SWOT Analysis Slovakia

Chemical Logistics Cooperation
in Central and Eastern Europe

SWOT‐Analysis

Slovakia

Strengths Opportunities

Weaknesses Threats

SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]
TABLE OF CONTENT

1 STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 INTRODUCTION TO REGION / COUNTRY ....................................................................................................................................... 5
3 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ........................................................................................................................................ 7
3.1 CHEMICAL SALES .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 COMPANY STRUCTURE – SIZE OF ENTERPRISES AND EMPLOYEES ............................................................................................ 11
3.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE ................................................................................................................................................ 12
3.4 REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ................................................................................................................. 17
4 DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUTURE ............................................................................................................................ 18
4.1 3.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 18
4.2 INTERMODAL TRANSPORT ............................................................................................................................................. 20
4.2.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 20
4.2.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 22
4.2.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 23
4.3 ROAD TRANSPORT ...................................................................................................................................................... 24
4.4 RAILWAY TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................................. 28
4.5 WATERWAY TRANSPORT .............................................................................................................................................. 30
4.6 PIPELINE TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................................. 32
5 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN THE REGION / COUNTRY ................................................................................................... 36
6 INTERNAL STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS ....................................................................................... 38
6.1 STRENGTHS IN PROCUREMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 38
6.2 STRENGTHS IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 38
6.3 STRENGTHS IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS ............................................................................................................................ 38
6.4 STRENGTHS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................... 38
6.5 STRENGTHS IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING .................................................................................................................... 39
6.6 STRENGTHS IN ORDER PROCESSING ................................................................................................................................. 39
6.7 STRENGTHS IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS ........................................................................................................................... 39
7 INTERNAL WEAKNESSES OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS ..................................................................................... 40
7.1 WEAKNESSES IN PROCUREMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 40
7.2 WEAKNESSES IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS ..................................................... 40
7.3 WEAKNESSES IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS .......................................................................................................................... 40
7.4 WEAKNESSES IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................ 40
7.5 WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING .................................................................................................................. 41
7.6 WEAKNESSES IN ORDER PROCESSING ............................................................................................................................... 41
7.7 WEAKNESSES IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS ........................................................................................................................ 41
Project Partner:Slovakia Page 2/55
8 EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHANCES FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ................................................... 42
8.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
8.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 42
8.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 42
8.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ......................................................................................................................................... 42
8.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION ........................................................................................................................................... 43
8.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 43
8.6.1 RAILWAY ........................................................................................................................................................ 43
8.6.2 WATERWAY ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
8.6.3 ROAD ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
8.6.4 INTERMODAL ................................................................................................................................................... 43
8.6.5 PIPELINE ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
8.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY ................................................................................................................................................. 44
8.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION .............................................................................................................................. 44
8.8.1 CUSTOMERS .................................................................................................................................................... 44
8.8.2 SUPPLIERS ....................................................................................................................................................... 44
8.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET ..................................................................................................................................... 44
8.8.4 SUBSTITUTES ................................................................................................................................................... 44
9 EXTERNAL THREATS, PROBLEMS AND BARRIERS FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ............................................ 45
9.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
9.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 45
9.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 45
9.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ......................................................................................................................................... 45
9.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION ........................................................................................................................................... 46
9.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 46
9.6.1 RAILWAY ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
9.6.2 WATERWAY ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
9.6.3 ROAD ............................................................................................................................................................. 47
9.6.4 INTERMODAL ................................................................................................................................................... 47
9.6.5 PIPELINE ......................................................................................................................................................... 48
9.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY ................................................................................................................................................. 48
9.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION .............................................................................................................................. 48
9.8.1 CUSTOMERS .................................................................................................................................................... 48
9.8.2 SUPPLIERS ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
9.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET ..................................................................................................................................... 48
9.8.4 SUBSTITUTES ................................................................................................................................................... 49
10 NEEDS FOR FUTURE ACTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS – CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 50
11 LITERATURE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51
11.1 STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................................... 51
11.2 INTERNET SOURCES ................................................................................................................................................ 52
11.3 LIST OF EXPERTS IN RSM ......................................................................................................................................... 52
12 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
13 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................. 55


1 STRUCTURE

Literature
Needs for future actions and improvements ‐ Conclusions
Internal Internal External External

Strengths Weaknesses opportunities Threats,
of Chemical of Chemical and chances Problems and
Companies Companies for chemical Barriers for
and Logistic and Logistic logistics in chemical
Providers Providers Central and logistics in
Eastern Central and
Europe Eastern
Europe
Description of chemical logistics in the region /country
Description of transport infrastructure
Description of Chemical Industry
Introduction to Region / Country
2 INTRODUCTION TO REGION / COUNTRY
Official name: Slovak Republic (SR)
State formation date: 1 January 1993
State system: Republic
Political system: parliamentary democracy (150 members of Parliament
elected for 4 years)
President: Ivan Gašparovič (since 2004), elected for 5 years
Prime Minister: Robert Fico (since 2006)
State symbols: national coat of arms/ emblem, national flag, state seal
and national anthem „Nad Tatrou sa blýska“
Membership in inter.
organisations: EU (since 1 May 2004), NATO, UN, UNESCO, OECD, OBSE,
CERN, WHO, INTERPOL, etc.
International codes: SK, SVK, bar code 858
The Middle and the North of the country is mountainous (Carpathian curve), lowlands
(important agricultural areas) are typical of the South and the East. The most important
Slovak river the Danube connects the capital city of the SR Bratislava with two capital cities
of the neighbour countries ‐ Vienna and Budapest.
Border countries: Hungary (679 km), Poland (597.5 km), the Czech Republic (265 km),
Austria (127.2 km), Ukraine (98 km)
Administrative divisions: 8 self‐governing regions (Bratislava, Trnava, Trenčín, Nitra, Žilina,
Banská Bystrica, Prešov, Košice region), 79 districts, 138 towns, 2891 municipalities
(including towns).
Tab. 1 Inhabitants
2007
Inhabitants in mil. 5,4
Area in km2 49035
Tab. 2 Gross Domestic Product at current prices in billions EUR
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

22 23,5 26 29,5 34 38,5 44,5 54,8 64,8
Tab. 3 Gross Domestic Product / capita at current prices in thousands EUR
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

4,1 4,4 4,8 5,5 6,3 7,1 8,3 10,2 12,0

SLOVAKIA
Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product/Capita
Thousands EUR
70 12
Billion EUR
60 10
50
8
40
30 6
20 4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fig. 1 Gross domestic product Slovakia
3 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Chemical industry is mainly located in western Slovakia around Bratislava. This industry was
built as a part of eastern chemical industry based on Russian supplies. Big chemical
companies use supplies carried via pipeline network of crude petroleum (Družba) and
natural gas. Small companies usually use supplies from central and Western Europe.
The area of basic chemicals is represented by the companies as Slovnaft Bratislava, Duslo
Šaľa, Novácke chemické závody and Chemko Strážske. In Bratislava as a business centre of
Slovakia there are several chemical companies as refinery Slovnaft and Duslo – Istrochem.
Several companies e.g. Duslo a.s. Šaľa, Chemolak Smolenice, Zentiva Hlohovec, Slovkord
Senica are located in western Slovakia.
Middle part of Slovakia is represented by NCHZ Nováky, Petrochema Dubová, Chemosvit
Fólie Svit, Matador Continental Púchov and eastern part by Chemko Strážske, Chemes
Humené, Diakol Stážske, Duslo Hnojivá Strážske.
The area of waste processing is represented by Detox Banská Bystrica, MACH trade Sereď
and Sita Slovensko.
Paints, varnishes and similar coatings are produced in Chemolak Smolenice, SlovZink Košeca,
Primalex Slovakia, Novochema Levice.
The biggest chemical company in Slovakia is refinery SLOVNAFT, a.s. located in Bratislava.
SLOVNAFT Plc., based in Bratislava is refinery with annual processing capacity of 5,5 – 6 mil
ton. The company core business is production, warehousing, wholesale and retail sales and
distribution. SLOVNAFT Plc. disposes with the largest retail network in SK offering top quality
motor fuels and lubricants as well as related customer services including shop, gastro service,
car wash and some others. After intensive modernisation is these refinery one of the tree
most modern refineries in Europe.
Duslo a.s. Šaľa is oriented on processing of natural gas to ammonia, urea, fertilizers and
other organic and inorganic chemistry. Within organic chemistry there are rubber industry
chemicals, glues, agrochemicals, glues, dispersions, polypropylene fibres. Duslo as a part of
AGROFERT Holding is a part of the second biggest producer and distributor of fertilizers.
NCHZ Nováky are divided into 3 plants where manufacture of electrolysis products, basis
organic chemicals, vinyl chloride and products of its further processing, as well as calcium
carbide and technical gases takes place.
In Strážske the site of Chemko and several companies e.g. Chemza, Diakol, Duslo Hnojivá are
located.
The area of distribution of chemicals is represented by Brenttag Slovakia, BASF Slovensko,
Messer Tatragas, SIAD Slovensko, Safina Slovensko.
Chemical industry tries to keep its position in strong international competition, strict
chemical legislation and general opposition of people to chemical industry nowadays.
Present crisis endanger chemical industry by lower sales and product prices. Chemical
industry is developing as a supplier of plastics and rubber products for automotive industry
and building industry.

Fig. 2 Big chemical companies in Slovakia
3.1 CHEMICAL SALES
Tab. 4 Sales of chemical industry in Mio EUR
Sales of chemical industry in Mio 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
EUR
Refined crude oil products 2,385 2,390 2,103 2,084 2,558 3,000 3,514 3,567 3,646
Manufacture of basic chemicals* 0,672 0,779 0,686 0,571 0,614 0,726 1,247 1,535 1,497
Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‐ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
chemical products
Manufacture of paints, varnishes and 0,047 0,046 0,046 0,039 0,035 0,033 0,037 0,042 0,039
similar coatings, printing ink and mastics
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal 0,264 0,310 0,264 0,247 0,202 0,225 0,227 0,237 0,255
chemicals and botanical products**
Manufacture of soap and detergents, 0,071 0,075 0,070 0,065 0,037 0,035 0,032 0,028 0,094
cleaning and polishing preparations,
perfumes and toilet preparations
Manufacture of other chemical products*** 0,016 0,087 0,098 0,103 0,080 0,086 0,036 0,041 0,049
Manufacture of man‐made fibres 0,248 0,278 0,284 0,271 0,271 0,245 0,274 0,208 0,178
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical 1,319 1,574 1,447 1,297 1,240 1,349 1,853 2,091 2,112
products
Manufacture of rubber products**** 0,368 0,459 0,552 0,626 0,686 0,715 0,799 0,675 0,898
Manufacture of plastic products***** 0,377 0,421 0,534 0,645 0,690 0,833 1,013 1,241 1,423
Manufacture of plastic and rubber 0,736 0,880 1,086 1,270 1,376 1,547 1,813 1,917 2,321
products
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees. The data for
years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.
The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary
monthly reports.
The biggest sales has traditionally petroleum industry (company SLOVNAFT) followed by
manufacture of chemicals and chemical products and manufacture of plastic and rubber
products.
Chemical industry sales

in mil. EUR - 2008
Refined crude oil
2,321 products
3,646 Manufacture of
chem icals and
chem ical products
Manufacture of
2,112 plastic and rubber
products

Fig. 3 Chemical industry sales – 2008

Man-made fibres
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

Other chemical products
2,5
2,0 Soap and detergents,

cleaning and polishing
preparations, perfumes
Mil. EUR
1,5 and toilet preparations

Pharmaceuticals,
medicinal chemicals and
botanical products
1,0
Paints, v arnishes and
similar coatings, printing
0,5 ink and mastics
Pesticides and other agro-

0,0 chemical products
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Basic chemicals

Fig. 4 Sales – manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
From the accession of Slovakia into EU (2004) the sales within manufacture of chemicals and
chemical products are still increasing.
Manufacture of plastic and rubber products
2,5
2,0
Mil. EUR
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of rubber products M anufacture of plastic products

Fig. 5 Sales – manufacture of plastic and rubber products
Sales within manufacture of plastic and rubber products notice constant increase since 2000.
Tab. 5 Share of chemical sales in processing industry
Share of chemical sales in 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
processing industry
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical 6,47% 7,00% 6,00% 4,47% 3,91% 3,92% 4,49% 4,35% 4,23%
products
Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 3,61% 3,91% 4,50% 4,37% 4,34% 4,49% 4,39% 3,98% 4,65%
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees
The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.
During the last 6 years the sales within chemical industry (exclude refined crude oil products)
have about 4.5 % share of processing industry.
3.2 COMPANY STRUCTURE – SIZE OF ENTERPRISES AND EMPLOYEES
Tab. 6 Number of enterprises
Number of enterprises 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical 51 55 58 55 56 55 56 57 70
products
1‐19 employees N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
20‐49 employees 15 16 21 18 24 24 22 22 32
50‐249 employees 19 21 20 21 19 18 22 24 24
250 ‐ … employees 17 18 17 16 13 13 12 11 14
Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 92 89 94 99 101 112 118 129 166
1‐19 employees N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
20‐49 employees 47 40 39 39 37 35 44 43 63
50‐249 employees 38 42 46 50 53 65 60 72 86
250 ‐ … employees 7 7 9 10 11 12 14 14 17
Tab. 7 Number of employees
Number of employees 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical 18971 19039 17362 15121 12329 11742 11684 11569 12218
products
Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 12967 13162 14283 15725 15735 16466 18324 20438 24363
The highest number of companies manufacturing chemicals and chemical products has from
20 to 49 employees. These companies mainly produce basic chemicals. The highest number
of companies manufacturing plastic and rubber products has from 50 – 249 employees with
main production of plastic products.
3.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE
The data for international trade are available in Slovakia only according to TARIC. Following
TARIC chapters are presented for export and import of chemicals.
Chapter Name
27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES
28 INORGANIC CHEMICALS; ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF PRECIOUS METALS, OF RARE‐EARTH METALS, OF
RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OR OF ISOTOPES
29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS
30 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
31 FERTILISERS
32 TANNING OR DYEING EXTRACTS; TANNINS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES; DYES, PIGMENTS AND OTHER COLOURING MATTER;
PAINTS AND VARNISHES; PUTTY AND OTHER MASTICS; INKS
33 ESSENTIAL OILS AND RESINOIDS; PERFUMERY, COSMETIC OR TOILET PREPARATIONS
34 SOAP, ORGANIC SURFACE‐ACTIVE AGENTS, WASHING PREPARATIONS, LUBRICATING PREPARATIONS, ARTIFICIAL WAXES,
PREPARED WAXES, POLISHING OR SCOURING PREPARATIONS, CANDLES AND SIMILAR ARTICLES, MODELLING PASTES,
‘DENTAL WAXES’ AND DENTAL PREPARATIONS WITH A BASIS OF PLASTER
35 ALBUMINOIDAL SUBSTANCES; MODIFIED STARCHES; GLUES; ENZYMES
36 EXPLOSIVES; PYROTECHNIC PRODUCTS; MATCHES; PYROPHORIC ALLOYS; CERTAIN COMBUSTIBLE PREPARATIONS
37 PHOTOGRAPHIC OR CINEMATOGRAPHIC GOODS
38 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
39 PLASTICS AND ARTICLES THEREOF
40 RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF
54 MAN‐MADE FILAMENTS; STRIP AND THE LIKE OF MAN‐MADE TEXTILE MATERIALS
55 MAN‐MADE STAPLE FIBRES
Tab. 8 Share of chemicals export from GDP
Export quota in % 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical
products 5,49 5,53 5,15 4,07 3,98 3,93 3,93 2,93 2,65
Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 4,46 4,59 4,83 4,68 4,72 4,99 5,20 4,50 3,66

Tab. 9 Import of chemicals in Mio EUR ‐ SLOVAKIA
Import of chemicals in Mio EUR TARIC 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Manufacture of basic chemicals* 28,29 601,6 608,1 583,1 552,7 623,8
Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‐chemical
products 31 28,2 33,4 32,1 26,3 39,5
Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar
coatings, printing ink and mastics 32 176,1 194,5 208,8 222,8 249,9
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal
chemicals and botanical products** 30 532,5 627,2 709,4 709,3 895,4
Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and
polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet
preparations 33,34 190,7 231,2 250,4 250,8 291,5
Manufacture of other chemical products*** 35,36,37,38 292,5 356,0 395,3 362,1 386,4
Manufacture of man‐made fibres 54,55 223,1 265,8 270,0 262,6 255,8
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 28‐
38,54,55 2044,6 2316,1 2449,1 2386,6 2742,1
Manufacture of rubber products**** 40 283,0 331,8 417,8 557,3 585,8
Manufacture of plastic products***** 39 734,8 897,6 1094,1 1335,0 1403,0
Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 39,40 1017,8 1229,3 1511,9 1892,3 1988,8

Import of chemicals in Mio EUR TARIC 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of basic chemicals* 28,29 715,4 809,7 773,7 742,4
Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‐chemical
products 31 39,3 54,6 78,9 140,6
Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings,
printing ink and mastics 32 269,9 330,8 330,5 316,3
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and
botanical products** 30 985,9 1074,1 1147,7 1236,0
Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing
preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations 33,34 319,3 335,2 362,5 370,6
Manufacture of other chemical products*** 35,36,37,38 422,9 462,0 532,8 530,2
Manufacture of man‐made fibres 54,55 248,6 260,0 241,0 195,6
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 28‐38,54,55 3001,3 3326,4 3467,1 3531,7
Manufacture of rubber products**** 40 615,5 744,8 837,4 847,0
Manufacture of plastic products***** 39 1498,4 1814,3 1942,9 2005,0
Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 39,40 2113,9 2559,2 2780,4 2852,1
Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data
Manufacture of m an-m ade fibres

IMPORT - Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
4000 Manufacture of other chem ical

products***
3500
Manufacture of soap and detergents,
cleaning and polishing preparations,
3000 perfum es and toilet preparations
2500 Manufacture of pharm aceuticals,

Mio EUR
m edicinal chem icals and botanical

products**
2000
Manufacture of paints, varnishes and
sim ilar coatings, printing ink and m astics
1500
Manufacture of pesticides and other

1000
agro-chem ical products
500
Manufacture of basic chem icals*
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fig. 6 IMPORT – Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
The continuous increase of import of chemical to Slovakia from 2000 is notable. The
development of the industry requires more chemical imports. Basic chemicals and
pharmaceuticals have the highest share.
IMPORT - Manufacture of plastic and rubber products
3 000,0
2 500,0
2 000,0
Mil. EUR
1 500,0
1 000,0
500,0
0,0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacture of rubber products**** Manufacture of plastic products*****

Fig. 7 IMPORT – Manufacture of plastic and rubber products
There is a continuous increase from 2000 within plastic and rubber products. The
development of the automotive industry has required more imports of plastics.
Tab. 10 Geographic breakdown of chemicals export in %
Geographic breakdown of 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
chemicals export in %
EU 27 87,42 88,10 88,95 89,70 88,36 86,94 87,65 88,68 88,62
EU 15 40,10 42,73 47,29 49,02 48,56 46,05 47,26 48,42 46,58
Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, Slovenia, Czech
Republic, Hungary,
Cyprus 44,81 42,81 38,96 37,97 37,06 37,88 37,68 37,37 39,19
Bulgaria, Romania 2,51 2,56 2,70 2,70 2,74 3,01 2,72 2,89 2,86
Rest of Europe 5,37 5,30 5,08 4,92 5,93 6,75 7,12 7,44 7,51
NAFTA 2,92 2,31 1,92 1,83 2,10 1,97 1,24 0,87 0,66
Latin America and the Caribbean 0,38 0,32 0,25 0,20 0,29 0,34 0,33 0,33 0,42
Asia 3,40 3,48 3,09 2,79 2,74 3,39 3,10 2,08 2,11
Africa 0,29 0,35 0,56 0,38 0,45 0,48 0,52 0,56 0,63
Australia / Oceania 0,22 0,15 0,15 0,19 0,14 0,13 0,05 0,05 0,05
Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data. Geographic
breakdown of chemicals export is for TARIC codes – 28‐40, 54‐55

Geografic breakdown of chemicals export for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55
Australia / Oceania
100%
90% Africa
80%
Asia
70%
Latin America and the Caribbean
60%
50% NAFTA
40%
Rest of Europe
30%
20% Bulgaria, Romania
10% Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,

Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus
0%
EU 15
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fig. 8 Geographic breakdown of chemicals export for TARIC codes – 28‐40. 54,55
More than 90 % of all export of chemicals is to European countries with more than 40 % to
EU 15.
Tab. 11 Geographic breakdown of chemicals import in %
Geographic breakdown of 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
chemicals import in %
EU 27
85,04 84,81 84,49 85,03 84,16 85,17 83,35 82,46 81,93
EU 15
59,22 61,04 62,30 62,92 60,83 58,40 55,07 55,05 55,01
Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, Slovenia, Czech
Republic, Hungary,
Cyprus 25,50 23,56 21,91 21,85 22,93 26,45 27,96 27,04 26,52
Bulgaria, Romania
0,32 0,21 0,27 0,25 0,40 0,32 0,31 0,37 0,40
Rest of Europe
7,04 7,01 6,42 5,82 5,67 5,56 6,22 6,37 6,35
NAFTA
2,79 2,80 3,00 2,63 2,47 2,09 1,97 1,86 1,99
0,22 0,17 0,17 0,52 0,94 0,98 1,05 1,01 1,03
Asia
4,81 5,10 5,76 5,82 6,56 5,98 7,16 8,12 8,48
Africa
0,08 0,09 0,11 0,11 0,13 0,15 0,17 0,11 0,16
Australia / Oceania
0,02 0,02 0,05 0,08 0,07 0,05 0,09 0,07 0,06
Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data. Geographic
breakdown of chemicals export is for TARIC codes – 28‐40, 54‐55

Geografic breakdown of chemicals import for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55
Australia / Oceania
100%
90% Africa
80%
Asia
70%
60%
50% NAFTA
40%
Rest of Europe
30%
20% Bulgaria, Romania
10% Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,

Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus
0%
EU 15
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fig. 9 Geographic breakdown of chemicals import for TARIC codes – 28‐40. 54,55
About 90 % of all imported chemicals are from European countries with about 60 % from EU
15.
3.4 REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Tab. 12 Major Companies and chemical sites
Major Companies and chemical sites Turnover Location / chemical site Number of

(web site) 2007 employees
in Mio
EUR
SLOVNAFT PETROCHEM s.r.o. (slovnaft.sk) 3804,42 Bratislava 3671
DUSLO a.s. (duslo.sk) 413,264 Šaľa, Strážske, Bratislava 2329
CONTINENTAL MATADOR TRUCK TIRES s.r.o. N/A Púchov N/A
(conti‐online.com)
NOVACKE CHEMICKÉ ZÁVODY a.s. (nchz.sk) 211,512 Nováky 1620
CONTINENTAL MATADOR RUBBER s.r.o. 190,367 Púchov 1903
(conti‐online.com)
ZENTIVA a.s. (zentiva.sk) 190,5 Hlohovec 1300
CHEMOSVIT FOLIE a.s. (chemosvit.sk) N/A Svit N/A
NEXIS FIBERS a.s. (nexisfibers.com) 89,69 Humenné 424
INERGY ASS s.r.o. (inergyautomotive.com) N/A Lozorno N/A
VISTEON SLOVAKIA s.r.o. (visteon.com) N/A Nitra N/A
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees and TREND
analysis
The biggest company is, in the long term, refinery SLOVNAFT own by MOL group. Within the
area of basic chemicals the most important companies are DUSLO a.s. followed by Novácke
chemické závody (NCHZ) a.s. The most of these companies have sites in western Slovakia.

Fig. 10 TOP 10 companies of chemical industry in 2007 and pipeline network in Slovakia
4 DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
4.1 3.1 INTRODUCTION
Slovakia, besides access to sea, is connected to all transport corridors. Rail and road
infrastructure is sufficiently built in term of surface coverage. Domain road infrastructure,
highways and expressways, do not sufficiently cover the whole territory. The connection
west‐east and north‐south is being built nowadays. Inland navigation has the lowest use in
regard of eccentrically location of the one navigable waterway Danube. Following issues in
regard to the transport infrastructure can be mentioned:
o mountainous terrain – high infrastructure costs – bridges, tunnels
o congested road network, traffic jams
o not sufficient network of highways, expressways, rail corridors and modern
multimodal terminals
o inland navigation possible on Danube only with local and seasonal restrictions
o inland state – no direct access to the sea
Tab. 13 Goods transport according to transport modes ‐ quantity
Goods transport in Mio tons 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Road 188,9 187,6 164,4 174,1 178,1 195,4 181,4 179,3
Railway 54,17 53,59 49,86 50,52 50,45 49,31 52,45 51,81
Inland waterway 1,607 1,551 1,699 1,451 1,636 1,526 1,713 1,806
Pipeline – crude oil ‐ Transpetrol 9,273 9,551 9,446 9,929 10,37 10,66 11,14 N/A
3
Pipeline – natural gas – EUSTREAM in Mio m 79210 71524 70409 72692 79881 81300 73765 71762
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak republic, Transpetrol, EUSTREAM
The highest share of transport from conventional transports has the road transport with the
continuous increase during last years. The transport of natural gas and crude petroleum is
significant in regard of east‐west transit.
Tab. 14 Goods transport – performance in 1000 tkm (quantity * km)
Goods transport in 1000 tkm 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Road 14340 13799 14929 16859 18517 22550 22114 27050
Railway 11234 10929 10383 10113 9702 9463 9988 9647
Inland waterway 1383 1015 594 488 721 680 936 843
The railway transport performance has a slight decrease. However, there is a significant
increase of transport performance in road transport since 2004.
The following table defines priority axes of transport infrastructure development for goods
transport in Slovakia according to the Operational Programme Transport 2007‐2013 (OPT
2007‐2013).
Tab. 15 Division of priority axes of OPT 2007 – 2013
Priority axes of OP at the level of the Cohesion Core activities within the priority axis
Fund
Priority axis 1 Modernisation and development of railway tracks
Railway infrastructure (TEN‐T + other routes in accordance with the
regulation for the Cohesion Fund)
Priority axis 2 Construction of motorways (TEN‐T)
Road infrastructure (TEN‐T)
Priority axis 3 Construction of a network of core public intermodal
Intermodal transport infrastructure transport terminals
Priority axes of OP at the level of the ERDF Core activities within the priority axis
Priority axis 5 Construction of expressways
Road infrastructure (expressways and first‐class Modernisation and construction of first‐class roads
roads)
Priority axis 7 Support of management, monitoring, evaluation
Technical assistance and publicity of OPT
Tab. 16 Financial plan of OPT structured by priority axes and financial
resources (in EUR in current prices)
Indicative breakdown For
of the national informatio
National Co‐
Community counterpart Total n
counterpa financin
Priority axes funding National National funding
rt g rate
public private EIB Other
funding funding
a b=c+d c d e=a+b f=a/e
COHESION FUND
Priority axis 1
Railway 782 746 878 138 131 802 138 131 802 0 920 878 680 0,85
Infrastructure
Priority axis 2
Road
972 333 473 171 588 260 171 588 260 0 1 143 921 733 0,85
Infrastructure
(TEN‐T)
Priority axis 3
Intermodal
102 620 947 18 109 579 18 109 579 0 120 730 526 0,85
transport
infrastructure
ERDF
Priority axis 5
Road
Infrastructure
740 794 961 130 728 523 130 728 523 0 871 523 484 0,85
(expressways
and first‐class
roads)
Priority axis 7
Technical 48 103 569 8 488 865 8 488 865 0 56 592 434 0,85
assistance
OPT TOTAL 3 206 904 595 638 815 396 638 815 396 0 3 845 719 991
Source: OPT 2007 – 2010
4.2 INTERMODAL TRANSPORT
There is only a transport of maritime containers within intermodal transport in Slovakia as a
part of sea transport. This segment notices an increase with the arrival of investors from
automotive and electronics industry. It is supposed to start also the continental lines after
finalization of terminals.
4.2.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES p g p
inland
2 000 000
1 800 000 export
1 600 000 import
1 400 000
transit
1 200 000
1 000 000 total
800 000 trends
600 000
400 000
200 000
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Fig. 11 Volume of transported goods – combine transport –tonnes
National CT: 100 % - single wagon shipment

International CT: 90% block trains
Metrans
ERS
Kombiverkehr
CSKD Intrans
Adriakombi
SKD Intrans
ARGO Žilina – Chernyakhovsk
KIA demounted cars
40‘ containers
Veľká Ida – Kaluga - VW
demounted cars
40‘ high cube containers
100 % ISO Container

40% - 20‘ 60% - 40‘

Source: DIOMIS 2 conference – 10th February 2009 ‐ DIOMIS Module 3 ‐ New EU Member States ‐ Slovakia
Fig. 12 Combine transport (CT) operators in Slovakia – block trains per week
The majority of combine transport is a transport of maritime containers by block trains from
/to Slovak terminals to the Port of Hamburg, Port of Bremerhaven (tank containers), Port of
Rotterdam and Port of Koper.
4.2.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE

Fig. 13 AGTC rail corridors
AGTC corridors in Slovakia – C 30/1, C‐E 40, C‐E 52, C‐E 61, C‐E 63
The length of AGTC corridors is 1216 km. Absolute length of AGTC corridors without joint
tracks is 1033 km.
The parameters of existing AGTC rail tracks correspond to loading gauge UIC‐B. All AGTC
corridors have 22,5 tons wagon axle load.
Tab. 17 Main combine transport terminals in Slovakia
Terminal Handled goods ‐ net tonnes ‐2008

Dunajská streda 662655
Bratislava Palenisko 258515
Žilina 139491
Sládkovičovo 120053
Dobrá 21677
Bratislava UNS 17944
Košice – Veľká Ida 1587
Total 1221922
Source: DIOMIS 2 conference – 10th February 2009 ‐ DIOMIS Module 3 ‐ New EU Member States ‐ Slovakia
4.2.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS
A priority in the area of the development of intermodal transport infrastructure from
resources of the Cohesion Fund is to build the basic network of intermodal transport
terminals meeting parameters of the Agreement AGTC.
Tab. 18 Indicators of Priority axis 3
Description and unit of Target Source

Code Name of indicator Initial value
indicator value*
INDICATORS OF OUTPUT
Number of completed
Number of intermodal
intermodal transport 3 7 MTPT SR
transport terminals
terminals
INDICATORS OF RESULT
Quantity of goods
Increase of the quantity of
transported by
goods transported by 650 6 200* MTPT SR
intermodal transport
intermodal transport
(thous. tonnes/year)
Number of integrated
Number of integrated
intermodal transport 960 7 000* MTPT SR
intermodal transport trains
trains per year
INDICATORS OF CONTEXT
Represents the share
Share of railway transport on of railway transport
the freight transport on total performance 28,7 30 MTPT SR
performance of freight transport of
SR
NB: * ‐ target value, providing the realisation of mentioned number of terminals and planned development of
Slovak economy.

Fig. 14 Planned intermodal transport terminals in regard to planned industrial parks and other transport
infrastructure
4.3 ROAD TRANSPORT
Domain road infrastructure, highways and expressways, do not sufficiently cover the whole
territory. The connection west‐east and north‐south is being built nowadays. With the
increase of volume of road freight transport the condition of transport infrastructure of I.
class roads and international roads “E” is becoming worse.
4.3.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES
Tab. 19 Actual and planned road network in km
Actual and planned road network in km in operation in progress planned total

Highways 365 105 294 764
Expressways and roads of I., II. and III. class 17510 N/A N/A N/A
Source: www.ssc.sk , www.ndsas.sk
The infrastructure of highways “D” and expressways “R” are built nowadays. The
construction of new roads of I., II. and III. class is minimal. Mostly the reconstruction of
mentioned roads is performed. Time schedules of infrastructure finalization are not fulfilled.
Tab. 20 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ road
Goods traffic in % according to traffic 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

area ‐ road
Domestic traffic 90,09 90,76 92,91 92,11 91,11 88,93 87,72 83,56
Cross‐border entrance 1,69 1,68 2,21 2,64 2,93 3,32 3,28 4,59
Cross‐border dispatch 2,61 2,45 3,37 3,70 3,74 4,46 4,30 5,63
Transit 0,20 0,21 0,25 0,25 0,32 0,65 1,40 1,50
Other transportation abroad 5,41 4,91 1,26 1,30 1,90 2,64 3,30 4,73
The highest share of road traffic presents domestic traffic. The share of domestic traffic in
regard to the increase of cross‐border traffic is slightly decreasing.
Base on surveys, after the start of electronic toll collection system, the decrease of transit
transport is supposed. The slight increase of domestic transport is supposed in regard to the
construction of new factories of suppliers for automotive industry.
Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - road
6 94
% domestic traffic
92
5
90
4 88
% 3 86
2 84
82
1 80
0 78
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit

Other transportation abroad Domestic traffic

Fig. 15 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ road


Fig. 16 TEN‐T corridors in Slovakia
TEN‐T corridors – 3 multimodal corridors – IV. corridor (80,792 km), V. corridor (547,848 km)
a VI. corridor (49,810 km)
TEM corridors – 7 TEM routes
European road network „E“
E50 441,107 km E371 73,219 km

E65 80,792 km E442 44,535 km
E75 253,263 km E571 392,834 km
E58 497,963 km E572 101,581 km
E71 22,640 km E575 72,681 km
E77 208,137 km
A priority of the Slovakia in the area of the development of road infrastructure in the
programme period of years 2007 – 2013 is the construction of transport infrastructure
included in the TEN‐T network passing through the Slovak territory, by means of the
construction of new motorway sections. These new motorway sections will replace the
existing sections of the Slovak road network that ceased to fulfil the requirements for the
capacity and safety.
Description and unit of Target
Code Name of indicator Initial value Source
indicator value*
Length of new
Core 14 km of new roads 7,9 67,9 MTPT SR
motorways (km)
Length of new
Core 15 ‐ of which TEN‐T motorways built in the 7,9 67,9 MTPT SR
TENT‐T network (km)
Time saving in
Time saving
Core 20 passenger/goods 0 30,2 MTPT SR
(road transport)
transport (mil. EURO)
INDICATORS OF IMPACT
Number of the road
Core 13 Number of the projects 2 9 MTPT SR
infrastructure projects
Expresses the share of
length of the
Density of the motorway motorways in
6,8 8,0 MTPT SR
network operation to the area
of SR
(km/thousand.km2)
Number of killed
Number of killed persons by
persons by road
road accidents in road 10,7 9,4 MTPT SR
accidents in road
transport
transport
NB: * ‐ It is an estimated value of indicator. The real target value will be known upon the completion of the
implementation of OPT.
Tab. 22 Planned PPP projects for road infrastructure
PPP projects Segments Total length State

Highway
in
Dubná Skala – Turany, Turany – Hubová, Hubová – Ivachnová, 75,04 km
preparation
1. package Jánovce – Jablonov, Fričovce – Svinia
Expressway R1
in progress
Nitra západ – Selenec, Selenec – Beladice, Beladice – Tekovské 51,53 km
04/09
2. package Nemce, Banská Bystrica severný obchvat
Highway D1
Hričovské Podhradie – Lietavská Lúčka, Lietavská Lúčka – in
29,08 km
Višňové, Višňové – Dubná Skala, diaľničný privádzač Lietavská preparation
3. package Lúčka – Žilina
Slovakia uses also PPP projects to quickly finalize connection west – east (Tab. 22).
4.4 RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Tab. 23 Actual and planned railway network in km
Actual and planned railway network in km in operation in progress planned total

Main railroads ‐ public 3658 N/A N/A 3658
Standard gauge ‐ public 3480 N/A N/A 3480
Narrow gauge – public 50 N/A N/A 50
Broad gauge 99 N/A 400 499
Tab. 24 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ railway

area ‐ railway
Domestic traffic 21,92 21,12 20,93 16,06 14,12 14,45 14,50 13,96
Transit 19,99 20,54 23,01 21,42 23,19 25,70 27,05 26,33

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - railway
Domestic traffic Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit
50
40
30
%
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Fig. 17 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ railway
The share of domestic traffic and cross‐border traffic is decreasing. However the share of
transit is slightly increasing.
At present (4/2009) there is noticed a 40% decrease of performance of rail cargo operators
compared to 2008. Slovakia is in regard to railway mainly transiting country. The future
mostly depends on transport west – east via Ukraine.
From the technical aspect the main weakness of the railway infrastructure is the low level of
the speed limit over a track that only exceptionally achieves the standard level of developed
European railways providing the establishment of competitiveness conditions giving an
advantage to railway transport over less ecological transport modalities. The decisive tasks
for the upgrading of railway tracks are: the modernisation of railway transport route, the
modernisation of selected border crossing stations and the modernisation of information
network (notably in regard to the requirements associated to the implementation of the EU
regulation on Telematics Application for Freight) and railway junctions.
AGTC corridors in Slovakia – C 30/1, C‐E 40, C‐E 52, C‐E 61, C‐E 63
The length of AGTC corridors is 1216 km. Absolute length of AGTC corridors without joint
tracks is 1033 km.
The parameters of existing AGTC rail tracks correspond to loading gauge UIC‐B. All AGTC
corridors have 22,5 tons wagon axle load.

Source: MDPT SR
Fig. 18 Multimodal transport corridors – railways – TEN‐T
TEN‐T corridors : IV, V, VI, IX
The development of railway transport infrastructure in the Slovak territory can be achieved
mainly through the modernisation of international corridors defined by the Pan‐European
Conference of Ministers of Transport – TEN‐T.
Description and unit of Target
Code Name of indicator Initial value Source
indicator value*
km of reconstructed Length of modernised
Core 19 92 257 MTPT SR
railroads railway tracks in km
Length of new railway
‐ of which TEN‐T tracks of the TEN‐T 71 236 MTPT SR
network in km
Time saving in
Time saving
Core 21 passenger/goods 0 35/295 MTPT SR
(railway transport)
transport (min.)
INDICATORS OF IMPACT
Number of railway
Core 13 Number of projects 7 18 MTPT SR
infrastructure projects
Share of railway transport on railway transport on
freight transport total freight transport 28,7 30 MTPT SR
performances performances of SR
(%)
railway transport on
Share of railway transport on
total passenger
passenger transport 5,6 5,9 MTPT SR
transport
performances
performances of SR
(%)
NB: * ‐ It is an estimated value of indicator. The real target value will be known upon the completion of the
implementation of OPT.
4.5 WATERWAY TRANSPORT
Waterway transport is mainly used on Danube waterway and its canals. The river Váh, as the
longest Danube inlet, is partly navigable.
Length of navigate inland waterways in 2007 is 250,85 km (Danube 172 km, Váh 78,85 km
and canals 38,45 km) with two main harbours Bratislava and Komárno.
Tab. 26 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ waterway

area ‐ waterway
Domestic traffic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Transit and other transportation abroad 25,01 17,73 17,46 15,56 26,19 24,14 22,62 19,49

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - waterway
Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit and other transportation abroad
90
80
70
60
50
%
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Fig. 19 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ waterway
The highest share of waterway traffic presents export. Domestic transport in regard to the
short length of national waterways (mainly Danube) is not used. About 20% of all waterway
traffic presents export traffic of chemicals (fuels and fertilizers).
In regard to infrastructure the potential of future use of domestic transport is limited. There
are plans to canalize the river Váh to Žilina. The construction of navigable waterways is not
the priority in Slovakia nowadays.
Váh waterway – TEN-T corridor V., VI. – AGN E81
Šaľa
Danube waterway – TEN-T corridor VII. – AGN E80

Fig. 20 Danube waterway – TEN‐T corridor VII.
The company OMV is transporting fuels to Port of Komarno which is used as a distribution
point to Slovakia.
The crucial position within future plans has international waterway Danube as a part of
European transport corridors as the corridor VII. – Danube and according to the AGN
agreement the Danube is the artery waterway E80. Waterway Váh is part of the multimodal
transport corridors V and VI. According to the AGN agreement the Váh is the national
waterway E81.
4.6 PIPELINE TRANSPORT

The crucial is transit network for natural gas and crude petroleum east – west. The refinery
SLOVNAFT has built pipelines for fuels in length of 476 km.
Tab. 27 Pipeline transport
Pipeline transport 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Crude oil transported by TRANSPETROL a.s.– in 9273 9551 9446 9929 10371 10662 11145 N/A
thousands tons
Gas transported by EUSTREAM a.s. in mil. m3 79210 71524 70409 72692 79881 81300 73765 72762
Source: TRANSPETROL, Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic
With regard to the gas crisis at the beginning of 2009 Slovakia wants to diversify gas
suppliers. Therefore connection with the Hungary is also planned.
The major pipeline infrastructure in Slovakia is for transport of crude oil and natural gas.

Fig. 21 Crude oil transmission lines Družba and Adria
Pipeline systems Družba and Adria are for transport of crude oil. Družba (with the length of
566,6 km in Slovakia) transmit supplies of crude oil to Slovnaft refinery in Bratislava and
serves also as a transit line to Czech Republic. The technical capacity of Družba is 20 million
tons per year. The Adria line (8,5 km in Slovakia) connects Družba near Šahy from Croatian
port of Omišaľj. The port of Omišaľj has a technology to transfer the crude oil from tankers.
The crude oil is transported in Slovakia by the company TRANSPETROL.
Pipeline transport - Crude petroleum

Technical capacity - 20 mil. tonnes
12000 267
343 57
10000 312 425 100 214
1000 tonnes
8000 4308 5036 5218

3638 3785 3883 4193
6000
4000
5323 5341 5463 5522 5720 5569 5660
2000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
SLOVNAFT Refineries in Czech Republic Other customers

Source: www.eustream.sk
Fig. 22 Natural gas transmission line EUSTREAM
The natural gas is transported through Slovakia by the company EUSTREAM. The capacity of
gas transmission system Eustream is more than 90 billion cubic meters of natural gas, its size
extends over 2270 km. In 2006 the company transported 73.8 billion cubic meters of natural
gas, which represents 20 % of the EU annual consumption and it is the largest transmission
company within the EU. The main contract partners of the company are foreign customers
from Russia, the Czech Republic, Croatia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovenia.
Slovakia wants to obtain higher support from EU anti crisis package to connect gas lines with
the Hungary, operates reverse flows with Austria and Czech Republic and connect also
electricity net with Hungary. There are also considerations to import LNG and build a
refinery for processing. The government made negotiations with Norway about gas supplies.
5 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN THE REGION / COUNTRY
Deliveries of basic gross volume supplies are carried via pipeline network for crude
petroleum and natural gas and by block trains and vessels on Danube. Deliveries of smaller
size are carried usually by rail, road and Intermodal transport.
Larger companies are able on own rail sidings to form block trains. Block trains achieve high
speed of carriage and capacity. Smaller companies if they have rail sidings their operation is
not efficient (high maintenance costs) so they stop. Then they become the users of road and
sometimes intermodal transport only.
Inland navigation on river Danube is used for carriage of fuels, fertilizers and their supplies.
Inland navigation is not used for carriages of packed cargo and containers.
Intermodal transport is mainly used to carry the supplies and products from/to sea ports.
Main container trains begin and end in Bratislava, Dunajska Streda and Žilina. It is planned to
finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines.
To transport gasoline and diesel oil to distribution centres pipeline and block trains with tank
rail cars are used.
The market of rail transport is liberalized. Private operators mainly operate direct block
trains. The market of road transport is fully liberalized. Whereas toll‐collection system is
being launch from 1st of January 2010 the market is not harmonized and supports a shift
from rail to cheaper road transport. The fees for use of rail infrastructure are 2 or 3 times
higher than in neighbouring countries which also influence intermodal transport.
Large chemical companies have from the past own tank fleet and part of the fleet is rented.
Own truck tank fleet is not own by these companies. However, Slovnaft through its
subsidiary company has own distribution network for fuels (pipeline, rail cars, truck fleet).
Several private companies with truck tank fleet offer services for chemical companies and
also several foreign transporters are on the market with tank vehicles, rail tank cars and tank
containers.
There are few tank cleaning stations in Slovakia (Bratislava, Strážske). This causes long
distance route of tank vehicles for cleaning.
Transport is organized by the domestic and foreign freight forwarders. Cooperation with
these companies is more efficient because of payload optimisation and lower prices than
own vehicle fleet.
Tab. 28 Transported chemical goods – share of transportation modes
Transported chemical 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

goods – thousands of
tons
Road 31135 31288 21977 20202 18104 15554 13376 15888
Railway 5757 6143 6209 7095 6342 5536 5704 6428
Waterway 271,9 288,8 244,4 225,8 290,7 261,6 295,2 247,6
Pipeline crude petroleum 9273 9551 9446 9929 10371 10662 11145 N/A
Pipeline natural gas* 55447 50067 49286 50884 55917 56910 51636 50933
*The data for transport of natural gas are originally in cubic meters. The value in tonnes was calculated with a
density of 0,7 kg/m3. The density is valid at a standard reference condition, that is temperature of 15 °C ,
pressure 101, 325 kPa and relative humidity RH = 0 %. Source: SPP – Distribucia a.s.

6 INTERNAL STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS
Summarised by project partners on the basis of individual interviews with companies
6.1 STRENGTHS IN PROCUREMENT
1. Quality of product and packaging
2. Suppliers' availability, reliability and flexibility
3. Supplier assessment and management
The time schedule of the supplies from third countries is problematic. Quality of packaging
from third countries (mainly China) is very poor. The handling of goods is problematic.
Unloading of goods is often manual with a big risk to work safety and environmental
requirements. The use of pallets is often unknown.
6.2 STRENGTHS IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED
PRODUCTS
1. Inventory strategy
2. Range of inventory
3. Inventory level
Usually the companies have own quality systems according to ISO 9001:2000(ISO 9001:2008)
with inventory planning.
6.3 STRENGTHS IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS
1. Utilization of machines and production lines
2. Stability within production processes
3. Susceptance of damage within production processes
The utilization of machines is very important – continuous production. The start and the end
of the production units create high risk and costs with possible damage of the product.
6.4 STRENGTHS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT
1. Payload optimization
2. Delivery time and performance
3. Mode of transport
These parameters are comparable to western countries. High flexibility in packing,
distribution and transport is the standard. The competitiveness is comparable to western
countries. The new road traffic regulations permit the transport of dangerous goods also
during Saturdays, Sundays and national holidays. Our freight forwarders use very efficiently
information systems for supply chain management (e.g. DAKOSY, SAP, ORACLE).
6.5 STRENGTHS IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING
1. Accuracy and Flexibility in Demand Planning
2. Accuracy and Flexibility in Supply Planning ‐ Forecasting with customers
3. Accuracy and Flexibility in Delivery Planning
The competitiveness of the production and supply companies is very high after the entry of
Slovakia into EU.
6.6 STRENGTHS IN ORDER PROCESSING
1. Order fulfilment cycle time
2. Available‐to‐promise
3. Coordinated order processing
The competitive environment of the EU is highly demanding. Therefore the companies are
forced to fulfil costumers’ requirements.
6.7 STRENGTHS IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS
1. PPS‐System in production planning
2. ERP‐ and MRP systems in procurement
3. Supply Chain Event Management
The IS systems must be comparable to companies from other countries (e.g. DAKOSY, SAP,
ORACLE). This is the condition to stay in the market.
7 INTERNAL WEAKNESSES OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS
Summarised by project partners on the basis of individual interviews with companies
7.1 WEAKNESSES IN PROCUREMENT
1. Collaboration demand planning
2. Sourcing strategies (global versus single)
3. Research and Development of sourcing markets
The supplies of natural gas and crude petroleum are dependent on Russian federation and
transit via Ukraine. Big companies use transport of supplies by pipeline and railway. Small
commodities are usually transported by road. The import of supplies by rail from Ukraine
and Russian Federation is influenced by broad‐gauge track with a necessity of reloading or
boogie shifting.
7.2 WEAKNESSES IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED
PRODUCTS
1. Outsourcing of warehousing
2. Inventory costs
Sufficient experiences with functional warehouse outsourcing are missing. There is not also
sufficient number of suppliers of these services within the area of chemicals. The network of
chemical companies has not such density to have profitable outsourcing of warehousing.
The warehousing of semi‐finished products is usually part of the production process with no
interest for outsourcing.
7.3 WEAKNESSES IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS
1. Flexibility within production processes
2. Duration production change‐over / set‐up
3. Production costs
The production lines are usually specifically oriented (basic chemicals) to one product. There
is no possibility to product more chemicals in one production line. The production of
chemicals for final customers is more flexible (paints, fertilizers). However there is a
flexibility of packing required from customers.
7.4 WEAKNESSES IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT
1. Freight costs
2. Distance to customers
3. Outsourcing of Distribution and Transport
In connection with the start of electronic toll collection system (1.1.2010) the companies are
aware of further increase of actually high freight costs. Present Intermodal network is
oriented for sea transports mainly (maritime containers). To protect water sources in
Bratislava there is no possibility to transport dangerous goods by trucks (40 tons) directly
from Slovakia to Austria. There is only one border crossing point to Austria for trucks (40
tons). The length of the border with the Austria is however 127 km. There are only 2 border
crossing points for trucks (40 tons) with Poland on 597,5 km long border.
7.5 WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING
1. Accuracy and Flexibility in Planning of inventory levels
2. Accuracy and Flexibility in Production planning
The planning of inventory levels and production is highly dependent on suppliers (distance,
density). The supplies from Germany are in Slovakia within two days but from Ukraine it
takes two weeks. The railways do not guarantee such delivery times as road transport,
therefore the planning (just‐in‐time) is problematic.
7.6 WEAKNESSES IN ORDER PROCESSING
NO WEAKNESSES evaluated from individual interviews
The competitive environment of the EU is highly demanding. Therefore the companies are
forced to fulfil costumers’ requirements.
7.7 WEAKNESSES IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS
NO WEAKNESSES evaluated from individual interviews
The LSP’s are mainly connected to western companies and use their information systems.
There is no initiative in Slovakia to build a general information system in transport.
8 EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHANCES FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Summarised by project partners on the basis of discussion in Regional Stakeholder Meetings.
8.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS
1. Eastern European expansion of the EU
2. Access to international selling markets / Access to international sourcing markets
3. Internationalization of selling markets / Internationalization of sourcing markets
After the entry of Slovakia into EU the conditions for business are different. The 80 % of all
Slovakia export and import are EU countries. Therefore the access to markets is easier.
8.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS
1. Present skills of employees in the field of logistics (professional, social and
intercultural)
2. Educational standards
3. Cooperation with education, research and development institutes
Present skills of employees in the field of logistics, mainly on executive level, are relatively
good considering low fluctuations of workers and quality of secondary vocational schools.
8.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
1. Information and Communication Technologies
2. Innovations in transports
3. Innovations in warehousing / storage / Acceptance of railway and waterway
IT’s are also available in Slovakia. The new solutions are dependent from financial resources
and practical use. After the construction of public intermodal terminals and operation of
regular block trains the share of railways is expected to increase.
8.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
1. Availability of renewable energy sources
2. Accessibility to renewable energy sources
The trains of intermodal transport can be powered by the energy from renewable sources.
8.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION
1. International harmonization of transport and traffic related laws and regulations
Simplified procedures to perform international transport lead to development of chemical
logistics.
8.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
8.6.1 RAILWAY
1. Location and structure of the railway system
2. Interoperability – international standards
3. Location of terminals / Availability and capacity of railway wagons
Low utilization of railway network has an opportunity for increased use. Parameters of rail
corridors (22,5 tons axle load) offers to transport in single wagon a load of 3 trucks.
8.6.2 WATERWAY
1. Capacity and efficiency of waterway
2. Availability and capacity of water vessels
Waterway offers a possibility of cheaper transport for bulk cargo. The waterways have
sufficient capacities.
8.6.3 ROAD
The truck fleet of Slovak haulers fulfils EU standards. Harmonized social legislation,
maximum allowed dimensions and weights of vehicles for international transport, transport
of dangerous goods makes the operation of transport easier.
8.6.4 INTERMODAL
Present intermodal network is mainly oriented on sea transports as pre‐carriages and on‐
carriages from maritime harbours of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam and Koper –
hinterland service. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also
continental lines.
8.6.5 PIPELINE
1. Capacity and efficiency of pipeline network
The pipeline network is not currently used to its technical capacity.
8.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY
1. International safety standards
2. Information flow in intermodal transports
3. Tracking & Tracing of cargo
European harmonization of transport of dangerous goods (ADR, RID, ADN, IMDG code, IATA
DGR) makes the conditions for transport easier. The availability and the price of information
technologies is available to more and more transport companies. The information about
localisation of cargo is precious for customer.
8.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION
8.8.1 CUSTOMERS
1. Relevance and importance of the industry sector for the customers
2. Level of product standardisation
3. Degree of concentration
Slovakia chemical exports (90%) are EU countries. European legislation makes the business
easier. Chemical industry is a supplier for automotive and electrical industry.
8.8.2 SUPPLIERS
1. Level of product standardisation
2. Relevance and importance of the industry sector for the suppliers
3. Collaborations among suppliers
Basic chemicals are standardised in basic quality parameters. Suppliers cooperate during the
production breaks.
8.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET
1. Access to channels of distribution
2. Product differentiation
3. Brand identity
Access to the market is dependent on transport costs and product price. Cooperation with
the world known producers offers a possibility to use their trade market, brand and
distribution network.
8.8.4 SUBSTITUTES
NO OPPORTUNITIES evaluated from RSM meeting
9 EXTERNAL THREATS, PROBLEMS AND BARRIERS FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Summarised by project partners on the basis of discussion in Regional Stakeholder Meetings
9.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS
1. Actual world‐wide economic development
2. Regional economic development
3. Market concentration/intensified competition
Present economic crisis endangers many chemical and logistic companies world‐wide and on
the regional level. Slovakia has many SMEs with difficulty to survive in present time. The
intensified competition after the fall of the demand endangers these companies.
9.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS
1. Availability of high qualified domestic and foreign workers
2. Change of values
3. Demographic change in CEE
The fluctuation of workers is increasing which leads to low level of skills and experiences in
chemical logistics. The number of new born children is decreasing which leads to decrease of
economically active people. Graduates from technical universities leave from Slovakia to
western EU and USA. There is a low interest from students to study technical study fields
(chemistry, logistics, electrical and mechanical engineering).
9.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
NO THREATS evaluated from RSM meeting
The logistic centres are not comparable to western EU. The new solutions are dependent
from financial resources and practical use.
9.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
1. Energy costs
2. Availability of non‐renewable energy sources
3. Accessibility to non‐renewable energy sources
Slovakia is energetically (crude petroleum and natural gas) dependent from one supplier –
Russian Federation. The diversification of the supplies and transport routes is necessary. The
use of renewable sources is very expansive and in the beginning.
9.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION
1. Financing of traffic infrastructure projects
2. Prioritization passenger traffic
3. Policy on financial subsidies in the field of traffic and transportation
The plans of construction of infrastructure have not been fulfilled. Financial resources have
not been sufficient. The prioritization of passenger traffic endangers the operation of road
(road driving bans) and rail freight transport (passenger trains). Policy on financial subsidies
deforms market environment (different taxes).
9.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
9.6.1 RAILWAY
1. Broad – gauge track Haniska – Bratislava ‐ Wien
2. State‐owned railway systems
3. Noise
The government signed a contract with Russian Federation about plan to build a broad‐
gauge track to Bratislava despite the level of utilization of current tracks is 40 % nowadays.
This is also caused by high fees which railway operators have to pay for the use of traffic
infrastructure.
1 EUR = 23 CZK
Fig. 23 Prices for transport route in selected EU countries (March 2008)
There are only two railway border‐crossing points with Poland. The conditions to increase
the capacity north/south from Poland to Hungary are necessary.
9.6.2 WATERWAY
1. Access to ports
2. Location of inland ports
3. Location and structure of the waterway network
Considering essentially position of Danube waterway. The conditions for inland navigations
are dependent from weather. The conditions for inland navigations on Danube are not
stable for waterway class VIb. The navigation on river Váh is dependent on Danube water
level.
9.6.3 ROAD
1. Development of increase in road toll
2. Capacity and efficiency of motorways
3. Tunnels
The new electronic toll collection system from the 1st of January 2010 with high fees for
vehicles above 3,5 tones will have a significant impact on logistics.
Capacity of highways and expressways is not sufficient which leads to traffic jams and
accidents.
In connection with the transport of dangerous goods the present tunnels do not fulfil the
requirements of ADR agreement. There are not also considerations to classify new
constructed tunnels to classes A and B.
The transport of dangerous goods is banned also on several segments of international roads
“E” with negative impact on logistics.
A lack of truck parking facilities makes difficult to fulfil requirements of social legislation.
The main traffic routes I. class often leads via city centres which slow the transport and
creates danger to people – it is dangerous, not‐ecological, not efficient.
9.6.4 INTERMODAL
1. Location, structure and capacity of intermodal nodes
2. Technology for means of transportation
3. Handling technology road‐rail‐waterway/sea
Present terminals are not complexly built‐up. Handling of dangerous goods is not possible in
all terminals.
Present intermodal network is mainly oriented on sea transports as pre‐carriages and on‐
carriages from maritime harbours of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam and Koper –
hinterland service. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also
continental lines.
Present network of tank cleaning stations is not sufficient for developing intermodal and
road transport. The construction of new build terminals don’t plan with the cleaning stations.
9.6.5 PIPELINE
1. Location and structure of the pipeline network
Pipeline network has been built in east‐west directions. For the security of supplies it is
necessary to build also connections north/south. Connect gas lines with the Hungary,
operates reverse flows with Austria and Czech Republic.
9.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY
1. Possible misuse of dangerous chemicals by terrorists
High consequence dangerous goods can be misuse by terrorists. This is easier when the
vehicle is directly marked according to ADR, RID by UN code or even the name. Even the rail
tanks create higher danger of misuse than accompanied road transport.
9.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION
9.8.1 CUSTOMERS
1. Collaborations among customers
Collaborations among customers influence the price of the product.
9.8.2 SUPPLIERS
1. Degree of concentration
The concentration of suppliers leads to monopolisation of suppliers.
9.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET
1. Funds needed for market entry
2. Cost advantages of existing market players
3. Public economic policy
To access the market with a new product requires high costs (marketing, testing). Existing
market players create barriers for new producers.
9.8.4 SUBSTITUTES
1. Potential product substitution
2. New offer in branch
The substitution of EU products from China, India…
10 NEEDS FOR FUTURE ACTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS – CONCLUSIONS
o higher security of supplies – natural gas, crude petroleum
o diversification of the sources ‐ natural gas, crude petroleum
o finalization of motorways – TEN‐T
o modernisation of rail corridors – TEN‐T – according to AGTC agreement
o finalisation of intermodal transport terminals network
o create conditions for year round navigation on Danube according to AGN agreement
for waterway class VIb
o better connection to transport infrastructure of neighbouring countries – mainly
Poland (2 road and 2 rail border crossing points) and Austria (1 road border crossing
point for trucks – 2 single track rail border crossing point)
o no possibility to transport dangerous goods by road directly to Austria
o not sufficient network of tank cleaning stations
o present and planned road tunnels are not classified for dangerous goods according to
ADR – classify new tunnels to class A, B
o high costs for the use of rail infrastructure – increase the use of infrastructure –
decrease the costs for infrastructure management
o the most important rail freight operator has dropped transport volumes by 40%
compared to 2008 – new projects and ideas for railway logistics
o a lack of truck parking facilities makes difficult to fulfil requirements of social
legislation
• the construction of larger parking facilities with higher security standard
• the higher use of intermodal transport
o the main traffic routes I. class often leads via city centres which slow the transport
and creates danger to people – it is dangerous, not‐ecological, not efficient
• construction of city roundabouts
o reassess the restrictions for transport of dangerous goods on several segments of
road network
o make a draft of transit road network for transport of dangerous goods
o offer a new and progressive logistic concepts in best practices
o to present project proposals to state authorities
o to analyse proposals to change the dimensions and weights of road vehicles
11 LITERATURE
11.1 STUDIES
o Kolektív autorov: Dlhodobá vízia rozvoja slovenskej spoločnosti (Long term vision of
development of Slovak society), Ekonomický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied, VEDA
vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, 2008, ISBN 978‐80‐224‐1050‐2
o Communication on Freight Logistics Action Plan, KOM(2007) 607, European
Commission, Brussels, 2007
o ŠULGAN , M. ‐ SOSEDOVÁ, J.‐ RIEVAJ, V.: Európske dopravné koridory a Slovensko
(European transport corridors and Slovakia), EDIS – vydavateľstvo Žilinskej univerzity,
Žilina, 2001, ISBN 80‐7100‐903‐2
o Transport policy of the Slovak Republic to 2015, Government of SR, 2005
o Cohesion fund strategy – Transport sector, MDPT SR (Ministry of transport, posts and
telecommunications of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, February 2003,
o European Energy and Transport, Trends to 2030, European commission 06.
o EU Energy & Transport in Figures, European commission 2006
o National strategic reference framework 2007 – 2013; MVRR SR (Ministry of Building
and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 29. Jun 2007,
o Operational Programme Transport 2007 – 2013; MDPT SR (Ministry of transport,
posts and telecommunications of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 9th August 2007
o Basic data about road network ‐ from the ROAD DATA BANK of the SLOVAK ROAD
ADMINISTRATION, the road network status as of 01.01.2008., SSC, Bratislava, 2006;
o Programme of preparation and construction of I. class roads 2007 – 2010; MDPT SR
(Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic) ,
Bratislava, April 2007;
o Programme of preparation and construction of highways and expressways 2007 –
2010, MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak
Republic), Bratislava, April 2007;
o Programme of development of railway network by 2010 and proposal of the
financing of investments , MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development
of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, December 2000
o Statistical yearbook 2006, Statistical office of the Slovak Republic, Veda Bratislava,
2005.
o Conception of development of water transport in Slovakia, MDPT SR (Ministry of
Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 2003
o SLOVAKIA TRANSPORT, Almanach dopravy 2007, Vydavateľstvo LUXUR, Bratislava
2007
11.2 INTERNET SOURCES
o http://www.slovakia.travel/
o http://www.transpetrol.sk
o http://www.eustream.sk
o http://www.spp.sk

11.3 LIST OF EXPERTS IN RSM
Surname, Name, Title Specialization Organisation

CAGÁŇ Rudolf PNT ADR, RID NCHZ Nováky
CVÍČELA Emil Ing. railways retired
ČERMÁK. Jaroslav Ing ADR, RID DUSLO, a. s.
DENKOCY Irenej Ing. Logistics ZCHFP SR Bratislava
GNAP Jozef Prof. Ing., PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
GOGA Miroslav Ing. PNT ADR retired
HALAMA Luboš Bc. ADR, RID, ADN CMS Trend Žilina
HEGYI Peter Ing. Pipeline transport SPP a.s.
JAGELČÁK Juraj Ing., PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
JARÁBEK Miroslav Ing. Pipeline transport MH SR Bratislava
KAČALA Miroslav Ing. Multimodal transport MDPT SR Bratislava
KOMORA František Ing. Logistics & freight forwarding PKZ s.r.o. Púchov
KRAJCÁROVÁ Ingrid Ing. RID ŽS Cargo Slovakia
KURUCZ Milan Ing. ADN Dunaj Petrol Trade
MAJERČÁK Jozef Prof. Ing., PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
MARUŠINEC Pavol Mgr. Multimodal transport MDPT SR Bratislava
MULÍK Peter ADR LC Slovak trans
POBJECKÝ Ivan Ing., CSc. Logistics MIND Piešťany
POKORNÝ Jiří Ing., CSc Railways, multimodal transport ŽS Cargo Slovakia
REMÁK Ľubomír Ing. Logistics Slovnaft Bratislava
RUŽINSKÝ Martin RNDr. CSc Pipeline transport Transpetrol Bratislava

SEDLÁK Jozef Ing. Logistics Sloveca Košeca
ŠLESINGER Ján Ing. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
ŠULGAN Marián Doc. Ing. PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita
TOKÁR Jaroslav Ing. Logistics Chemko Strážske
VARGOVÁ Zuzana Ing. Railways ŽS Cargo Slovakia
ZEMAN Miroslav Ing. Railways ŽSR
ŽIVEC Václav JUDr. Logistics SCHFP ČR

12 LIST OF TABLES
TAB. 1 INHABITANTS 5
TAB. 2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AT CURRENT PRICES IN BILLIONS EUR 5
TAB. 3 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT / CAPITA AT CURRENT PRICES IN THOUSANDS EUR 6
TAB. 4 SALES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN MIO EUR 9
TAB. 5 SHARE OF CHEMICAL SALES IN PROCESSING INDUSTRY 11
TAB. 6 NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES 11
TAB. 7 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 12
TAB. 8 SHARE OF CHEMICALS EXPORT FROM GDP 12
TAB. 10 IMPORT OF CHEMICALS IN MIO EUR ‐ SLOVAKIA 13
TAB. 12 GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS EXPORT IN % 15
TAB. 13 GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS IMPORT IN % 16
TAB. 14 MAJOR COMPANIES AND CHEMICAL SITES 17
TAB. 13 GOODS TRANSPORT ACCORDING TO TRANSPORT MODES ‐ QUANTITY 18
TAB. 14 GOODS TRANSPORT – PERFORMANCE IN 1000 TKM (QUANTITY * KM) 18
TAB. 17 DIVISION OF PRIORITY AXES OF OPT 2007 – 2013 19
TAB. 18 FINANCIAL PLAN OF OPT STRUCTURED BY PRIORITY AXES AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES (IN EUR
IN CURRENT PRICES) 19
TAB. 19 MAIN COMBINE TRANSPORT TERMINALS IN SLOVAKIA 22
TAB. 20 INDICATORS OF PRIORITY AXIS 3 23
TAB. 21 ACTUAL AND PLANNED ROAD NETWORK IN KM 24
TAB. 22 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ ROAD 24
TAB. 24 PLANNED PPP PROJECTS FOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 27
TAB. 25 ACTUAL AND PLANNED RAILWAY NETWORK IN KM 28
TAB. 26 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ RAILWAY 28
TAB. 28 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ WATERWAY 31
TAB. 29 PIPELINE TRANSPORT 33
TAB. 30 TRANSPORTED CHEMICAL GOODS – SHARE OF TRANSPORTATION MODES 37
13 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. 1 STATE SYMBOLS ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
FIG. 2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT SLOVAKIA 6
FIG. 3 BIG CHEMICAL COMPANIES IN SLOVAKIA 8
FIG. 4 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SALES ‐ 2008 10
FIG. 5 SALES – MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 10
FIG. 6 SALES – MANUFACTURE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS 11
FIG. 9 IMPORT – MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 14
FIG. 10 IMPORT – MANUFACTURE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS 14
FIG. 11 GEOGRAFIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS EXPORT FOR TARIC CODES – 28‐40. 54,55 15
FIG. 12 GEOGRAFIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS IMPORT FOR TARIC CODES – 28‐40. 54,55 16
FIG. 13 TOP 10 COMPANIES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN 2007 AND PIPELINE NETWORK IN SLOVAKIA 17
FIG. 14 VOLUME OF TRANSPORTED GOODS – COMBINE TRANSPORT –TONNES 20
FIG. 15 COMBINE TRANSPORT (CT) OPERATORS IN SLOVAKIA – BLOCK TRAINS PER WEEK 21
FIG. 16 AGTC RAIL CORRIDORS 22
FIG. 17 PLANNED INTERMODAL TRANSPORT TERMINALS IN REGARD TO PLANNED INDUSTRIAL PARKS
AND OTHER TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 23
FIG. 18 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ ROAD 25
FIG. 19 TEN‐T CORRIDORS IN SLOVAKIA 25
FIG. 20 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ RAILWAY 28
FIG. 21 MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT CORRIDORS – RAILWAYS – TEN‐T 29
FIG. 22 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ WATERWAY 31
FIG. 23 DANUBE WATERWAY – TEN‐T CORRIDOR VII. 32
FIG. 24 CRUDE OIL TRANSMISSION LINES DRUŽBA AND ADRIA 33
FIG. 25 NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION LINE EUSTREAM 34
FIG. 26 PRICES FOR TRANSPORT ROUTE IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES (MARCH 2008) 46


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Internal Internal External External

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product/Capita

Chemical industry sales

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

2,0 Soap and detergents,

1,5 and toilet preparations

Pesticides and other agro-

Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

Manufacture of rubber products M anufacture of plastic products

Import of chemicals in Mio EUR TARIC 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Manufacture of m an-m ade fibres

4000 Manufacture of other chem ical

2500 Manufacture of pharm aceuticals,

m edicinal chem icals and botanical

Manufacture of pesticides and other

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

IMPORT - Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

Manufacture of rubber products**** Manufacture of plastic products*****

10% Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,

10% Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,

Major Companies and chemical sites Turnover Location / chemical site Number of

Goods transport in Mio tons 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Goods transport in 1000 tkm 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

National CT: 100 % - single wagon shipment

100 % ISO Container

Terminal Handled goods ‐ net tonnes ‐2008

Description and unit of Target Source

Actual and planned road network in km in operation in progress planned total

Goods traffic in % according to traffic 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - road

Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit

E50 441,107 km E371 73,219 km

PPP projects Segments Total length State

Actual and planned railway network in km in operation in progress planned total

Goods traffic in % according to traffic 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - railway

Domestic traffic Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit

Goods traffic in % according to traffic 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Danube waterway – TEN-T corridor VII. – AGN E80

Pipeline transport 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Pipeline transport - Crude petroleum

8000 4308 5036 5218

SLOVNAFT Refineries in Czech Republic Other customers

Transported chemical 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Surname, Name, Title Specialization Organisation

RUŽINSKÝ Martin RNDr. CSc Pipeline transport Transpetrol Bratislava

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Manufacture of rubber products Manufacture of plastic products*