i::::i::;,-,%', . -I , : _::::: ::::::: " i: -,
_:;,:,,,,::::,::_
'' ,:,:l -,
"?:: :::-:-:,:
'-::::::::::::::;l'.,::;i -,;., I -1-1-::::::,.,:::;::::.: ,-x '',11- -, , .....".:: 11-1.
----...
...... - ::::::::I_..,, ,e
1,-1 ::i:i:i:j::::,1,1...., __'__.__, 1-1 -',- .... ., .. , .....I:,:, --::: :... . -, ,.:, 1:::,: :, :, ,
-;::
:,': :: :::i,- -:::::::::: I -i, :-,::::
, ,
,::::::,, , , ,,,., ; I ,.-
:::-:, ::i;:i:::i:::f:;i: ,.-..,,,w:: ",
, ,-111'1:,... I-. :, .-C,
.... .1. --:::::::-:,,," _ I - I,
::::;:::;iiii:_... 1i.:.%-.,-,-%-.,Z,l 1 --- ---.,,- ..--I: ::::::.:: : V,,:,
,:_ :::--- -1 , _11 11". _:', :_::::, :::::::]:, -I ,:i 1,
::-:: q - .------
: ,-1c,'.
:::::::- ._--:i
-..'
__
---_-_:, - -:]]: "".",
:-,.-:],,:::::'':::::,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,N
-,, 11,-'' . ...:, :
,
::'ll"
-',
_-
I... ,, ., , c,"',,
, ,.",
., - I, - -
.1 -::::::: ::::::': ... ,-_% 1, M,:!._ V,:.:::,ll-::::::.:_: .I -."
.i:::::::::::::: ... .11. i _,:-::j-, -,:w:, , ,, _ I ." '. . : ,.1 _,'.
_'', - . .-.,II i -:-,,,,:,,-._:_ _:_'_:'_: I, ,
,-11
!-_' :i,_', --,.I-:::::::!]::::.;,, ...:N - I---. . 1, -'. I J,, -
:::,:,::::.::, .::x "
;--.IX-:
".:_ ,, , - -- __-_. -1 --,"',
--
:,:::-, _ " -: ::_ -: -,I,.,, , : -, _1 I .IIII I
::x- __'l
.,,,--,_1- , ,-ANI
-.'"' , -4,_
.:, ],:.:%.:, ;i::::::::::::1::?,V= 1:I, -, I-V--1.
.11-:1.1 I--- 11 "I.-.1.1---....
-1,12 - ..., ,1.,.,. I ,I-,. ::
.,II,
:--:, ...,.,.'%.
-.: -j:`1,1-11-N
::.-:X::!:::II-,:: ;: i::: i::I: .. :,,:::"I
, ,, ,:X: : 11--,
':, ':::,-'l"..
I, 4 , -_ .11,11
_",__,.,
llkv, " ,
;O _: _.:.- .1 111-1 .'%%
.,
ii
:: 'i:: ::L::,::,
.... ... .........
-.....
-.
, .Il1q....,:
i.I,_- -- ,-- -
,-,
.:,::: _'_ 1. ",
1. I . ",,-''__,"ll
I - ,I :,:&
'1I_
::
,
.-::::::::
:,;i!
....
- ;
..---:;:_:i::::,*........:.,4
,..%::::i:::::::.ix,. .,
-..., .-.
...,g.R#3 " ''
I-11
........ ;. .- ,$:::,.A;
......
I -];.I,.:_.
-:.:7 :;;,,:,;
'' . .,.-::
.-,.,F_
.::::::::,,"-.,.l.,_
'-'.,:,F, , ,
1.-.I.:,,_%_1I,
I.
k ,:
..._1.1,,
.::,.:,::: .:::"-., '. -, -,_I,
''
I-'....."
I ":i ___ --
, :::::::,:::;]
11I11 4 1,v:,I I-::::::::,:.:,,_
11 OX---- .. .....
:... _:
.."
I....
"..,
..:,::': - ":
".. ., " , ._1 ....
ii.....----, ..... , - 7,.'- .I...
.1-1 ...::_:::_:::,,-8, - - , " f,"-_ ., .": ...__...
:'G...--
:i,::::.
11 ......
_'....'',
_-,

.::::i.:::,:::::::..:,.:::.
.:-11
I..
-1-1
ZI
I;i

::::::::::;i:::::::::::::
,_111:II..
'',.,".,,::::::::]::.:ii:::,,.-,,:,

I-
-- :X::,.
11
.,
'_,.-I ;;i 1"
It

:14;A NI:::::::I
..
1.
-. ".
..
- 1.I1-1.1.
- I1. 1. : ::*::: :
:::::,;::.: ::_-,...I'.
,,:,: _-_,:,_
-: ,
,::i7:.:,.::,
:::7::,
V .....
i ,:: i:,I.....
::, : , ::..,',
7
:1"".".1
.I ,:.:
: x::
:::::*.:::,:,::.::
_2
- :..::
I.....l..
".. ;wl ... -1 .....
;:-:..:::
qm-1
:.:--.
.:,.,
.,.
...1,
., .
.-,_
:::::;: .: ;:m:.-::,:,.l-'., ;,O-plI:,.
.-,.,-::::::;::,: : :::if:::: ::
,;.;...:_ ,, 'I.I....::]:;i;
-- 7:. :::. I:::::, 1,: , : ,- :''::::::_
1--i:: :::::::
.::::: :',':-:::::i:--,:.:,:: ":i ,-::,:;!7:: :, r.l.:.:'. " r .. 7I !::::
:: :::: ,,._ , ',:-:-:.. .., _,.,.
,.Ij,'.., ;-.--,',: : :,::::: :j,,,:
.::::]:
:.;, - 7:::7,-:-:.:
-
. . --I.":
.'. - V.;;,
-.:I
V.---
.....,.:::::::::::::i
I I: , :X:!:r. ,,", ::4
,F ]::..
,
7
:.::::::,-:,..::j,'
4. i:1 : :.
:::,
, -.-,r,
_4-R
,:i:::k.:: I-.---
..-1I:::
4,..':,,.::I:I..
: ,:;:,:,:x_,
;,._pr, . I. 1:.

::; . - "-_-7 1.I ,- t, ::

--.i!!J,
::::.._. -.1-::::::::: 1; ,_'-1,1-1 ::::,;, -,.:;,:,: :::, , I ::
:, - -,....:-.,.'--,; . ....-...1.
_...Pt11.
....'I
....II'll
!. ...
5-v
,.,'
..-_:7`-,-
::..._.,,.7::.:::.
,1.1,1-1,-.
-,
:_ A ?,,'','Ttliirf,,
.:,::

,11,I,.
...

A,_.__
.. ....-, -..
7 i:
-..::I'':i:::: I-"I
:::',::::::j:::.
, ,I.:..:
,.:,,::.:
....I
.. ...,
1, ::::::II

".: ..... ,:._':,::

_
I::::: i:!:::
.:::-;
-:::::::::i
:::!.,
;

.,,-4
,_ :;::: !',VHX-
.,..:.:;.,.__,.,_'_
...., I.", :::
I :7::.:X:;
"',
..wi::7::: .,,.......
::: . '. I------... . .. . I]:::: 11:I :I 1, ......- . I -1 ., ::-I-.i I.. :::::,::::_::::!j
1.1. .I..
`.....
- .,.. .-
.-:1 ::::- ::::i ::j:::::s::::,.: .::,:
i::,- ,.
:. ]::::: .1 .I:..-_.--'.
1. I e.;
III
-.......,.. ,::.:.V-l1..I.
,:::,...,.: - .1.
I, ,:..'...
-..
::::.,.,., 1::-,k JU:i :Wc ',
P.'9,Oii!!:, :
, :`1"..''. F.u - -::-, oI:!:::
... I.,.1- :; , II ,
.:.;-::-
.,:, ::: :v: I_:::::::mx:::?
:,;:::::::77
:.l. "........ II _ tX .11 1..11 . ''. . "."...l..
.. u ...-,-=
.. , . ".. ..._:::,:
-1 ,-; 111.1,I---I
.::. ::: , .1 : "I..''
..11 ''..,I,. ,::. ..
-..... :MAMM' MY.V -1St,:: 1 I",.JV::j':
-..

...:::.:4_., .,lx::::,:, . I I'%

...:: :::: '. , .M-., ,: !, _.,:: ::
,

. __;,
i::::7::,.;
':
:::::::,
1.1.i:,Z.. ,:.
:::: :, :
::
::::::::::::::i
::::::::::.. 6.I...
:4:
.II 1:: &Wii:iilI4',
I::,::. 1.-.1 :.`,,,I'.
'. ..:,1. ;::

.I..,
11.1.
, ..'.
.,11.,:: 0 7::,,_._-: .,,:::,_"I
I..I I 1. . 1::` .: ,,

1.
: : ,::
,
:: ::::,.

:' , ;:
:I -`, I ... I..."I."..
"....,61`, ::::i i :::: aa:
1.11-1i i:!:I...
.".,,.. .,.',:,:, I%-
-, ,
., - ]::::::::
......
.1
,!Ii:mii,iii
.,,
,imlivaut
:-lI
I,.......
.1.1::::M
Sp
I4M.:
...I-.1.1,
::VI,11
".,
:, .......
::: _.
......
, 1.
.OV'4_,'. ...._1-1-111
t..1':I,:,
:],,,:,::::,:
:.:-.,_... .1,: .-.-:
......
.-:.,...,
i.,:,
__-.".
:::.
,_1-11 :::1...
.,.1111
...
,.,4
A:I,...
11
Xl::ijt:_1.,,I:;;:
........ mi.:,i1, up-- 1-fu m.i-,t ,.--'.:
,_ ,.,::;::: ::::,:.:.:;" ---
:,1
III
I: 1'' I.,I.IIi:X:::
II..11,
I , - I(,.?l
:-.1.1.
::::.
1.11I,,"I
1. .-
'.-.I
11 :::: :m:,:::,,;, 1,__1 v;-- l -_
.._-::::'.A.
1.:::::::::
,.F...::
.II -,I
.. .... 7 .'_... ': , -::.:,-..:, .::"-, . . II..I1.
. ::::,`I-. , :
-
F",
k
::!:::
-:I..::
...''.".A."...-
::::::
-..1.I. ...
;.:
. .en-13 -,
oumwrt::I- :t''it'W
.-- ,_ ...-I., .....:I , : , I;lv : -
I.....,-
..I I-,...:::V;Rxv.,i:::::.,,.::::-
.I'':"
.,
, " .....
-p .. I---:::--
......-
".I::::::;:;:x;.:
.I. .7:7.:4 .- 11
,,;I::,:.:.:,:::.j::.::ii::::::::
-_ ,;
::::X ..... , '',q,-", -...1 ,I ..I -.: -`::::;
]:::.::::::
,:::;::.: ,,7:, ,
3_,::,::::: ", II. I11I.
_:_ .,. : ".
I
";,.,:
1.1.1, :..... . ....1
:::::::;J.!Tl:
,:i:: .
::!:- ::::
.::::::":: i
..I.::,.:,,*
t.-lmii:4mq,-4,'iiii
X..
,II:
I. .,I,;,l;.-.:.,I,'.
,414..O'Tl ,..., :.-', : ..! I. ,::::..11
,1
:,:::!%:': ..:!:,:., I".4.,.::::'_: :.,.,:,,I ::,.-'
.: I .-.
--...;. .: ''Ill'.,4,I11, -......
- I "I ,!:: 111L,'" .:
,.1,_.. Jl... , I ...."
l-, .:,...
,I----
1. ,..
I::
i4 .:
At il ... .. .
...
i6i;:::f,&'tlliI::...
.1, , i:N,>)-ll
,. ,..:::
-111. ,"
-',.,.,:;.:%:;,
x.:-,,:,_ , 1'1"... 1, --.
:::..i7.::;...:.1'.1.1.....::-.,.,::::,.::,.....,.'.
x. :::,,
1-1-1..
,,,:,.,
1.
1.:
.1.
__.
:.:::::.
"..,
: 1. : .,
...
::i:.:i.
I I,
. ,--_l:
I, ... ::::::,:::::;,:::,,,.!.I 1.
-k,-'.
.: :::':,.
I.. .. II,, :::t;i,::
-1 ... - . I.....,.:.::::::--:_,
, ;: :, ]: _ '.,:... ..
_,.I__ ..."'.1 I ;::::X: ::!: . II
::::::::I.. ,.
.. 1- .::
-_ i:I..... .:.:.: . :_ . '' .I'' :':.:
-,....Mlx m . u -,,,.-4i TVIO-A oj-.:#wi ,';::
.401
lil:i.:::: :: .::i:i:,. ,]::,::i:
:,:::::::::_:::, ::j,,..-::,:.::ii:
I:
'% . . -, _:_
.I
ll:'::'
::::: I..
,.,.,.. II :.1
.: : 64; ,., ...l. II . . -..'.. _ '..,-I . : ,, .."- .,,::, F." W: : :
,1-ZevI.
:- _
.,-A
I11
16
-I, ,:4 ,iiii , M -- : :;::,- ;. ::; &:
i -'.'l..l..-;., :::.:::::,::::::::::!.,.:::
:.::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::,:,:,:::i:.:, '',,- :.-:1O;.:.J: ::.,..', ..,.", :::::X _::, -,i -,
----o I-..1. .....', : ffi: .-''I4, ,:5,I.. -,-
... .., i:: .. ";:.:::'.;::-:
__. , .:,..,:.i:::::::::::::::.:.I....:
:.1-1--,
l:::
:: '. , , -.,.1-,:,:,::- '' ll. I:_,0:,
I------
, ,.::ziZ:f :i:j..':::::.:::::l: 1 ::::::!:;!,: ., , '' i.1.
__I., ,I
".1, ,: ,_
,.,,"..
14,11M. I . --,
,.,."...
:.. ::
.. _.,._..._..,-.,._..
. I...
9. - .6. IiP,,.1
I,
:'' :::,:.,:.::.::::::I,:!
..,._1 ,.,, - ,:;,_ !_ _-,".,,.
_.. .,, I.0"'-_.. ":
,:,:::: ....
:-:,:... m :....,: V 5 W-,. . _k.:
M
..':,, ,::::;::::__.
J:
:v 4'.
.4 .;
.'.11 i:::m: ::i!:i:::iii::::::,ii::::,, : ::::::::: . b.I..;:::::.:..:
, ,,.1.
_ I:II.",c,''. :,'', ::,V .
.: ::N, ", ,,ll_ 40 ", I, _11- .,
I.....F:-L.,.
::::::::
.-,_.
:' _t:'.:.::
..,:- :.:::::::;::i:.:;;,:!:: j: ;-i :::::::z::i:::.::::::,,:: _--.
.::::7 ::
:::
1: :::-
: : ::.:::.;7:::i:::i::::;
,- :. .,.:
- I.
.-... ....-'.
.. :11.":::!J::.... -r": .,_t a::X'.
.,.,:: :::. !o;::::: i]i,.:';:;
......... ,::"::]:::.,i;]
t:::::.:::i:. ,* :::;::ri::::,. ::::::::::::::: ::j:::::::;:::::::"::
-i ': :::::i:::!:::: ,..- --.1 ,:: :::: .:'::': ;,:: : ,15, I, V1.t .T.1
!i 0i
,..
..., .... .-,
-.
I-_::::
.
iij:_:::;!::::i.,:..:::.. i:::i:I .. r__'_'..__.:..
11
I.,
. ..... f--::::::::::::!:::::
t""".
-, . X.,-
,"..
:::
_-iX..."i..v
,I
::. - :.I .0
.,, .1.,,-`' -, ,I
...11-i 1:._.:.. II... I. I-
::::_:..., ....

:.,,,,
:.. I...I.... -...:::::i::.
:::....:.
". .0 1."... ii ::
::.::,:
vq:;K
7:._, .: .....--I--- .!;i;i:
7n::777i:7,.:.'..,:::r::,:,!i=:7:,_ 11.- f.",i !., , .'.
..11, I-
i,J:.
:::w::,k:: 0.....-.1 A -W;-.
,.,.,._-X
W
I... 1., ,.-'!:i,,-`
"MI:::i!_..,,.!'... -..
'.,t#.:::::ll
I
.."
1..I....
-:-`
:4Al-,11-111-1-
-11 1!li,,O,,-:-V::: ..'.. :-, I
-:-;-16.1.,"-
I... .TiI-"-..".
,'"i:.T,

illlqj; ..... p,-. ,, ,.:6pw..: ',j,.. ,.:.... &, ,:; .-.1%, -." ::.'

:it:"::,;!:
'""
,
11
---- .:

..
Ci.l
I_:.._....%%.%,.

::::
-:;
_-:,_,.,_,,
,i':i:::::: .1 ,.1
:::::,:,(,
- -,...

j:!!!
I.....

ll,::,,--:;::.I.11.
:I------ "._:,:::.::
.I,.,:
II..
xi!-.!w,,
''.1. __ ----.:,._I
':,:.,,.:
:.::.oi..,,1-11.11
,,.....
,: .-.-
xj,_:_
.

I"::::,
."II...
......'',.
-I...,._'_
--I..,
1,
:11
, ::::::::::::
II:.-',.
::.,...,-.'.
....
-.1,...I
, ..... :..
.:-::` --1:
-:::-:.z
.-"''
%:I-,:j:.:,,:-
....
.".-

.;.',
I .
-1 I--, :.;:!:,,::. -.
.:.::,:
....
-
:::::::

-.,
'l
IW:::_, , "I.'%.. 1-
;llI.<
---- -1 t %.11.I
:,:,:::::::::,:i::.:::::',I:t-I1. :., -,-
,---IST -`,
,, ... i.-,- i,: -i. .l
.:
-,
1. , iiki .--
--.I-;
':::
-1.
,.-,
:::-::-:: I..1.1.1-,l-:--::,
-.,- 11,77,11-: I'.:%:
,-- ,,
I---..
1-
, -:::, , . ,': , : :,-
. __ 4" -, 1- ::::: ,.. 1-1I
z-.
.... 11-1.11-
 ,::: ,::
::iiijI.1.
,.,..: I''... 11 :-...
...- ,I-
.....'..........-
......- I- .1I...-..-....,I.-
. -1-1-1
.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::: 1.111I...
..1.111.
I....-,-."b".1,
.-..'...,.-:::::!:::::::::::!:::::,...,,.,,,,,,.:
",.,."'I'l.,.":,::,:''::,:."
... -:1--.
, , `-,4.---... ... .., ',,. I!:, .... ,. '!?-:X,?'-:,X-",: , .
, ''! :, ", : ,::-.,, -':-, :" 'i'
1. - -- --

::-- I. :: ........''
.,.,."..,--.--.-.-.-....-.-.. .... :: 7..-

::::::::::::::;:::::::::::: -:.w.:
::'.",-, ............. - .. II.11..,:,I. :::"f,.,.XX ::,::
I I'll

,I
-''-1- :l:::,:::::::::::::::7::7.:,::::,,7:':::, '..'.."'.
111.11, I.,.l. ,''.'', - "-"-":' :,M::.:: 7.. t!::::::::::::::::::-:::::::: ...... .-.-.-..,.:::::::::::::7:-.'.-",.,. ::!:::7:::- .,::7,::!:7,:::7:7:::"
I.-...... .1 .. -'. :::,-l::.,:,.-:!

-!-:,;
....'.,I...... : ........

,-' "-......
.1 ... 1-1 ....-.... I.. ::::::::
.1-1-1X.... I:.. 1 I''I .1. ::::::,:":,::.::::::::!.,::!:7:,
_,.7., ...".,.,............%,..,.. -I.. .. I.. ,:71:1%":, .. ,MI
-.I.1 I... 7::: .... .!. ":,.:::.:,,: ., ,: x:::::::::::: ... ---'.-*?\

:::::::::::::::::--
..:I:,;:;,:,: ,- . --,

':-:"-,.",..""..,.."..............."..."...
.............I........,.,

,I.:*-.11
...... .,., .1 11-4
I . II - I

.,I, :::::::::::::::::;:::::::::
..............I1: .". "", ::II ::::::::::: :: ,;-l-:::::::;;:::::-:;: :: :::::.: '....".....

%,."I :!:.A::,::::::::::
.,..,.::: :::: ,::::,::::-::-::,:-::-:: -1-111.1

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::;.:.:.
.:..:.:-......,..::::::::;::::!::::;::::::!:::::!:::::!:::::::::::
::::::::::::::!:::::::::: ::::,,:,,::::: ....I:::: ::::::::::::::::::::,:,: - 1. 1. 1. -I I. I I
.:::':,:, :: X: .:; :::::::::::!:;:::::::::::::: -........-.-.---:-,-:..;.:.,--
::-:::X::::-:, ........4......."v....'.., ........::
---. ..... i!il I'.,. 11-11, -1- ...I.... . ..... ::, :X .? : :
-,': :: ::::::::: ,:,:,:.:,,:: '',
7:::::::::- X . .. :... 1.1.,..:::
,
,--.....
,:,: ,:,:,::,;::::I...
- I.
::: : '':,.:::::::::::::::::::::::::: ... ...-...I...I... ...... .- .'.....'. ::::. ." I.--."', .........
...... '-,",:::::: ::::,:::.:,.:,;,:,X:
..11-1- .... 111. ::: : : ' ....
I'v. -,... -,, .I.-..,.TI.....v..
-... ............. ....... ....I-'.. ''. V. : :,,:,v.: ..... .'',.W....., ..................... ... .. .... .. ,.I---............,...,... .........., ''........'. 1. ::: 1 :: '', : . ::.;:
, :.: : , ,-
'...... :: '':::: I I 'I', I ,-.,- .. : -, :::,:,:.:,:,::,,::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!::7::::::: ..
..: ",.:...";,.,..".,.I......, , ...
::::::::::::!::::::::::::::::::::!.::!:!"::::
1:1:::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::.I,. ::::::::: , ,--b'. 1, " 1. 1. . I....
11 I I I...
-.1, ::::: ,:
: :7:. I.........
'' .., : ,,::.--...
....-.
:: ::::: ,::...
...1
I...............:.:.:, I ,..'."'.- ... -.-1I.:,
'':.:.;..:.:.: :::: :: : :i: ::.:,:,::,::
,::::::::::::;::::::::::::!:::::::::::::::::II.
:', ,': ::: :-, ".
'-:::::: , -........ : :I I .II I...
..l. : -:I :::: : :::."--'-': ,:::::::::::::::;:::::::::: ::::: ,:::::::: :!... :...,::
,:::: ::
:.: ::t:,:::.:,:-:,::-:-:.: ......-::....I., .: :::::: ". X:::::::: I ::::::::: -:- .11 , 1-11
.1.1 ..,. .."'.... :::::::::.:::::::::::: : : -::
I...:;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::."",,` ".. "..'. . :
I::::::::::::.:.:
:: -V- _.....! ."',:-"..
........ :: :;:::...,::''II''- -, i::.:.-.:!.!.-::::::::::::::::'::,::v
....... . ........
...........I." .- w I--
... ..I,
V., :::: :::::::::: :::..,.........
1 1,.I1."11.1 !: ,:!.. ll. . .. "
,,... ::,:: 1: I.. ,.
I I '' ::;::::::;:::::::::::: .:::x
.:::::
...
....::, ...,:"" : ... 111.11, ... ''.," - I''I ,!::: ;: : 1-111-1:.:.-.:::,i:,:*j:.: - ---..
-1
".
,I,.,
:.:: :::::::: :::: X: :: : ,-.::, :e ,:., : :::::::::::: ::::: :!:,::. ,:..::.,. ::::: '. ...,.,.,.....,.,.....,.,..".,....,......,.:I
::-:-:-:-::::::::-::-::::-:-::::::::,;::::]: --I.11.1 I.
-.1-1 ,.. .... I.. I........- '',
1''.. .1-11 .... .11.1, WW::,',
-.11, 'I'll, I.,.... I ''.-.11,111,,::.i. I-I.......,.... ::::::.
1. .,;::::: : :::::T.:x:::,:,::,::: 11 II.. ..1 1. ...... -,...." :::::":::::::::::,!,::,::!:::!, .11 I I - I I I.. .::::-::::: v: :: , ":.!;::::: ::::x::: ::: I.,I......
: :: : ...''
.- "..,.",, I. I I -1.11''. ''"I,-1,,, :::,::.:.:.:.:.:.:::: :::: : .,.,.
....::: :::: :::::: X]::::::::: :::.. 111. .11 III I.:: -.,::::,: -::......:.. ............ .... :X:: :.:..:::,:I.::
, I...
,., ...., ...II..
I... :: X II..,. 1-11 .................-.:::::::
.......... :: ;"-.,:::::::::.,.:::7n::::::::\ ::::,]:,:,:,,:,:,:,:::
, ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::X::,:,:,:. :::
., ". I II:::.I'll,
I 1, I , 1. I I -.1-1--l.... ...".. 1, ".-IIII , I -,.., ,..I.....
I I. ..1 ....-,.-,...,. :: ........
,:...-................
- -,.-"......,..%%
....... .........
.::::::::::::::::":!::::::: I'll ''.., ... r r:: I .w I::1, I I::,::,. I...,
11-11'. I '':::.:, : ::::::: 4: :01.1,-l" I "I".. "...I '.....,'.........,...... "..
-.::::::!::: I.11,,.,'
: :::::::::::::::::!::::;:: ... X:]:::- !:::::.:. :,:, :- ........ 11 11- .......... :"
II,:: "I',I::::: :::!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::, : -- v I-...... . I." "I I'' ."",::::::::!:::::::::::::::::::::::- ........ -... , ''. - . - ..-I".......... ,
: ,:X::
...... q ... ::.1,
::::
. 11-I..
:::::;::::::: 'I
w: .,I1.
.: !:-.1-
:: :,:1. : ..'........
V.. ::; ::::-..............................
%.. .''... ..............
. I I.. .. ...... , "Ill,11
.. ./,-,.
41 ;: ::' -A...... I... I -..... I ... :
11 . 1111-... .1.1-II
:: -1-1-1-1:11.1
;:: :: ::: :: ,X': . .............
....
........"
....: ,.,".I.,.
'', ...II .1 ,;;A:
:.
.
:, 111-.1-: .. :....:...
:.:::::::....... .. ,:,::i:i,,
I::I.-.,:q::
:: .: , ,.:.,:: ., ,:".1:-...
..::::::::Xr::::::::::
...
,:::;::!:,
I.- . ..,.-..........
......
..........X:::;:t
.,1.I.I,,
4:4
1..-................
... ......-..
........
W::
:::,::::,:::
1
.1 :::: ::::w::::::::::::::: ..
::::::::::::::;:;:;
- -11-1-1.1 ... .1.1.1.1".1...."I ....-. ..
1.I I.. ...- ...
...........-,-
I.....
1.
1-
,
-, ....--, - '-%,,..,.....
. -... I.-1.
I I....I-...,. ,,::::: :: ::::::::::::::::::]: 1:I
::i:
.1.1 ,.I.tI..I 1.
I ::: ::
...... II1.
I.... I-1-1
.:.,:.::::::::::i::::
-...-
-, I... ... ;,. ....... ..., ..I,
I : : "I.-
-.- : 1".. : ::::::-::::: dix.:
::i:;-.."",.--,:
:<:,:.Fx N: :: :: L: ]:
q:::::::rxI, ....I,:,::::;
_V-'',::,;>.."",.,.,... -, I.
...:: :::,:::
... ..1,, :X:
."...-: X:::::::: I..... .....
..-.. .%, ,:::: :: .........
:Nl,,.. ,.'.:i,:::,::I.,,,,.", %%%,'..--,
:
...........
::X: I :;::::::::,.
:XX, -:-X, ."". . --b", " ::: ::I , ,I . .-'..,.
.1 ,.
I.
.1 I..... ......
X: 1 : : ::::: :::
:,:,:'' :': ........ .......
,,
..
r
i:,:. - 1. ". I I.
II-......;,,. : ,- II --.,.",..,-:; -:.X..:::.::. ..-:::.:.:.: ....-I:: ., ,I -...... -",."..,., --.1.11. -::::::-:::: ..
:::: : - I -..-,", ..... , ., ,.,.''.........
. -.....-'... I.",.,..
.... - LI'll, :::;: ,::::::::.11-1
::::::::::::::::::::::::::: . ............. .. ,....,.,...,....,..,....,.dI:: .........,
, .. :: ::::::::: T:q-:-::::. -- xo:::: -1. ''.
''.:::: ..- :::::: i !::
:... 111,111-1- -.1 - .........-,
.11-1 ........ '-'..., ..".,.I'.I-'..1 .- .1 . 1. I I I I. . .-l.: ,::::!!::::: :::::-:::-..: ! ;:X:::::::::::::!::
I.-I, . 1.11,
I :::: : ::: ::-q::.:.l.: .."
11 T, I-I I.I -... II 1-11-I... --. ................ ... . ., '. -,
....IX-11
-
'11-1 .............
I........ -.... .....I... -1-1.1-1,,;.......
:.:.:,.:,:., :::::::::::,:,: X, - .I ,:
1, II...
... I -.....
-.,,:::: :.:.:::::: X.:.:
1: . :1 :: ::::x:, :::::::::., , , ., ..-".- 11I-.11 "'..'..''Ill"".1- .4 I , . ... L, ".,,
, .,:::::;] I -, ..-.
:',I::''.Iwb:r :: :: ... i::: v......,,
:': , 0:F'.., -F.I.1-1.1'.."'.. ..,. .- ...... ., -,.:
I.. : I Ii rr: ::: '.,:III 1- 11 :::::W:::::: ::: ... '' ,:-.:# "',, .......
:%.: ; I..",...
: :::; "..,
;:: : ::::: :\.. ....; ..... I-.1'..-'-. ''', ,..,1.
---. -.-F.. ............
.,....'..."...,
-11--.........
.. ".......".'.....
.1- '....,,4.
q.11,11,
-:::: f, ,. I.. ::
: -:.. - :p::.1 1 I'll... III 1.II: -.
r-
I--, .............
.I F..I."
-
,1". .": :, .I: .I.'. .,I.
I ,--: ..::.l;:,:.4,:,:,:.:,
...'I--.'-.: L.-.. ::-::::::.-:"IIII... I ..--.I
: N": ..''...,'----::::I- I%.
---I'llI.%.":.:,:.X-
::: ::::X:::X: ::t:::::: :::
::4.& 1
,....., _, ,,..I
1:1%.:
II1.I11-......'l,-::X:::::::
. ,I....,II..
1.II: ::i: i i :::::::::: -I.. ":
:!::..11.-11 ::
.: -1! :::: :::;I11 :: I. 1,:: :,:::::::!::!:::!::::::::::.,.,i::.:.:.: -- -.:.:,:%::...l..
.11'.. -....
I11...''.....
::::::: : :::!:II%."-I. '".1-1-l".."I''
I ''I'll., I I .I''.,;',
1,
I.. I.,I .-. I-,I1,I::X:::
,; Ix:::::x::::.II
---.",
I1.111.11 -111,.I.
....-... ... .III................
II- HFF:
II:: . PO
'II...-
''
-' :,:,:,:I:: I,w .....1.-
::::::::;::::;
...:",!::::r::::
:: : , : :: :::;;:.I .::I"I,, :::r::
,, .I I.1, :-II11X:::r:I.X - ,, . I-,I-,1-...,.".. .''
... I..''..,,--: ::,::1, ,,::: , ,I -: :::
1, X:::: :::,:..:;-,:,:::.': :: , ,,-:::,::,:::::::.",...-,.,...,-..I
:: ',:,:,:.,.,''- .... - I. - .. I........
.....
.
1.. : : vl , ::: - -I% 11-11,
I.F.-I-1. '......1.",: 11....
- 1-11.1
"..... I..I.-...
-:..1I,.'':::II-I... I.. I..,.1 ::,I,, ,
II-1-\. .:::::::::::::i:
- -......-....-,.1
-11-:I''.
-,I::::::: '' :'' ,.- :.. :::
....:
".I.I
...: :: .:: ::!:::::":!
':::: , ::: I.'..1.11 ...I...... 11
,..--. I..,I...I..I1.11, I ,''I'll-... ::::"..1: :,: .... 1.. -.,.,.,, ,-"'-',., I1:
I 11b.....
1, ia , ....
1.I:::::::::;:::::::::l
.1-1.1-1-1-111.1
I..'v'....'.
I- II.
......I..--
I:: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,, ,'' - : 11.1.11,
I .."'.1.1'.1"I'l.l: ::::::ex .....
".."I ::r:I., ,:,::,,.:,::,.:: ,-:X::::x::
,, "...,.. I
, I.,.,.,..,:-::::::::::::: :I.....%..-I'll
:::::::::::X'::: ::::::. -ii '-.I.-
''...", I 41: :
1. ::::::I.,
I...I... q r!:,: i: .11, :::.1I,
:.:
I..I -III. . ,. ,,:,: 11,11-11F.W.b..
:: :4111 ...
...-II.-,-- 1:rI.... .:.-:-I',.:-..::--:, I..".II. :: :]::'... -. - - I , .. %1,,I11-1 !:ii-
-: ". 1. .::::
III -. .,.. I 1.--.-1.- ...,
1. ......... 11W.111.11".. ., :Vi.Nl, . ,1. - .--:: .
I . I, ".-.-...
....,- I - ''..''....'''........-1-1.1",
.:'', ,.-( -;k 1-1 I'll.''.. . IIIII . I..I11I" .,.,..
1.I-,--."... '' I -1-1III ".-.
II.:: :: ,:,
-.:.,:::
, .1- I.." I.... ."'.
;::,::: :::,.I
... ,.;
..." ..:.. - ".-.I1. I--I''. .
.I,,
....-,".,II
,. . _ :
I. , - ..': 11.1, 1. - ..."ll, -.. .... ::: ::, ,::.:::,::,:::;-I, II : : :p r:: :: ,I'. '
. I1. . II I-. . I1-1
1. ''. " ::::......
''...
.-I - II - -..... .1. I. - II...1. -F.- I"...::41.1'. 111.1-1,:: ,.. %I.II IIII,.1I.I : : ! : ::1:: I... I.-
''', .11-111,11'..., II ,,.-Fl.". -,- ,-' ,.. .I
.:". ::v:, :::: ::i: . .:I.I I 1.1 , II1,
I I .II,. .,I. .. .1-1.I . .I'-,.... II ... II %,..,I .,.::I , :. ':: 1, I I I I. . I I .,', !! I,
.. I.%.."..414.4...
I.., I
:] ,.,;::::,
.: ::::I. ,II.I I. I",.1III.I
.I I .I I.I
1, I II. . . ...
.I .II. . I I.",, ". I . .I,': 1!! 1 1 .
.II..III. .I:: :
: :::II
. . . .I.
::: : ,I.I., . .I . I ..1'11.
.I . II.I ' I IIII,
. . .II.I
I I . I . ."',.I.
I I II I. I. III.
."
. II.l j!, ,:I"..%% I. . ...I'...1I I,...,..: I...1',-,.I-".1.1'. I-F. I I I. . .II .I..::::::::::]::::::::::::::::::, ....II,:,:.',' , ,
,,:,,
I.. ., ::
,:II.II II II III%1.I.'.. III. ...II1.I-. 11.III . I . .I.I,:::]
I I I I I II.
. .. :p :I.I
i: :I::,:::: : ".: :::-,, . I I F.I .,
1, I%,%'... ...,.II,,,,,,I.::II.. III. .II .I . I", I,,."
..II , 1. , .
.I.
....IIIII
.III. III'.IIIII I II II, :
,III 1..",".. ..I .. . ..I ...II . I.i:i:::.] IIII
::: :::::IIIIIII II I,.II I.
. I..., I,,.. . ... .IIIII", -.,. II...II.II
,%. . . ....
. . . . .. II .I.,,
..,,1, .," ". . '............
,b.....
II
,.I I, I.", II.II... ,.III..."...II.I i : ,.IIII. . .,.,.-:, IIII.I.
.. .I1-.,,,. . . . . .II.
..",II.II.I.I:::
. .,,III.II...
. .I II IIIII. .II I I.I ::::: :::::. I. ,IIII I1, ,,..." I.,.I
I.IIII...
I.,II. II,,,.,,.,,, .... ,I'I,-II.III..II. . . .I.III
.IIIIIII II II . I.,
I,. ,I-I1, :I I:::: . .,'.:: i: :: rr i.-V ,:I :: ::::::::: ::, .
".,qIIII.II.,.I
".I1 I.I.I:,III.I::...)III...I I I II. . . .. I ,I.I: : II I III..1, ".."..1,"%,,j III I I I.I IIII
II I
II
.I
"'.,
.I
. I.
.".
. .
I%,III ::::I1,III I::::."" ".:.: ,.., : ." I . . I II II'.
II,III III::r q q:III "I"'."', ".,III. . III:I!
IIIIIII.I.,II.I ,:: :IIIIII,
'I'l.".IIIII II . I. I -,::::. . III ,:I IX-: III." IV.. I . II . I II . . I,,I . . I I .
:- I IIIIIII.I.-.,-II.III I . . II", ./I
I..1I
,. -II. ..I 7: :: ,,- I.II.I,. ,iiI: III.II.I .II.I. . II... :.I ,: : r: :1:: :: ::1: I : :!,I'F, .,
r.
,. ,..,-
,, ." .
,. , 'I',;:,,,I IIIII I III":I.IIIII. I II,, . I II- .."I ., ,.,. , ,%II 'W :::
II,,II. I I.-1I- :,.: II I,.I ,; I,- - ".. II.-I..I II . , : 1] : : ::.
.:II ::I.III II:: . . IIIII - : : :::::::i:X::::::: ;::X,,. :::::::::::::,::::::X...',.,
'I',r:y::: III .II III II ,.IIII,,I.IIII.II
I i7i:,,
III::; .., 11.11,1111, L , :: :: :;.:: ::: ' ' L-- L "' . . . .
,-, II .L....L
;::, 'L:':_L, , ' ' 'L'L IIII
II II, ::: : :, , :::::,II'll-,-.- LLL...L...IIIII ,... I I .I : I' 1:IL . '.-I",,!!:]! -.L. . .n
. . .II' -..-.--, ' L',LL .....-
I::: .II : ", "" ]':L;': ...... I I ,I-II-IIII... 's.,I I ,,. ."I I "I I.. .LIII.II I' . .LI. ., ,II,, . LI. III . . . . . ' ' LI..I I .... ..
.:,]:]:III , :. ..IL
...IIIIIII '.-.,,IIII
..I.I
1, I I I,4I..LI L:.:
.L, ,I':
."I', II I .IIIII"I
I.I .1. .11 111 . . .II IL.. , L,.,I .. LILI II II I . I I. II I . I..I.
.I ,::::::,::::
-.I I. . I I . . I . II III :::::::::::: ;:: :: :
1, I ,' I I II I . . I. .I..I1".
I.IIIIIIII.I.II.IIII I IIII.III..II.I I, L','',. . . . .rlr,I, ,. L. . . ,: 1,
"""L,L, L""L :L :L -!, : b :::I_"L _ :: ' :, _'
,_'_L: 77 "
, ,'..L: . . . . . .II I I .I III .."..,
I I .I .I
II '::: :::,lw
.,I :i,,x. , ; -- ,II. ,,,,', II". ,II. I1, -,I.:, .]':'':::,,
IIII" L,.I-,. I ,L. I I I II;', _L-,_:__ ::,
..:I.., X..: II:III:::::: :: :,:,,,:,:,, . II,-IIL:.:-
.IIIII
,, ",.''. L"I.''LI I. II I"I', I-- I.L, ,, I Ill%_,..:1:: -, ,. . .]:-:-::L::': ::::: ::: :::::::::: :,-,.
I, ,,I ,:
-I.I:IIm-III ::.:_L,.IIIII I IIIIIIIIIIII, I. . ,L,I I I.. .,, I, I,I ,.
'L . ., '] :':L:'-
I.I, I: :I
llL'L,,,,'- . . .II.,II. . .I,.,I...I. .,-I:]:::::::::'LLLLLL' I.II- II., I.I . .L,.""-'' '
. .I. . .I.I..I., L,,., '.'L,,,,. - . -- I , "", * .. I. I.. . .
I :IIIII ,,:::: !:-,.A I-II IIILL.IL :' ' L.j. -"Y ",
L,.,,,III,IIIIIIIIIIll,,,..,,.,.III. I.III.,LII,IIII",,L,III.,I II.IIII.III.III.IL.'L, I.I,"II,,IL"LLLLL.L- . .LL: ,IIII..II.I t :i :: j,' :::: -.- .II.. .:': ,1,':L:::::..,, .,.. 1,.I. .
III.,I.IILII,,I , , IILI.II.IIII..I-I---1.II -I . . .L. . .L,',I,.-,, -.II_, L, "., I I . I I I I I I , , , '.."',- ,, ,
II.III11III1,.I,"II--IIIIII",IIII.IIIIIIIIIII'L,'. ,IIII II-III
. . . .,'I, I'
. . .L,.IIII.I. :':'::::L':':': , ,I,-I,. - I- I I . .IIIIIIII,..
l II,,,..I,.I"II1,.I.IN,L..LIr.._.,.. "ILII.III. .:.L . IIII'-, I-l"',.:':'
.111,'.%.I''L'IILI.II,, .ILIIL:L :-:f'L',
'L: ,"II,::
-z k.
,Il:I::,:::: ,-:,:]:,:,: :,". . . .L.I: : i :-I,1,III.-%-, . .,,III"..L"I.II .II. I..I.II.L. . . . ... .-,-.L"I I .,,,
::t'lI.I,.:::::ii. . .I LI . ,L.IIILIIII-
. I.I.IIIII. . . . . ... , I,I,-I, 1. .I
-IIL,III':-:':'':'-::'':'I:':':'L-'LLL. . .,'4!1.',,:,::::::::::::::::::::,,L,_ II::::--
. . . . .:,:'
II.::::,,:11:
I.:]: ' L-."' I: " :;::::IIIIIIII. . .L
,'L:--:L'::::::::::I, ':,'L::::':'::': '':':L: :!!::
::: j::
,I,,L.,II,,..,,IIIII,,4..I..I:-:-:-:'-:.':'-L. ', ILII-,I.II..I'LIIIILILIIL.L:,;L'::::::::::I,. ''I .IIIIIIIIIIII
''
L',',IIIIIIIIII'L'
,__L:-:''I:I.IIIIIIII',-,.
1-1--l- ............-k,
II.',LLj"-''L'---,',L'",'',',L''L'L'-
'::I::::..
,LL11::.IIII.II.I...,III-
. . . .L,,,.L'IIIIIIIIIIII,,L_-I,-L,:-:'_]:']_;']:iII,.I,.
I.II.I--.'L'I. . . .II--I-IIII,:::::::
. -, #,o, ,,IL.L,,-L'LI,,,,I,%I. :%I,III..,I.,
:::: :::: :::::::j::::::::
. . . .. .I. . . ., ::::I.I,---
IIIIIII. . . .. . .,,-,,,-
.,,
.L''-.IIL
I.L:':,'::'::::::::Z'',L_',,,L,.,""L" . .L,II,-II-.I..III. -L. . . . . ....!,,,:_:L.III.L--, ,." , 1, . . . . .L_.II..I.III.1.I,.I.IIIII . . .LLLI'...L,L,,,. :::::::::::::::: ::::: :::::::
",,,,::,L,:"I,, : ,::::mIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIII..IL... . .. . . .IIIIII-II-::::: . . . .L

r-,
,ILII.- ',,lkII1,I.I:,II.II'LI,,. ..I ,I,IIIIIII-I, IIIIIIIIIIIIIII. , ,I I,I ,I . . .LL ,
'LII,,,, I. .II,,-,IIII::
. .II..II.-,IIII,-,,, LLIIIII2k''LIIIIII.I'L. , ,. :L'L''LI.I_:::::::'::::::: ,I''L,,LI, ,. , L', L,' LI ,',',L,',',,L'.
.I,-,-,%I.,I.III, . . I.I
'L''' I,III'L.,LLIII'''L, , - - . ,. . . . . . . . . .,,.
LL'L:.I. -,'''I'',"''tr,::L,
-I-L:'I "V k' A L IIII:', 'tII.vo:L:L,:,,%.,L,'.
6.::I:::':::::::1:::: :L I I II, II I
7:'- :- L II. . . . LII, :] IIII..II-II,II -
II,,,,II,,-L:L::;,LIIILI,,III,IIL.
I,Iix...I,," , , . ,
':"I,"MIIIIIIIII - --
. . . .LL,L',III-IIII, ....,, ,I:::::::1:::
.. .'. . .IIIIII
,
: ::: .',

-::::,,4i114 ,.,,
,!`,',::-'.
ILIIII.-I,IIIIIIIIII.-,.IIIIII.III.I..II
,',L,,j, LIIIILIILLIIII'L'
L,.'S,
,IIII-"I,
''L-:L',,:
,,''LI,%',,',LIII:'::'::':':':'::':':L':,IIII,1,III-IIIIIII::
IIIILIIL. . .k,II-.IIIII.
*a
,,,
L:'L'-L''L'':L':::,::IIIII,,IL''L.LLLLL.,II,,.,IIII.,IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.-.-IIIII
35LJ
,II.II-,I.LL,,..',,LI''L''L. ,::,M
-III,IIII.
L1,5':j::
L. ,IIILILLILILI,,I,,L,",I,
':.,,,IIIIILL.
4
:
::
lll-,I
. .LII.::.,
. . .L''''L,-L,L,,LIII.
,IIIIII-I,.II
IIIIIIII,,_::::I
',"'L,",,-,I,],W,.,
,. . .,,,,",,,,
::::;:: :::::: ,:__ :: :t
I", '''L-.- '-- ,,L.'T-I-l"I,
L.,,.,IL'::::
''L,'LLII11L,,
LLLL':LI-L, L_,<I
LL''L'LLL'L'j'L,'''',L,',,',I'L'L''_LL,-.., ",,,,"L'',,IIII.
III.''L,,,II::::':-
IIIIIIII.III.ILLL.IILLLI.II.IIII-,,L.L.
IIIL,,"' IL
L:'

, ' L'L"f4'"L,:IIIIIIII,III,,II,,I
11 -;,,IIIIIIILILI'L.
'L'I,,I,I,--iiI.'"','L',,',,,.,,II,",II,-
;::,
,
".IIL.IL.
o'.,-,L,,IL,,,I.-I,,IIIII,

',:,"::L'LII,..,
:::,:::L-,LL'LI,,:,:
. . .'-''L',,.,LI..
.
.LAv"It
LLL.L.,.L%''''',L,,',:.
,IIII''L'L,'L'''L"j: ,I ,IL,
.",::::-,.jj ::: :::: :j::::::

''LLIIL',L'LIt LI,:' LIII,,I,,I,,II,;LIII':LL','"'. --

.III,-IILI,.IILL'',LII-. j"'LLLLL::,
IL:I',:,
IILIIIII;"LII1,.IIII.IIII,,,,''LIIIIIIIII- -::L:I
:'Z:L::;:::IL''LLL'L'III, ,IIIILIIIIII..III;1- I
IIII-III -ILI,::IL-,LLL,L'.,::;, I III'LIIIII:L-':-:--,'',L :-:
ID"L,,iLIL',L,LL,L,,
:,,L L-LL,I'L'L.,L,.- ,LIII.-IIL',..,L,.I-'', . .IIIILIIIIIIII.LIIL , I,,,IIL
'LL_ L::::.,, :_:'L:;II.III, ,.,LL'I,,I,IIIIILIII'''L'''-'L''L,,.,L',LLLI I.,,,",,-.,,.,,,,LILIII I:L:'::L:::::_::_:':
'::::,::
.L.
,I LLI",II-L'-,,III.'L,'',',','',L,'..,.,'L. . .,L,'. . . . .LLL'L.',L-..,,L'L-,L.. L
L'LIIIIL. . .L.. IIII.I...'',',L. . . .L'L''L,'L,,,,".,'L,'',':L . . ... . :''::: :::::::,_ -L
,::I::L:,
ILL::'LL,',IIIIIILIIL,"LII.
: !LLL',,LLI''''LII.I'ILI,-',-III.IIII- . ,a.--.IIII..I.ILII.LI ',IIIIIL-
':::'L:
IIIIIIIIII''.L,''L',,,.,. L:: :'L,L,':'--L' IIIII.I'I:-. . . . ... .. . .L-,.. . . .. . .'LLLLL,.,,,,LL'IIL. -- :LL,:L 'L,'L'L'L',.LLI ,L ,.'III'.L
,.1''LLLL..IIIILI.LI. . . .LL'LLI.,LLL:IIIIIIII,,,,,,,'L,::L:
;'-LIII.,I,..IL','.IL . . ., IILII,.,III_:LI . .':--:. . . .:. . .:'LL'':L,,L'L.IIL,::LL,''-':-
.I---:- ,':,L:L'L:: L ;:: :`LL,L, I.IIILIIIILII - , , :L, ,3, I, ...I..I...
. .LL-.
,LLIL-.
.IILIL.LILLII'L. .-..I. II:_:.,',:. :, , :,:_:,L_:LL'L',L.
',','LILIIILIIIIIL',L.,L. , LI,,L,,t'''LI,.,L,',L
IL',LIIIIILLLL,L.
LL.LLLLLILIILILLL':LIIIIIIIII.L'- 'L'L.'LL. ::IIIIIIIIIIL-,LIL'!:::.:: .... L rI,
I,;IIIII-IIIII..IL,'LL'LL LL.'
:,':LILLLLLL,, 'L'LLL . . . ..,LL,-,,,L:LL::::
II-IIIL.II.ILI:,','.L''-:.III ,jII,:. .'L. . . . .I.I.L'
.LLLII,., ::LL:,L: 'L
'L,.',L ::LLILLII.LIIII. ::IIL. LL.. . . . . . . . .L. .-. -. -.-.-I.%II..I.. / 7- -; :-I.,' , L..L:I'LL
I.ILLL.LLIIIILI,
.LLL',LLL.
LL',LL'L. II..I.ILI'''',,'.LLII.,IIIL'::::
: ,-:,L:III.IIIIIII.III.LL- . . .. .LL:L' :
_'L: .:. ; :L:L; :: ::L:LL. . ., L,,,
.'Li:::i:
IL,,,,I..'.'L'LI'.''''.''LL''L'LLL' IIII.I..L,,,,,"L LLIIIII..IIIILN L'-'' !i ;. :i:j:: fL:L:.::: , ''LL. . .pLIL:: LL' '
..LL:L:I.L.
LLLL
1. ILI
.I..LLLLL'L:,,L
L.LII
, -LIIII..I.ILL' .'LLLIII..I.
,,,.
..-LL,.LL.IILLLLL,'_,LL''LL'L'LIIII..II.,,LL,,,''.
:I, , ,I-I''LLLL''LILL,''L'L,,-
,,, L, ,IIII'LL,.
,.,II'LII . . ..
. . .L'LLL'.L':1I.L.L:
IIIIII.
. . . . . .:
. .LLL.. . .,'LL'._
ILLL'- :-: .
' -, ,:L:': : :..:': . . . .' ,'.L.,,,.,,LI
LL' ' :! :V:::::L:,: L,,, ,. :
:
i :: ::
: : :- L
,::;L 1-1-
IL.I....
LLLII,II,,IIII,,--
L.L.LLLIIL. :. ::'. '"LLL' L''L. . . .II,I ..,.III'_,L,,L.
'.,,,I,LLIILIII.ILIIII,. L' , . . . .. . . .L-"'.k . .,
. . . .'L.kL. \ .,' ::- ::'::,''.L"''', '', L,': ':1'
-LIIL.''.IIILIILII-,,kLL: . .L,,-,LIL''
.IL:::L': : :-I-- -IIIII....,,.'L.IILLI.L...'L'-','.'.LL. . .LI''L'.,L'L. . L. :AL--LL-LI II
,LI.IIIIIIII,'LI.I'LIL:I . . .LLI,LLLL, ,LLL ,'L,._ ::1 ::L'.',,','',''LLL. ,L,:LL ,'IILI.''L- :-,:-:-.:.,
.LI.IILIII'LLIILLLL..'.L.
LL:--;LL.
LLIIIILI'LLI.II..I.,III.II.II.II.I.I.-::::,
LLLL-''L. ",L':'':: j::::':.: L,:::, ,:L 'tjtf -:'L:,:'
LL, LL,,
..S,
'LLLL'' LLIIILLI.LLI,I.LLL.,.''.','''..LLII'LLIII-':L:-:
,L,',; LL '-.,,', IIIIIL;-$'L I,'''L. . . . .L'LLI.I'LL._,_:::LI':'.:L: , L-,-.III.. I;:L- , :L'LLL 'j 'LLI,V '.I.SI-L''L..'LL''
L::1:1:1,...I.LI.
.L.I,L. ::-L , , '-'..::,, . .I.II..II.I::;...:
. .LL.I..L'.'LILLL .::'L ,. ._ _' ' :7LL ,
.'''',,"L
L-., '',' ,:L:"IIII.IL. '.:L,.4__ ,
L"LIL.I
LL..,'L-II
LL.'LI'LII
L.I.III.I ,..LI-L,: ,<LL'.,L.IL.I ": .",ILW:..- ,_.. ... ,. ::,:::
,.,L..LL'L.' ".II.,ILL.,,IIIIL:: ,",,:::L:ILLI'LILLLLII...LL.LLI..IILI'IL,L_7,LL:' :1:jIL'.:JL:j]:j'.LI L,,.,LI..L.ILI,III,:IIIII II..-,II,.I..-I ii!i
L.ILL..L"'LI..ILIIIII..'L',I,,LL-I: . .L. . . .LLLLL'L''L,L..
LLL..'LLLf'"L.,::,LLL.'L
LLLLL.iLLI.IIILI.ILI'L''LLLI..L,'LLLL II. . . . . . . .L.-
L..L.LIIL,IILII.LI-IIII,..,.IIII-.LIII.
.LLI"LII.L..LILL..'LLIIL;-:::::: . . ...III.,LL' . .I. . . . : . .L. I:":-:;II. F' LhL J*VL:L:J,LZ'.L
I.I.III..I.I.,L,,I,,IL,',,. 'jL. . .III..IL. . . . . . L.. .L,.LL,,LLILLL.
.I,'L'J:.: :,',,: ':' 'L'...I.... . . . . .L.L-LL.LL
LLL.
'L,,,.LL.-.II. "IILL.IIII,,,LILLLL'LLL,..,L'_.LLLIII. .LILLLLL,L:-',''L .L",,tLL' . :L':::L'
I....LLLL-
L',LLIIIIIIILIL''L. ,.IL.ILLL L,LL.IILILLL..,L.,I_: . . . . .LL..I.IIL'LILL .". 'L.
L. . .,,. : II1LL'.-". ..
.L'.,:: :"L,.:,::!':.',;L;
,L-LI',L,'..L...L
'.IIILL. . .LL.,L....LLI''L'L , LL, L., ;,.'
,',,,L"ILI. . .''L. . . .L'LL','" ..,L, . L.L,....'L,,IIII:: ,,I::X,:::.I...,,I. L . . .-L*LL'L ,..LL.I,'i,.:::j:::
'LL..IIIIIIL.II..LL., . .LL.L.IIII..L',L'IL.-..I'. : L
..ILII,,I::'''LL.
IL. . .LL.'L',LL'LL.L. . .' L"III.,IIIII..* I,,IIIIIIII.
.,LLIt,'L::
..::.,,..-.
,.ILLL:. : : ' ' ::t,.::: :::::::::::
ILLArtificialIIL.I.L.
II..I'LII.II,,I.: . . .LL, ',LL. . .L'LLLLL.ILL,,- II . .L ::jjf, : L" tiL-,:;I:Io.:.:,LLI ......
L.,....,I.II'. ,.II..,., ,L:..LIIL,I: .
,.II.II.II:LL,'LLIIIIIILI..IL . . .II,II'L'. L..,...,..;:.,,,,L::.:,.,L:::::
L.. . .LII.II.II.IILLIILL"
LL.L.'LL. ,:L.
.I.I.LI..II.L . .I.',II:, ""L..-.,.I,. ::I::::
. .I .L.cII: , II.III., . ,,.-..I:. :::::,'.' , L. . .I.L:. IIL# :LL :' :,
..III..LI'-'-''''L'L-',II.I..i,
IL..IIIII.I.I . . .LLI: ..,III ,:,:,,::::::
.L.II......IIL._,....,I-41-:::,I.::'L': -:'-:. . . . .L. . .LL'L.' :)",II ,>,.L-IIII...IL.. .. : - .I -I.I'L , 14L . .L''L''',L.,,
LL.
ILLI.I....L,..I'Li.,.- ,:I:...I.: ". . . .L .:: k..!..'L.
-.I.,"III.II I.I 'IL..L, :; II'
L,... I... .I.11 : f': '::''L. . . .'.,.,I:II;::::.I I.,.I.I, . . .''Lj-'':. ,.,' . .. ,:.I : ::::::LLLL:'::::::, l III.. . %I
IIIII-X IA.,L,
'LLLL':::: ,... .,. ::
.II.,.I..IIJ:k:; ,
'::::L:".,.'L;7L.IL..,;III.II.II,'111,,
. .......... , L , , ,"..I
. ,:::, :,..-
.. .. .
: 4*4', . ,LL..I
II,.IIII.III,'-L:::::L,..,,I, I LI.I.,L.
. .,,I..LI..,L,III ,,.L. 't . . . .. . .I.I...II.I. . . .L'', ,L ,LL. . . .. ....
.'..;4'L,: . _.
I..L..,LI-,,,4''LL.LI.I
.,I.,. .L'',L'd.L,'.I...II..ILLL.L..X::-:1;:-: . .I. . ...ILI :: L':::..
, .'L'I. ::',:':L::. :7V'--LL,,,,.,,I....I,,
IIIL.,'. L.''Lt, .III:
II ' ' L. . . .I II II.I..III. . .I.IIL.IIII_, .. ,..
II,.I,.,.I.II.IIIII_.,I_.I:....I-L,','I :: 7:,.L..LIL'
,:qI--
_,L,',1117'..,:IIII.I.III',L.'.''',....,,..,I,,'LI
..,II.II...I.,..LIII.,
,II','.L...L: L.LII.III. II.III.I.I..L..ILI1I.I..II., . ..I.I....IL..ILPt;i i. ,AII. L.. .,.,. .::..x:,:: ,:::::' .'L:I
.I.,III.IIIIII.I,IIIIIII.IIIILILI.LL,..II. . . . .. . .L,:;, L,11.III.I..IIII,II.LI'. L.. .:LL:'IIII..,-"-'. . .II ,I:,LI.I''. ""qL.L'-'
I,.IIII,. 11.IILI.III..LLI.,LI,,''.L,,'L',
..: :.,L,'L'IIIL:LII .ILI'L'. .IL".'.'','.II'L'L'L.LI.L..I.IL.. . . .I.I. . .I. . . . . . . .I.I ...I-.7kI.::--1.ILI..,
L..IIIII.ILI
L.LIII.
..L.I'LI..III,.I.,.I :IIII'LL..I,.'..I''..L,.I....I :,,L.II.
I.,.,LL,..:
.,.I.I:: IILL,..I.IIiii1: Ii7
IL'L'L, I I.I, . . . . .LL.'.II'L
,,ajWL'L
.L,:II-.IIII.III.II...,..I...L,'..'',',',
i,I :1.
,.I..III; .r; ;.;.: ,!::::::::. . .IIIII..:I. I::w::,
.I',,,,,. ',LL.. ,,: ,II., I
.,I.I:LII...,_,._:,_L,'':L.'LII.I:'L'.III-.,I
III.IIIr. I. . ..I,..,IIII
..I II:., , ,,,'I.IaL'L',LI '::7':';! "';-"" ."::7LIII.1,,' ".'. "L"..IIIII.III ... . . ..I..I
:: !:,, L, : ::.::: ,
II...L'::: II.II I.:I
.LII.,'rIIII,.
I.I II.I IIII.IL,-II..I.LLIIIII.'L
,II..,:: :
:: :::::::X'LL.';,:.':::,.,LL.
'''''''L" L,rrIII.IIII.I.IIII. .....
I, ,,. .,I.-.,ii ..::: ::
..,IIII.L::;::';:: L:,:,- ::1 . ..L ::
..,,7
.I.01'i,,.:,.,
.'L.,,j','LL
.,:
..IIIIII.,
: i: ,, ,,.::::
L. . .L,'.
:..
,
I::II:::: . .,,: .:L: :L',,III.II:,::j::::::::
,L,,,:LLLI,,LLL,''.'',,,.L,.IIII.:,]'':'L:'::
IILII.. . ...L,,'':L
:::::::
:
:'',II. !L .III...L . .III..I
::Ie:::IL ,I' L:: '
II II ,I..;
,I,.L*(,.,",LL. ,.,IL..III: ::I..IIIILII'LII. I.I,....II. 7::::::::: :: :: : :::j:''' :'' :LI.I. :
.I,,I..IIIIIIII::....
,I.-,...II11II .f1 ." ..,,:.''L'...III.IL.I ::,::::-:;::...,I,::::::;;:,:::::,,',.',-,',-'L'' .''--.-. 'L: LI'.II: ,.,_IIIIL : ::::; ,, II.I ::L
I-II
L'.I,L-:: : : :
.I.I.r..II "--,:: L,: :] : : :: I:..-,..rI'L. . . :,,, ,.LIL.,::,:.::.II..,.III.II . .II,.L. . . . .-L: :: ::.. :kL
_,.:
.I.L...,III: "''-V '$ '--- ,. . '. .L: . .L, LI;,' .L L: II.L.II. 'dILL' ,. ...Io . ::,
.,: I :, ; .".....LL. IILI.. " LI:',II..LIIIIIII
,L,,I..IILLL. :'' :1
r.. :'' :.':. . .:' IL
:1:,:I
.I.,I-'' .I. ;L :: : : I::; .IL., :.. I.II :-':'
,.II.,:'LI.I.III..I,,.--NI.r.
:''LL,,::, :,.,L:t"'IIIIII..II...II
. .IIIIIIIIIII..,I.
. .r...,I,.r,,I,.,.,......I III :I III.I,: : : III
..I.II:: . . .IIIIIII,,..::
IIII' '. . .L''L' IIIII..I.,,!,..,
.III.II--
Eridanus. In both places he called himself Guiliel-
mus (or Guilhelmus) Janssonius Alcmarianus, the
same name he used on the 1599 terrestrial globe.
Presumably, therefore, both these globes were
made, or at least begun, while Blaeu was still at
Alkmaar. The 1602 globes, made after Blaeu's
move to Amsterdam, are signed Guilielmus
Janssonius Blaeu. Although Blaeu was the author of
the globe, he did not actually engrave the plates. This
work was done by Jan Pietersz. Saenredam (1565-
1607), a well-known painter, engraver and map-
engraver." His signature appears at the foot of the
constellation Eridanus, 'lohan Sanredam figuras
fecit'.
Working together Blaeu and Saenredam pro-
duced a very beautiful globe. The constellation
figures are all well drawn, and fleshed out with
careful shading. The stars are so well positioned
that they can easily be identified; they are clearly
graduated according to magnitude; and on a
finished globe the stars observed by Tycho would
be overlaid with gold.
The artistic style of the globes is also worth
noting. Although to accommodate the star positions
constellation figures always hold the same poses,
their features and clothing can differ from one map
to another. In the history of celestial cartography,
however, artistic conventions have been both strong
and long lived. In sixteenth century Europe three
cartographic traditions account for all known star
maps. The first, which might be called the Vienna
school, is typified, though by no means originated,
by Albrecht DUrer's great woodcut star charts of
1515. On these consciously Renaissance charts most
of the figuresare naked, and their classical attributes
are correctly drawn.12 The second tradition,
following the woodcut maps made by Johann
Honter in 1532, clothes the figures in contemporary
styles.'3 The third tradition is derived from Mer-
cator's celestial globe of 1551. Here two of the male
figures - Bootes and Orion - appear in Roman
dress. In their early work Blaeu's two serious
competitors, Van Langren and Hondius, followed
the Mercator tradition, as can clearly be seen on
the celestial globe made by Van Langren in 158914
and on the Molyneux celestial globe of 1592, the
plates of which were engraved by Hondius.15
The Liechtenstein gores represent a totally new
tradition, one that would be immensely popular
with Dutch cartographers throughout the seven-
teenth century.'6 Three of the constellation figures
show this independence particularly clearly. Bootes
is dressed for a northern European winter, in fur
hat, warm cloak and high boots. Orion carries a
metal shield rather than a lion's skin, and his head
is covered by a metal helmet surmounted by a bird.
Cetus, who heretofore had a canine head with
closed mouth, here has wide gaping jaws.
Where did this style originate? Perhaps with
Tycho. In his observatory was a large (almost 6 feet
diameter) brass globe on which he marked star
positions as he observed them.'7 Blaeu followed
suit, and while at Hven copied the star positions
onto a manuscript globe.'8 It is tantalizing to think
that in so doing he transmitted the style as well as
the content of Tycho's globe. Perhaps Blaeu himself

11EmmanuelBenezit,DictionnaireCritiqueet Documentairedes Peintres,Sculpteurs,Dessinateurset Graveurs(Paris, 1962),

VII, p. 463.
12 DUrer'spredecessorsare discussedin Zofia Ameisenowa, The Globeof MartinBylica of Olkusz and Celestial Maps in
the East andin the West, trans. by AndrzejPotocki, (Warsaw,1959). Of the many latermaps in this style two famous ones
are the planisphereby Peter Apian in his AstronomicumCaesarium(Ingolstadt, 1540), and the globes by FranciscusDe-
mongenet (1552 and later).
13 These geocentricmaps,entitled'ImaginesConstellationum Borealium(Australium)',were bound in ClaudiusPtolemaeus,
Omnia,quaeextant, opera,Geographia excepta (Basel, 1541& 1551).They werelater issuedby Jean de Gourmont,Guillaume
Morel and Jean Bienn6in Paris. See Deborah Jean Warner,Thefirst modernsky mapsreconsidered,ArchivesInternationales
d'Histoire des Sciences. XXII (1969), p. 263-6.
14 A copy is at the National MaritimeMuseum, Greenwich,England (catalogueG. 99). Helen Wallis, Furtherlight in the

Molyneuxglobes, GeographicalJournal,CXXI, (1955),p. 304-311,noted the dependenceof both Van Langrenand Molyneux
on Mercator.
15 The two known copies are in the Libraryof MiddleTemple,London, and the Germanisches Nationalmuseumin NUrnberg.
The signatureof Hondius as engraverappearsbelow the dedicationto QueenElizabeth,south of Cetus.
16 This style was used, for instance, on several star charts in Andreas Cellarius'beautifulHarmoniaMacrocosmica(Am-

sterdam, 1660 and later).

17 Tycho Brahe,AstronomiaeInstaurataeMechanica,p. 103-105. The picture of the globe accompanyingthe description

shows only constellationswhich did not vary greatlyfrom one style to another.
18
Herman Richter, op. cit., page 54.

34
created the style. In either case Hondius, not always Transisulanaeet inferiorisTraiecti etc.
Domino suo Clementiss.'
a gentleman worthy of implicit belief,19 copied it Hoc astriferi, stellari arte coelo
directly on his globe of 1600. It is also possible deductarum,coelui,Gratus M.O.
that Blaeu obtained the style from Hondius, rather D.D.C.Q.
Guilielmus Ianssonius
than vice versa. According to Hinze,20 a celestial Alcmarianus.
globe drawn by Petrus Plancius, and engraved and
published by Hondius around 1598, did not show
The title of the globe appears in a cartouche
significant stylistic differences from the Hondius
between the heads of Gemini and Ursa Major
globe of 1600. In his description of this globe
(Figure 2):
Hinze presents three serious ambiguities. He does
not clearly indicate which authority was followed SPHAERA STELLIFERA
for the northern star positions. Although the globe In qua, et speculo quodam
shows the southern stars as seen by Keyser, Hinze firmamenti,universumSijderi
ornatum, ac Stellarumordinem,
mentions only nine of the new southern con- maiori, quam antehac, industria
stellations, neglecting completely Crux, Columba, accuratissimedispositum;ea-
Musca, Phoenix and Triangulum Australe. And rumque numerum,quam hac-
tenus unquam, auctiorem,
Hinze argues that since the epoch of the globe is observationibusrecens a No-
1600, the globe, like a calendar, must have been bili Viro D. TYCHONE BRA-
made prior to that date; that this was quite often HE habitis, locis ad annum
19eoyovtag 1600 accommoda-
not the case is obvious from the many early tis, intueri liceat.
seventeenth century globes designed for the epoch
1600. In any case, Tycho's brass globe housed for Translated:Star-bearingspherein which, as a kind of mirror
of the firmament,the universeof stars has been ornamented,
many years at the University of Copenhagen, was and the order of the stars, with greatercare than heretofore,
destroyed by fire in 1728,21 and the one known has been accuratelyshown; and the numberof them, having
copy of the 1598 Plancius/Hondius globe, housed been increasedby the recent observationsof the Noble Lord
Tycho Brahe more than anyone thus far, having acco-
in the Gymnasium at Zerbst, was lost during modated the places to the year 1600, let it be attentively
World War II. Since the extant evidence is am- contemplated.
biguous, the questions of priority and plagiarism
cannot now be answered. The epoch need not be, and very often was not, the
Interspersed among the stars and constellations same as the year in which a globe was made. To
of the Liechtenstein gores are several splendidly correct for precession, to find the exact star
informative texts. The globe is dedicated to Maurice positions for any given year, Blaeu includes a table
of Nassau, Prince of Orange, who was then leading correlating minutes of arc and years of time. This
the Dutch in victorious battles against the Spanish. appears in the southern hemisphere. Half is below
The dedication, which appears in a cartouche the constellation Ara; the other half of the chart,
north of Auriga and Perseus (Figure 1), reads: below Sagittarius, is on a missing gore.
A partial text south of Eridanus (the remainder
ILLUSTRISS _
is on the missing south polar cap) tells that in
PRINCIPI AC DOMIO
D. MAURITIO, PRINCIPI preparation for this work Blaeu worked at Urani-
AURAICO, COMITI DE borg, Tycho's observatory, for more than six
NASSAU, & C. months.22 (Figure 1.) The extant part of the text
MarchioniVeriae, et Flissingae,
GubernatoriHollan. Zeld. Gel. reads:

19Hondius' controversywith the Van Langrensis discussedin JohannesKeuning,The VanLangrenFamily,Imago Mundi.

XIII, (1956), p. 103-104.
20 Hinze, Drei Globendes 16. Jahrhunderts, Bericht des NaturwissenschaftlichenVereinszu Zerbst. 1927-1932, (1933),
p. 10-12.
21
J. L. E. Dreyer, op. cit., p. 366.
22
This statementslends confirmationto that of Tycho himselfthat the durationof Blaeu's stay at Hven was a half a year,
ratherthan two years as claimed by Gassendi. See Herman Richter, op. cit., p. 53-54.

35
 Quum GUILHELMUS quasdam Antarctico vertici propiores,
IANSSONIUS Alcmarianus nostrumq aspectum fugientes,
Uranopyrgumperveniens,ibi magnitudineBoreali plagae in haerentibus
plus quam semestrehaerens, par- non minus insignes, turn
tim instrumentaAstrorumTheo- tractus lustratorumrelatu, turn
rys accommodatoexornando,eaq scriptorummonumentis
mechanicaindustriaapposite deli- tamen delineationemut incertam,nulliq
neado partim etiam stellarum dimensam
observ..... hic omisimus.

The new star which appeared in 1572 in the
constellation Cassiopea is duly noted:
Stella mirabi-
lis, qua insolito prae-
alijs fulgore, a 1572, per
annei et triente circa Cassi-
opeae sedem fuit conspicua.
Translated:Those stars markedout in gold are of the Lord
Tycho; the remainingones correspondto those observedby
the Ancients. Certainstars nearerto the AntarcticPole, and
avoiding our sight, are not less remarkable for their
magnitudethan those lying in the northernregion, whether
by report of the extent of their brilliancesor by the annals
of writers,neverthelesshaving delineationas uncertain,we
have here omitted the measuringof them.24

This statement, although true, would not have been

This new star, the first one known to appear since
made after 1600. During the sixteenth century
the one which had inspired Hipparchus sixteen
European navigators carefully exploring the south-
centuries before,23stirred a great deal of interest in
ern oceans merely glanced at the southern skies,
observational astronomy. Almost every star chart
noting only the brightest and most curious objects
and globe between 1572 and the end of the seven-
like the Southern Cross and the Magellanic Clouds.
teenth century showed where the new star had
Contemporary maps of the southern skies, such as
appeared, encouraging astronomers to watch for its
the above mentioned Van Langren globe of 1589
return. Likewise, the supernova which flared up in
and the Petrus Plancius planisphere of 1592,25
1604 in the right foot of Ophiucus appeared
show clearly what Blaeu chose to exclude from his
regularly on celestial maps. The Liechtenstein gores,
exceedingly accurate globe. At the very end of the
made well before 1604, do not show it.
century, however, two Dutchmen, Pieter Dirksz.
On August 18, 1600 Blaeu discovered a third
Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, working
magnitude new star in the constellation Cygnus.
sometimes together, made the first systematic
After remaining visible for several years it faded
attempt to organize and catalog the southern stars.
from sight, reappeared in 1657-59, and then faded
Once their results were known they were accepted
to about fifth magnitude. Blaeu's interest in this
as true, or as true as could be with crude instru-
star is apparent from the lengthy descriptions of its
ments, and were widely quoted. Henceforth celestial
brightness and position which he included on his
globes and charts regularly showed at least 64
later celestial globes. Unfortunately, since the
constellations: the ancient 48, Coma Berenices and
Cygnus gore of the Liechtenstein set is missing,
Antinous in the north, and fourteen new ones in
this nova cannot be used to date the globe.
the southern hemisphere. Incidentally, as with
The final text of the Liechtenstein gores, south
Tycho's catalog, those of Keyser and Houtman
of Centaurus (Figure 3), is the most revealing of all:
were published first on globes, and only later in
books.26
Stellardauratus D. TYCHONIS, reliquas
Antiquorumobservatisresponderenotato. Much to Blaeu's misfortune the first publication

23 Europeans,of course, were ignorantof Oriental

observationsof the supernovaof 1054which producedthe CrabNebula
in Taurus (M-1).
24 In this Blaeu is echoing the sentimentsof Tycho Brahe, as expressedin his AstronomiaeInstaurataeMechanica,p. 113-
114.
25 The starmaps arein rondelson Plancius'worldmap, 'Nova et Exacta TerrarumOrbis Tabula Geographicaac Hydro-
graphica'.See F. C. Wieder, MonumentaCartographica,vol. 2.
26 After appearingon Hondius' globe of 1600, Keyser'scatalog was publishedin JohannesBayer, Uranometria (Augsburg,
1603), and later in JohannesKepler, TabulaeRudolphinae(Ulm, 1627). Houtman'sobservations,first used on Blaeu's globe
of 1602 were then published in Houtman, SpraeckendewoordboeckInde Maleyscheende MadagaskarscheTalenmet vele
Arabischeende Turkschewoorden(Amsterdam,1603).

36
of the new southern observations was on Jodocus
Hondius' celestial globe of 1600. This globe was
almost identical to Blaeu's in size, substance and
design. Both globes were 34 centimeters in diameter.
Hondius quoted Tycho as authority for the northern
star positions, and his constellation drawings were
practically indistinguishable from Blaeu's. In the
southern hemisphere, however, Hondius drew
fourteen new constellations according to the ob-
servations of Keyser. A navigator instructed in
mathematics and astronomy by Plancius, Keyser
had observed the southern skies from the Dutch
East Indies in 1595-6. Although Keyser died at sea,
his observations returned to Holland in August
1597, and fell into the hands of Hondius.
So Blaeu, who doubtless expected his first
celestial globe to be widely acclaimed and distri-
buted, instead saw it become obsolete just a short
time after publication. There was nothing to do but
withdraw it from the market and begin again.
Blaeu's second celestial globe, which appeared in
1602, was less elaborate than the first. Its diameter
was only 23 centimeters. Although the figures on
the two globes are quite similar, on the latter the
texts and constellation and star names are much
reduced. The 1602 globe does, however, describe
the new star in Cygnus and the newly charted
southern skies. The origin of Blaeu's southern
constellations was not the catalog of Keyser, as
presented by Hondius. Rather, as Blaeu explains in
a cartouche on the globe, these southern stars and
constellations had recently been observed by
Frederick de Houtman.
The similarities between Houtman's and Keyser's
catalogs were so striking, and yet the differences
too notable for simple plagiarism, as to promote a
lengthy discussion about the relation between the
two men.27In brief, both men sailed on the 1595-97
voyage of the Hollandia, Keyser as chief pilot, and
Houtman as a sub-commissioner. The two men
obviously knew each other, and doubtless observed
together. It may well have been that Keyser was
the prime mover behind the southern catalog.
Nevertheless, Houtman worked on it as well. Both
men had copies of their own versions of the catalog.
Keyser's copy returned to Amsterdam, and was
used by Hondius. Houtman kept his copy, and on
his next voyage, to Sumatra in 1598-1601, he re-
observed some of the stars. Upon his return to
Amsterdam Houtman gave a copy of his obser-
vations to Blaeu who, in order not to copy from
Hondius doubtless sought an independent catalog
of southern stars.
The collaboration between Blaeu and Houtman
may well have been effected by Adrian Metius,
professor of mathematics at the University of
Franeker. The connection between Blaeu and
Metius has long been apparent. Both men were
born in Alkmaar in 1571, and both studied with
Tycho on Hven. Blaeu dedicated his celestial globe
of 1606 to Metius, and his celestial planisphere of
1628 was depicted in Metius' Astrolabium, pub-
lished four years later. Considering all this it is
not inconceivable that Metius would relay new
celestial cartographic information to Blaeu. The
connection between Houtman and Metius, here-
tofore unrecognized, was one of pupil and teacher.28
Therefore, as Keyser had his observations sent to
his teacher, Plancius, so Houtman communicated
his to Metius.
In 1603 Blaeu issued yet another celestial globe,
the one generally considered the mate to the
terrestrial globe of 1599. Except for a very few,
but significant, differences, the 1603 globe is
identical to the Liechtenstein gores. Obviously the
original engraved plates, slightly erroneous but
much too valuable to be discarded, were corrected,
and new gores were printed therefrom. Further-
more, the alteration proceeded in at least two
distinct stages. In the first stage Blaeu added the

27
E. B. Knobel, On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations, Monthly
Notices, Royal AstronomicalSociety. LXXVII (1916-1917),p. 414-432.Apparentlyignorantof the 1600 Hondius globe and
the 1602 Blaeu globe, Knobel stated that the southernconstellationswere first publishedin Houtman'scatalog, in Johann
Bayer's Uranometria, and on Blaeu'sglobe, all of 1603. See also R. P. J. Stein, De Hemelglobe van Jodocus Hondius van 1600,
VereenigingNederlandschHistorischScheepvaartMuseum.XIII (1929),p. 42-47, and Am. Dermul,Les Globes Terrestres et
Celestes de W. Jansz. Blaeu Conservjes a la Bibliotheque Communale d'Anvers (Antwerp,1940).Althoughboth Steinand Dermul
discussedthe Hondius globe of 1600, neithertook notice of the Blaeu celestial globe of 1602.
28 Metius spoke of Houtman as 'quondam meo discipulo' in his De Genuino Usu Utrisque Globi Tractatus (Franeker &

Amsterdam,1624). Thus Knobel's suggestionthat 'thereis no recordof [Houtman] being an astronomeror of his having
any mathematicalability', is not strictlytrue; see Knobel, op. cit., p. 419.

37
new astronomical information, but left his signature
in the dedicatory cartouche as before; 29 in the
final stage he changed his signature to 'Guilielmus
Ianssonius Blaeu'. There were only two other
changes in the northern hemisphere. One was the
addition of information on the nova in Cygnus.
The other was the title text. Because the new
southern constellations overran the text south of
Eridanus in which Blaeu discussed his work with
Tycho, he moved some of this information to the
title text which, in the final state, read:
SPHAERA STELLIFERA
In qua, ut speculo quodam
firmamenti,uniuersumSijderti
ornatum, ac stellarumordinem
summa, qua fieri potuit, industria
a Guilielmo Janssonio, magni
Tychonis, quondam discipulo,
accuratissedispositum; earumq
numerum multo, quam hactenus,
auctiorem, ex observationibre-
cens a Nob. viro D. Tychone Brahe,
Astronomo incoparabilihabitis, de-
prompta, annoq: 1600, et quo dein-
ceps seculo, accomodata intueri liceat.
Alterations in the southern hemisphere were, of
course, more extensive. The fourteen new con-
stellations and the Nubecula Major and Minor
(Magellanic Clouds) were added, and some ancient
constellations - Argo Navis and Eridanus - ex-
panded. The table correlating precession and years
was moved south of Eridanus. South of Cetus, on
the Liechtenstein gores, is an escutcheon, probably
with a portrait of Tycho: only a corner, bearing the
arms of Bille,30Tycho's maternal ancestors, appears
on the extant Aries gore. (Figure 1.) In the latter
version this was replaced by a picture of Tycho,
and a text attributing the southern observations to
Houtman:
Habetis hic, Astrorum studiosi, trecentas et plures An-
tarctico mundi vertici viciniores stellas, ex observationibus
secundum iam a Frederico Houtmanno, maiori studio et
accommodatioribusinstrumentis,ad stellasa Tychonepositas
factis, depromptas;
auctiorinumeroet accuratioridispositione,vestro commodo
et delectationidepictas. A' 1603
To recapitulate,Blaeu made his first celestial globe
sometime between 1596 and 1600. Based on Tycho's
star positions, it was at that time the most accurate
and extensive globe available. However, lacking
information about the southern skies, it was
superceded by the Hondius globe of 1600. During
this brief period Blaeu must have sold only a few
copies of the globe, which explains why only one
partial copy is known today. Blaeu's second
celestial globe, dated 1602, is smaller and less
elaborate than the first, but does show the new
southern constellations. By the following year
Blaeu, no doubt eager to salvage what he could of
his first globe, had revised the original engraved
plates so as to produce his now justly famous 34
centimeter globe of 1603.

29 One intermediatestate globe, in the BibliotecaAngelicain Rome was describedby Luzio, who overlookedthis curious
feature. See Luzio, op. cit., p. 17. Alois Fauser discoveredan intermediatestate globe in the StadtgeschichtlichesMuseum
in Nordlingenand commented,probablycorrectly,'Vermutlichist dies die altereFassungund damit der HG 34 cm in Nord-
lingen das frtihesteExemplardieserGlobenartin Bayern'.See Alois Fauser,AltereErd-undHimmelsglobenin Bayern(Stutt-
gart, 1964), p. 56.
30 These arms, together with those of the Brahe family, appear at the top of the arch in the famous engravingof Tycho
Braheby Jacob de Gheyn, a copy of whichwas bound, among other places, in Tycho Brahe, EpistolarumAstronomicarum
(Uraniburg, 1596).

38