Sheet

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S-PARAMETERS

Scattering Matrix

V1i V2i

I1 I2

V1 Z01 Z02 V2

V1r V2r
t1 Reference planes t2
Input T.L L1=0 Output T.L L2=0
V1 = V1i + V1r V2 = V2i + V2r

V1i
Define normalised voltages a1 =
Z 01
V1r
Note Using normalised voltages b1 =
≡ making the characteristic impedances Z 01
=1Ω V2i
a2 =
Z 01
V2r
b2 =
Z 01

a1 a2

b1 b2
t1 t2
Outgoing voltage waves ∝ ingoing voltage waves .

b1 = S11 . a1 + S12 . a2
b2 = S 21 . a1 + S 22 . a2

⎡b1 ⎤ ⎡S11 S12 ⎤ ⎡a1 ⎤

⎢b2 ⎥ = ⎢S21 S22 ⎥ ⎢a2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦

Scattering
Matrix
 Sheet
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Measurement of S11 & S12

(1) Apply input to Port 1 , terminate at Port 2 with a Matched Load ∴a2 = 0.

b1⎞
∴ S11 = ⎟ = reflection coefficient at Port 1 (matched load at Port 2).
a1 ⎠ a2=0

b2 ⎞
S 21 = ⎟ = Voltage transfer ratio Port 1 to Port 2 (matched load at Port 2).
a1 ⎠ a2 = 0

(2) Apply input to Port 2 , terminate at Port 1 with a matched load ∴a1 = 0.

b2 ⎞
∴ S 22 = ⎟ = reflection coefficient ar Port 2 (matched load at Port 1).
a2 ⎠ a1= 0

b1⎞
S12 = ⎟ = transfer ratio Port 2 to Port 1 (matched load at Port 1).
a2 ⎠ a1= 0

Note each S matrix element is in general complex eg

Si.j = Si.j ej.θ.i.j

ratio of amplitudes phase difference of
signals

eg S11 = 0.9∠ - 37 ≡ 0.9e j(-37)

S21 = 4.0∠127

Note S11,S22 are reflection coefficients ∴can plot these on a Smith Chart.

S12,S21 are not reflection coefficients and are usually plotted on a Polar diagram.
 Sheet
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Change of reference plane

L1 L2

t1’ t1 t2 t2’
Note positive signs for L1 & L2 are taken to be movements away
from the device

Planes t1’ and t2’

S11’ = S11e-j 2.β L1 S22’ = S22e-j.2.β.L2

t1’,t2’ t1,t2

S21’ = S21e-j.β.(L1 + L2)

S12 = S12e-j.β.(L1 + L2)

S Matrix for simple elements

Series normalised impedance

t1 t2

(1) Connect a matched load at t2 ie

Γ Z(in) = Z + 1
1

t1 t2
Z (in) − Z 0 Z (in) − 1 z + 1 -1 z
Γ = = = = = S11
Z (in) + Z 0 Z (in) + 1 z +1 +1 z+2

z
divide by Z o S11 = S 22 (By symmetry) =
z+2
to normalise
 Sheet
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I1 I2

Z
V1 V2

t1 t2

V1 = a1 + b1 V2 = a2 + b2
General
I1 = a1-b1 I2 = a2-b2

Series connection ∴I2 = -I1.

∴ a2 - b2 = -( a1 - b1)

Matched load @ Port 2 a2 = 0

∴ b2 = a1 - b1

b2 b1
∴ = 1- = 1 - S11 ≡ S21
a1 a2=0 a1

z 2
S21 = 1 - S11 = 1 - = = S12 ( by symmetry)
z+2 z+2

z+2 z z-z+2
− =
z+2 z+2 z+2
 Sheet
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Shunt normalised Admittance

1
Let z =
y
1 1
.1
y y y
∴ zin = = x top & bottom by y
1 1
+1 +1
y y
1
= Zin
y +1

1
−1
Zin - Zo y +1
Γ = = x top & bottom by y + 1
Zin + Zo 1
+1
y +1

1- y + 1 -y
=
1+ y +1 2+y

←b1 b2→ V1 = V2
a1→ ←a2 ∴ a2 + b2 = a1 + b1
matched load on Port 2 ∴ a2 = 0
v1 v2 S21 = b2 = a1 + b1 = 1 + S11
a1 a1 a1

y
-y 2+y -y 2
1+ = + = = S21
2+y 2+y 2+y 2+y
 Sheet
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S Parameters for a reciprocal,lossless network

S21

a1 a2

S11 S22

b1 b2

S12
At Port 1 Power in | a1 |2

Power out | b1 |2

∴ Net power in | a1 |2 - | b1 |2
 Sheet
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Reciprocal network

S21 = S12 (generally Sij = Sji )

For a lossless network Power out = Power in

∑b ∑a
2 2
1 = 1
Port i Port i

⇒ [S] is a unitarymatrix

Si.s.Si.r = ∂ .si = 1
*
is s = r
∑
Port i

= 0 if s≠r

2 port i = 1,2 s,r = 1& 2

*
S = 1,r = 1 S11.S11 + S21.S21
*
=1
2 2
S11 + S21 = 1
2
∴ S21 = 1 − S11
*
S = 2,r = 2 S12.S12 + S22.S22
*
=1
2 2
S12 + S22 = 1
2
∴ S12 = 1− S22

If the junction is reciprocal :- |S12| = |S21| ∴|S22| = |S11|

 Sheet
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*
S = 1; r = 2 S11.S12 + S21.S22
*
=0

S11 e j .ϑ11 x S12 e − j .ϑ12 + S21 e j .ϑ21 x S 22 e − j .ϑ22 = 0

⇒ e j .(ϑ12 +ϑ21 ) = −e j .(ϑ11 +ϑ22 )

ϑ12 = ϑ21 ( reciprocal )

e j(2.ϑ12 ) = −e j (ϑ11 +ϑ22 )

cos2.ϑ12 = − cos(ϑ11 + ϑ22 )
sin2.ϑ12 = − sin(ϑ11 + ϑ22 )

⇒ ϑ12 = ϑ21 =
1
(ϑ11 + ϑ22 ) + π ± m.π m = 0,1,2...
2 2

∴For a reciprocal lossless 2 - port network we only need

S11 , ϑ11 & ϑ22

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Modified S Parameters - mismatched source & load

S21
a2
a1
S11 S12
S11’
modified ΓL ZL ≠ Zo
mismatched load
S21 S22
b1
b2
S12
Z − Zo a
ΓL = L ΓL = 2 ∴ a2 = b2. ΓL
Z L + Zo b2

b1 = S11 . a1 + S12 . a 2 = S11 . a1 + S12 . b2 . ΓL

b2 = S21 . a1 + S22 . a 2 = S21 . a1 + S22 . b2 . ΓL

b1 b
S11 ' = ; S 21 ' = 2
a1 a1

b2 S .a S .b .Γ b S .b .Γ S .a
S 21 ' = = 21 1 + 22 2 L rearrange gives 2 − 22 2 L = 21 1
a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1

S 21
S 21 ' (1 - S22 . ΓL ) = S21 ∴ S 21 ' =
1 − S22 . ΓL

⎛ S21 ⎞
b 1 = S11 . a1 + S12 . ΓL . ⎜ ⎟ . a1 (divide by a1 on both sides)
⎝ 1 − S22 . ΓL ⎠

S21 . S12 . ΓL
S11 ' = S11 +
1 - S 22 . ΓL
 Sheet
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Mismatched Source

S22’
Γs modified

S12

S 12 . S 21 . Γ S
S 22 ' = S 22 +
1 − S 11 . Γ S

S 12
S 12 ' =
1 - S 11 . Γ S

Circuit performance from S Parameters

Reflection characteristics:-

S11’

modulus
1 + S11 '
Input V.S.W.R =
1 − S11 '

Power in
Return Loss (dB) = 10.Log10
Power reflected

2
a1
= 10.Log10 2
= - 20.log10 S11
b1

Z (in) 1 + Γ 1+ S11 '

= =
Zo 1 - Γ 1 − S11 '
complex
 Sheet
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Multiple Reflection Effects

Vo a1

a1 a2
b1
ρB
ρA
ρB.Vo

ρA. ρB2.Vo
ρA. ρB.Vo
b1 b2
ρA . ρB .Vo
2 2

ρA2. ρB2.Vo b1 = S11.a1 + S12.a2

b2 = S21.a1 + S22.a2

L << λ

b1 = ρB. VB + ρA. ρB 2 + ρA 2 . ρB 2 . Vo +......

[
= ρB. Vo 1 + ρA. ρB + ( ρA. ρB) 2 ....... ]
ρB. Vo b1 b1
b1 = ρB = ∴ a1 =
1 - ρA. ρB a1 ρB
Vo
∴ a1 =
(1 - ρA. ρB)