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Chapter 2

Gas Power Cycle

• Gas power cycle — power cycle during which the working fluid remains gas through-
out the cycle.

• The actual gas power cycles are complex. Therefore, in order to reduce the analysis,
air-standard assumptions are used:

1. The working fluid is air and always behave as an ideal gas.


2. All processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible.
3. Combustion process is assumed to be heat addition process from external
source.
4. Exhaust process is assumed to be heat rejection process that restores the
working fluid to initial state.

2.1 Carnot Cycle


• composed of four totally reversible processes:

1. isothermal heat addition


2. isentropic expansion
3. isothermal heat rejection
4. isentropic compression

• the most efficient cycle that can be executed between heat source at temperature,
TH and sink at temperature, TL .

• Thermal efficiency given by:


TL
ηth,Carnot = 1 − (2.1)
TH

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CHAPTER 2. GAS POWER CYCLE 2

2.2 Overview of Reciprocating Engine


• Top dead centre (TDC) — position of piston when it forms the smallest volume.

• Bottom dead centre (BDC) — position of the piston when it forms the largest
volume.

• Stroke — Distance between TDC and BDC, the largest distance the piston can
travel in one direction.

• Bore — Diameter of the piston.

• Intake valve — Valve where air or air-fuel mixture are drawn into cylinder.

• Exhaust valve — Valve where combustion product are expelled from cylinder.

• Clearance volume — Minimum volume formed in the cylinder when piston is at


TDC.

• Displacement volume — Volume displaced as piston moves between TDC and


BDC.

• Compression ratio, r — ratio of maximum volume formed in the cylinder to the


minimum volume.
Vmax VBDC
r= = (2.2)
Vmin VT DC
• Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) — Fictitious pressure that, if acted on the piston
during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount of net work as
that produced during actual cycle.
Wnet
M EP = (2.3)
Vmax − Vmin

2.3 Otto Cycle


• Ideal cycle for spark-ignition engine (SI).

• Mechanism — air-fuel mixture compressed to a temperature below autoignition


temperature of fuel, and combustion is initiated by spark plug.

• Four stroke or two stroke.

• 2-stroke engine is less efficient than 4-stroke due to:

1. incomplete expulsion of exhaust gases.


2. partial expulsion of fresh air-fuel mixture

• Advantages of 2-stoke engine:

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CHAPTER 2. GAS POWER CYCLE 3

1. simple and inexpensive.


2. high power-to-weight & power-to-volume ratio, therefore suitable to small size
and light applications

• Consists of four internally reversible processes:

1. Isentropic compression
2. Constant volume heat addition
3. Isentropic expansion
4. Constant-volume heat rejection

• Executed in a closed system, therefore:

qin = u3 − u2 = Cv,av (T3 − T2 ) (2.4)

qout = u4 − u1 = Cv,av (T4 − T1 ) (2.5)

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ηth,Otto = 1 − (2.6)
rk−1
where k is specific heat ratio,
Cp
k=
Cv
if u3 − u2 /u4 − u1 is used, then solution is exact.
if Cv,av (T3 − T2 )/Cv,av (T4 − T1 ) is used, then solution is approximate.

2.4 Diesel Cycle


• Ideal cycle for compression-ignition engine (CI).

• Mechanism — Air is compressed to a temperature above autoignition temperature


of fuel, and combustion starts as fuel is injected into the hot air.

• Consists of four internally reversible processes:

1. Isentropic compression
2. Constant pressure heat addition
3. Isentropic expansion
4. Constant-volume heat rejection

• Advantages of Diesel engine:

1. able to operate at much higher compression ratio (12—24), therefore higher


efficiency.

HH Updated: June 28, 2006


CHAPTER 2. GAS POWER CYCLE 4

2. able to use cheaper fuel since less constraint on premature ignition problem.
• Executed in a closed system, with constant-pressure heat addition. Therefore:
qin = h3 − h2 = Cp (T3 − T2 ) (2.7)
qout = u4 − u1 = Cv (T4 − T1 ) (2.8)
 k 
1 rc − 1
ηth,Diesel = 1 − k−1 (2.9)
r k(rc − 1)
where rc is cut-off ratio, rc = VV23

2.5 Dual Cycle


• A combination of Otto Cycle and Diesel cycle.
• Heat addition process is represented by both constant-volume and constant-pressure
condition.

2.6 Stirling & Ericsson Cycles


• Totally reversible.
• Processes for Stirling cycle:
1. Isothermal expansion (heat addition).
2. Constant volume regeneration.
3. Isothermal compression (heat-rejection)
4. Constant volume regeneration.
• Processes for Ericsson cycle:
1. Isothermal expansion (heat addition).
2. Constant pressure regeneration.
3. Isothermal compression (heat-rejection)
4. Constant pressure regeneration.
• Advantages of Stirling & Ericsson cycles:
1. Having Carnot cycle efficiency.
2. Combustion can be done externally — more choice of fuel.
• Disadvantages of Stirling & Ericsson cycles:
1. Difficult to achieve.
2. Involve heat transfer through small temperature difference.
3. Requires very large heat transfer area and long time.

HH Updated: June 28, 2006


CHAPTER 2. GAS POWER CYCLE 5

2.7 Brayton Cycle


• Represent ideal gas turbine engine cycle.

• Made up of four internally reversible processess:

1. Isentropic compression (in compressor).


2. Constant-pressure heat addition.
3. Isentropic expansion (in turbine).
4. Constant-pressure heat rejection.

• For exact solution,


qin = h3 − h2 (2.10)
qout = h4 − h1 (2.11)
wout,net = wout − win (2.12)
qin,net = qout − qin (2.13)
wout,net
ηth,Brayton = (2.14)
qin
• For approximate solution,
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ηth,Brayton = 1 − k−1 (2.15)
rp k

P2
where rp = compression ratio = P1

• Deviations between ideal and actual Brayton cycle is due to:

1. pressure drops during heat addition process.


2. irreversibilities in compressor and turbine.

• Deviation between ideal and actual turbine and compressor can be accurately
accounted for by using isentropic efficiencies:
ws ∼ h2s − h1
ηC = = (2.16)
wa h2a − h1
wa ∼ h3 − h4a
ηT = = (2.17)
ws h3 − h4s
where a is the actual process and s is the isentropic process.

• Gas turbine engine are widely used to power aircraft since they are light and
compact and have a high power-to-weight ratio.

HH Updated: June 28, 2006


CHAPTER 2. GAS POWER CYCLE 6

• In ideal jet propulsion cycle, gases are partially expanded in turbine. The exut
gases are used to provide thrust for the aircraft.

• Some of the work produced by turbine is used to run the auxiliaries within the
aircraft.

• the net thrust developed by the engine is:

F = ṁ(υexit − υinlet )υaircraf t (2.18)

• Propulsive efficiency is a measure of how efficienyly the energy released during


combustion is converted to propulsive energy:

P ropulsive power ẆP


ηP = = (2.19)
Energy input rate Q̇in

HH Updated: June 28, 2006

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