Novejša ang knjiž – hitrizapiski

THE RENAISSANCE – the period skripta! 9 artists

POETRY:
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY (1544-1586)
- A perfect renaissance gentleman
- From a wealthy fam, politician, diplomat, interested in litarture and art and languages, travelled
- Revealed that English lang is capable of any excellent excersinig it
- Established a national language
- Central figure of the English literary renaissance
Apology for poetry, 1595
- SPS’s ideal in poetry writing
- Compares vocations with the poet; the poet surpasses all, embodies al the virtues
- Pictorialism: contest between poetry and painting. Poetry is speaking pictures, images in one’s mind
Astrophel and Stella, 1591
- Renaissance love masterpiece
- The 1st petrarchan sonnet cycle in English; 108 sonnets and 11 songs; autobiographical(his beloved Penelope Devereux was
married to Lord Rich)
- A star-struck poet is melancholic, seeks solitude, was rejected in love, defeated
- Pastoral and chivalrous styles mixed
- Secondary stories within the main; condensed style, difficult to follow
- Figures of speech; metaphors, oppositions, .. verbal elaboration
- Theme: regret for lost happiness, desire to posses his beloved, despair at her initial coldness, sweetness of being loved,
struggle between duty and passion, reason and desire
Poems of the old Arcadia, 1590
- Ultimately destructive passion
- Heroic poem:
- Prose romance; pastoral romance, narrative intrigue and evocative poetry of love and nature
- Pastoral + chivalrous genre
- Plot: story takes place in ideal Arcadia, King Basilius has retired and brought up their daughters as shepherdesses, everyone
are happy, Arcadia is a beautiful peaceful country disturbed by blood-thirsty wars
- Love story + story of chivalry
- Combinations of words, language of courtesy, sudden and elliptical metaphors, descriptive text
A shepherdess in Love; part of the Old Arcadia
- Pastoral romance, includes over 70 poems
- Themes:1st love, an attempt to find reunion with a beloved person 2nd duality: virtue vs viciousness

EDMUND SPENSER (1552-1599)

- Audience’s favourite author, the best after Shakespeare
- Expoited all possibilities of english language, inspired many poets: Milton, Keats
The Shepherd’s Calendar, 1579
- 12 monthly eclogues, 4 each month of the year: pastoral dialogues, monologs, pastoral allegories
- Political themes to ceremony
- Characteristics: rough dialect words, metrical dexterity, archaic style, dialect and alliteration of the Midlands’s and North ,5
different stanzas in heroic or ten-syllable verse, musical efforts, the art of composition,
- Themes; love, poetry, religion
Amoretti Sonnets, 1595
- 89 sonnets, written 91-94
- Plot: lover wooing a mistress, 1st she refuses, than returns love and later turns against him
- Probably celebrate his love 4 elizabeth boyle
- Sonnet XV-base for shakespeare’s Sonnet 130
Epithalamion, 1595/6
- ES’s superb work, a marriage hymn –description of a poet’s wedding day
- 23 stanzas of 17-19 lines
The Faerie Queene, 1590/6
- English Christian humanistic epic of great proportion
- His most famous work
- Connecting pastoral past and Queen Elizabeth
- Continued allegory
- Interlocked stories of interlocked adventures
- 7 books; listi !!
- His own stanza, the Spenserian stanza;
- Brings together the english myth and topical adulaton of the monarch to make a poem of praise and critique
- Myth, legend, superstition and magic
- Achievements of heroes, heroins of history and myth
FORMS OF SONNETS:
1. Petrarchan/Italian sonnet
From Sicily from 13th cent, 14 LINED IAMBIC PENTAMETER; octave(presents a problem) + sestet(problem is resolved) 8+6
2. Shakespearian/English sonnet
From the Italian sonnet which was too difficult and rigid for eng poets, from 16th cent, 14 LINED IAMBIC PENTAMETER; 3
quatrains written as 1 stanza(present a problem) + a couplet where the problem is solved. 4+4+4+2
3. Spenserian sonnet
He united Italian and English sonnet; abab bcbc cdcd ee

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616)

- 1068 published Sonnets; themes: love, poetry, time. Poetry outlasts both, love outlasts time.
- Able to turn the petrarchan conceit against itself –sonnet130
- Dedicated his poetry to a man(Henry Wriothesley), the Dark Lady and to the Rival Poet.
Sonnet 18 :: love poem, addressed by one lover to another
Sonnet 29 :: the youth is the focus of WS’s hopes, declares his friend is a compensation of all the misfortunes and disappointments
that have occurred to him also of his own lack of talent and wealth
Sonnet 42 :: agony: the woman he loves deceives him with his friend
Sonnet 116 :: deals with love as an absolute, love is defying time, an impersonal sonnet; simple vocabulary, words and rhyme
scheme to produce a poem with no strangeness; remarkably personal poem; the poem starts with marriage of true minds but the
real theme is the constancy of true love; a very negative poem but the total effect is positive; a variety of tone and movement; love
is compared with a star; the sonnet never falters –it’s without a flaw.
Sonnet 129 :: written for the object of the speaker’s love; it’s one of the most powerful sonnets in which the speaker has
disappeared; the real subject is the state of lust itself, not written in quatrains; opening line is rich in suggestionsskripta
Sonnet 130 :: <3  the poet speaks of his mistress and love for her; addressed to the Dark Lady; sonnet is a parody of their love
poetry.
Venus and Adonis, 1593 :: in sesta rima(1 quatrin+a couplet); Venus is all worked up for Adonis, but he doesn’t want to sex
her :P , he is killed later; a very popular poem.
The Rape of Lucrece, 1594 :: a rhetorical story, Lucrece was a beautiful Roman lady who took her own life after Sextus raped her.

PROSE
SIR FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)
- Introduced different topics; ethics, history, politics, law, science, religion, philosophy
- Over 70 written works; mostly essays
- Scientist, philosopher, creator of the English essay(perfected the essay form in Eng on French model of Montaigne)
Essays, 1597; 1612-1625
- Ethical principles
- Reflect Montaigne’s but are more intellectual and less personal. Montaigne’s essays are warm and humane, Bacon’s are cold,
compact, emotionless, rational, impersonal, intellectual
- His contemplations: maxims, aphorisms, moral sentences
- SFB influenced by Machiavelli
- Examples of essays; Of Death and Of Revenge
The Advancement of Learning, 1605 :: 2 books: 1) against learning from religion/politics 2) classification, characteristics of style;
his definition of poetry is Poetry doth raise and direct the mind.; influenced the best authors of his period
Novum Organum, 1620 :: he built anew scientific method of logical reasoning from individual to general laws, based on
Aristotle’s Organon Of Logical Treatises
New Atlantis, 1624 :: fable about the anticipation of the Royal society of London, it outlines Bacon’s scientific utopia-describes
Solomon’s house which is inhabited by scholars who are chosen by Bacon cuz he finds them interesting

RICHARD HOOKER (1554-1600)

Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, books I-V 1593/7, books VI-VIII 1648/62
- 1st major classical prose work in the modern English l; legal, philosophical and theological arguments
- 8 books
- Inspired by Summa Theologica-theological arguments relatively easy to read, straight forward, simple style, convincing
arguments
- A man should be guided by knowledge he possesses, to defend the life of reason reconciliation with the Church – bible is
important but the Reason overrules it ... reason vss. Revelation
- Puritanism; authority of the bible : authority of the church

SIR THOMAS MORE (1477-1535)

- Pioneer of travel writing and political critic of the english monarchy
- Studied Carthusian philosophy
- Involved in scandals between the church and Henry VIII –opposed the king’s divorce and his 2nd marriage and was therefore
beheaded. In the 18th cent he was beatified(blažen) and in the 20th canonized(svetnik).
Utopia, 1516; one of most celebrated works in latin; the word Utopia may be coined by him himself, the search for Utopiathe
perfect government, includes utopian satire, irony, criticism, humour, ambiguity; themes:travelling, unemployment; in 2 books:
1)the evils of his age in an ironic, realistic manner 2)satirical-state with religious tolerance, social heavens, physical comforts,
honesty&good faith; the work includes:elements of vision, the traveller’s tale frame, search for the best possible form of
government, equality between man and women; translated into many lang: spa, French, german, ital,.. ; works inspired by it:
Rabelais(gargantuan and pantagruel), Defoe(Robinson Crusoe), Swift(Gulliver’s Travels), Golding(Lord of the Flies),
Orwell(1984), Huxley(Brave New World)

SIR WALTER RALEIGH (1554-1618)

- One of the central figures of the renaissance. A traveller historian, courtier, political prisoner, notable poet
The Discovery of Guiana, 1596 :: in 1595 he went to search for gold in Venezuela, Guiana; he described Eldorado as a kind of
new world, Eden
The History of the World, 1614 :: lost his position in court and spent 13 years in prison. The work is about Greek, Egyptian and
Biblical life; poetry + literary art; reflective passages, allegories, meditations, philosophy, metaphysics, simplicity of style; literary
and historical and scholar book

THOMAS NASHE (1567-1601)

- Wrote satires, allegorical pieces, historical novels, pioneer of the picaresque novel, wrote the history of narrative, was the best
pamphleteer, initiator of the grotesque satirical style; used BATHOS (a rhetorical device where 2 entities are put together in
juxtaposition; elevated style is mixed with a low, colloquial style)
Pierce Penniless, 1592 :: uses bathos, mixes the language of the masses with the one of the aristocracy, he celebrates eating and
drinking like Rabelais
The Anatomy of Absurdity, 1589 :: nashe criticizes the contemporary style of writing
The Unfortunate Traveller, 1594 :: he’s credited to have invented the modern narrative; it’s a picaresque novel, comedy and
historical novel; style: journalistic, incoherent, racy &relatively free from the conceits, of euphemism; summary: Jack Wilton
tours the continent and arrives to Rome where he meets famous personages of the day, Erasmus, More,.. and witnesses historical
events of Henry VIII. He leads us to believe that Italy was a country of corrupt popes, sex, sin and wickedness. the puritan mind
has to be morally cautious, but is intrigued by the other-corrupt mind has more to offer(in terms of pleasure, sex etc ..no shit:P)

ROBERT BURTON (1576-1640)

- A widely read scholar, an analyst of the human state of mind
The Anatomy of Melancholy, 1612 :: his central work, philosophical + psychological study of the human state of mind, a
philosophical study where love, religious melancholy and the past of human state of mind are compared; properties: endless
quotations, enormous volume, wit, analysis of the causes and the symptoms of various kinds of melancholy, various suggestions
for curing each kind

THE METAPHYSICAL SCHOOL OF POETRY

A new literary movement led by Ben Jonson and John Donne. Term 1st used denoting lack of feelings, eccentricity, rare
comparisons in poems, .. but the term is misleading; it has nothing to do with what is beyond physical. They had many things in
common as far as style is concerned; used extraordinary imagery, intellectual complexity, metaphysical conceit, colloquial speech
based rhythms,. Different structure: wide leaps, very compressed, complex style with knotted sentences.
Metaphysical conceit: brings together things that are primarily unlike the overall effect of this comparison seems far-fetched.
Representatives; John Dunne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, Thomas Carew.
T.S. Elliot responsible for bringing metaphysical poetry to the centre of attention as a poetry really close to modern things in the
20th cent gl eskripto primer
Problems: how to bring together 2 different categories of man’s existence; spiritual vs physical? How to make sense of our
experience? How to create our own private cosmos? How to form an entity of our existence?

THE STUART AGE

- Queen Elizabeth died in 1603 and great changes in politics followed, the Tudor dynasty was succeeded by the Stuarts. The
age is marked by a critical, questioning, scientific spirit. A renewed examination of man’s position in the universe began
followed by a new scepticism towards the concept of a harmonious, ordered universe which the Elizabethans had carried on
from the Middle Ages.
- Some poets still wrote under the patronship of nobility, others limited themselves to the theatre. In fashion; the court masque,
concentrating on entertainment with music and dance.
- Poetry has its distinctive characteristics – the metaphysical poets were the most significant cuz they rejected the stylised and
conventional elements of Elizabethan poetry
- Stuart poetry; great metrical richness and variety

JOHN DONNE (1572-1631)

- One of the funniest poets of the 17th cent; poet + writer + a master of wit; wrote verse letters, epigrams, elegies, sonnets,
songs, satires
- Poetry divided into 2 parts; 1)satirical, cynical, political &obsessed with sexuality, ironical 2)religious poetry, devoted to
death and spirituality
- Goes against classical authors and works, likes to play with language, builds metaphors in clusters, its difficult to follow the
course of his idea, shows a remarkable sense of humour, despises the morals of chivalry and conventions, puts the idea before
rhythm, sometimes his poems don’t flow, uses colloquial language and figurative language, conceits are witty, he always
comes up with a new question
- Wrote songs, sonnets, love elegies, satires, epigrams, verse letters, divine poems, used over 40 different stanza forms
- In 1615 became a priest and dean of a cathedral, dedicated himself to weakly sermons
- He is good in the union of passion and ratiocination, he is thinking and arguing methodically, logically, rationally
The Flea :: a song, he tries to persuade his lover that sleeping with him would be no worse than a flea sucking her blood
A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, a song :: comparison between legs and 2 lovers’ souls – if one leg/soul moves, the other
moves aswell; used unusual images, conceits; an example of a typically metaphysical conceit 6th and 7th stanza of the poem
Songs and sonnets :: passion, feeling and sensuality are all subjected to wit, wide range of stanza forms, Song:“you can’t find a
true woman, they’re all unfaithful cynicism; The Apparition: the speaker pretends to accept one convention of courtly love, just
to show that the whole code is false-he is frustrated lover who regards his mistress as a very hypocritical and therefore prophesies
her ruin by her future action as well as by her painful repentance- after his death he will haunt her when she makes love to another
man; the woman is always to blame
Elegies  Elegy XIX: Going to Bed :: impassioned monologue, lady is considered more beautiful than the world, JD wrote in
courtly love tradition, the love of the woman is transformed into a religious symbol, compares his mistress to America
Divine Poems, 1609 :: written after death of his wife-he changed enormously, became spiritual, religious and metaphysical; the
19 holy sonnets preoccupied with eternity, death, spirituality; the poems explore the paradox of which D was fond of
- Holy Sonnets :: typical rhetorical manners, apostrophes, imperatives, similar to his love poetry
- Holy Sonnet X :: moving from the contemplation to its deduction and conclusion. Dichotomy: man is both an animal and a
rational being and this can’t be resolved by any thought or action.
- Holy Sonnet XVII: refers to death of his wife, contrast between highest human love and god’s love, glej skripto, krneki :/

GEORGE HERBERT (1593-1633)

- Greatest religious poet of his time
- Had brilliant career at Cambridge College, politician and a courtier, became a priest and a rector
- Poems expressions of his piety, he addresses god; constantly moves between faith and doubt, acceptance and rejection
The Temple, 1633 :: picture of conflicts between poet and god, variety of stanza forms, lack of search for the true religion, struggle
between the world and god,
Life :: carpe diem theme combined with using the moral approach, aesthetic quality which is linked with morality
Love :: religious poem, profane vs sacred; speaker 1st moves through a sense of shame and guilt in the presence of Love, his
master eventually recognizes that Love’s invitation can be accepted; the emotions are well conveyed with simple sentences
composed of monosyllabic words, much more effective than an impassioned rhetoric might have been
Herbert vs Donne :: poglej skripto

RICHARD CRASHAW (1612-1649)

Admirer of Herbert’s The Temple, wrote Steps to the Temple. He used erotic terms to make a tension between the secular and the
divine, between sensual and spiritual. Wrote religious poetry, main themes of ecstasy and martyrdom(=mučeništvo); his conceits
seem more intellectual consolations than truly felt himan experiences; most baroque of all English writers; exaggerated in style
and expression.

HENRY VAUGHAN (1621-1695)

- Passionately concerned with man’s relation to god
- Conception of nature; he admired nature and it was for him a revelation of the fulfilment of god’s will
- A poet of flowers and clouds
Silex Scintillans, 1650::expresses the neoplatonic idea of the soul losing its purity by descending and becoming a part of the body;
the child is closer to god than an adult, the majority of his poetry thinking is based on the words of Jesus; if youll not convert into
what children are like you will not enter heaven
The Retreat :: looks back to his childhood with regret, writes about the lost paradise(childhood, innocence) with regret

THOMAS CAREW (1594-1640)

- His favourite theme that of rejected love, expresses passion as vividly as possible
- Displays best of the cavalier poetry – polished and elegant style, gaiety and wit
- A touch of cynicism in his writing but is elegant
- Features: wit, humour, lyricism, cynicism ..characteristics; lyricism, humour, frivolity
- Influenced by John Donne, Ben Jonson, Italian poets
Elegy on Donne :: a tribute to the one who ruled as he thought fit the universal monarchy of wit; themes of frustrated and rejected
love
Poems, 1640 :: express passion vividly, range from erotic to satirical
To My Inconstant Mistris :: the theme of this song the same as of Catallus; it was meant for singing

ANDREW MARVEL (1621-1678)

- A puritan poet, a renaissance man, a member of the Parliament
- Poetry from political to passionate; combined the metaphysical wit with the classical graise, poise
- Lovingly observed nature, was the first english poet of gardens
The Garden :: not viva activa but viva contemplativa, the speaker rejects the whole ethos of active life
- Marvell praises idleness, he loathes practical work
- Uses a great variety of genres; religious poems, love poems, pastorals, satires, political poems,
- Dialectic between public and private life; private faces are much nicer in public places than public faces in private places
An Horation Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland, 1650 :: a political poem, celebrates the triumph of the Commonwealth
and praises Cromwell, one of the few important political poems in english
The Definition of Love :: argument which presses towards a conclusion, fatally separated lovers are superior to happier couples;
expressed in astronomical terms their love is the conjunction of the mind, and opposition of the stars, a spiritual union and a
physical separation perfect love cannot be realized cuz of Fate, Despair becomes more values than Hope; the poem is a
definition and is expressed rather in abstract terms, with few feelings conveyed
To His Coy Mistress :: the most powerful seductive poem in England, themes of love and transience, a carpe diem poem-presents
man’s race with time and his conquering of time in a short moment of man’s life

THE RESTORATION PERIOD (1660-1702) – skripta 19

POETRY
JOHN MILTON (1608-1674)
- Religious poet active in transient period; cannot be considered either a metaphysical poet nor a restoration poet, is a unique
case
- One of the most educated ppl in Europe at that time, his work is hard to follow and translate
- His life and work affected by political turbulence, religious conflicts, the loss of his sight; his works express values of
tolerance freedom and self-determination; he wrote a famous political speech Aeropagatica, 1644 – fights for the right of free
speech, cuz the Parliament wanted to introduce censorship;
- 1641-1660 he produced 18 works of puritan rebellion; was a political opportunist, an advocate of immorality, classicist and
an arrogant believer in his own greatness :P
- His 1st poetry while being a student at Cambridge, in Latin and Italian

On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 1629 :: his 1st important work; a hymn, an ode that celebrates the end of paganism, has an
interesting musical structure, a perfect blending of sound and sense – it can be valued for musical quality and form, brilliant
colouring and naive juxtaposition

L’allegro and Il Penseroso, 1631 :: 1)joyful, cheerful ..2)thoughtful, meditative; contrasting styles of life; the carefree and the
studious; the cheerful vy the thoughtful man each finding the pleasure in sth else-they’re complementary; mythological illusions.
I’ALEGRO-the happy person spends a nice day in the country and nice evening in the city, whereas IL’PENSEROSOs night is
walking in the woods and hours of study in a lonely tower  the 2 poems complement each other. Possible interpretations; a
battle between day + night and Mirth + Melancholy, the opposing paths toward complete union with god, represent Miltons own
struggle to become a whole man and a truly great poet

Mosques :: a dramatic court entertainment involving dances; they are closer to pastoral dramas and were performed for the King
and members of the court on special occasions; expensive to mount – the performance was more important than the text; the most
known is Comus, A Mosque Presented At Ludlow Castle, 1634  presents the evil world of Comus, the offsoring of Circe and
Bacchus; Comus lures travellers into drinking a magical potion which makes them monsters that turn away from their friends and
roam with pleasure; the ethic: god gives us minds that tell us what to refure, even though he tempts us all the time

Lycidas, 1637 :: a pastoral elegy, written in memory of his college mate Edward King; Milton used classical Christian and
personal elements, elements of highly formal religious satire, illusions, mythological illusions; many rhetorical devices, mature
handling of verse and rhyme; he wonders if it would not be better simply to enjoy life rather than wait and reject pleasure, hopes
to become a great poet, the poem finishes with a remarkable renewal of optimism

MILTON’S SONNETS
Wrote sonnets throughout his life, they reflected his attitude towards the contemporary political events, some are personal, some
political addressed to Cromwell and others. He adopted Italian rather than shakespearian form, but he made no division of
thought, it’s a chain of thought. Themes: religion, love, eternity, writing, death.
On his Blindness :: skripta
On His Deceased Wife :: skripta
On Time :: skripta
On the Late Massacre in Piemont :: skripta
Paradise Lost, 1658-1663 :: skripta
Paradise regained, 1671 :: skripta
Samson Agonistes :: skripta

JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700)

- A profilic/fruitful author, wrote poems, dramas, prose, critical essays, tragedies, comedies
- In the centre of the greatest debates of the time
- Included political and religious themes
- Beside Pope the main figure of the Augustan poetry
The Hind and the Panther, 1687 :: an allegorical poem, deals with the complex issues of religion and politics in an attempt to
reconcile the bitterly opposed sides, explains his conversion from Anglican to Christian church
Absolum and Achitophel, 1681 :: a heroic satire, it includes a biblical allegory to King David who has to face the death of his son
Absalom, allegorical form to comment on the fundamental religious and political issues of the time
MacFlecknoe, 1682-1684 :: a targeted satire, highly specific, with allusions at real figures, he attacked his literary rival Thomas
Shadwell
The Wild Gakkant, 1663 :: his 1st play, produced more than 25 comedies like that; panegyric=a speech/piece of writing that
praises sb greatly and doesn’t mention anything bad about them

Wrote many prologues and epilogues to other people’s dramas, there he published his theoretical and critical thinking-created a
genre of his own:
The Prologue to Oedipus :: he anticipates an unfavourable reception of his 1st play
The Rival Ladies, 1664 :: a tragicomedy, he re-established his reputation

A theorist of the new poetry:

Essay of Dramatic Poesie, 1668 :: his 1st important critical work, a dialogue on the nature of the poetic drama and the merits of
classical, French, Elizabethan drama

A great deal of his critical prose in found in declarations and prefaces

Preface to an Evening’s Love, 1668 :: he discusses comedy, farce and tragedy
Essays of Heroic Plays :: preface to the conquest of granda, 1672
The Grounds of criticism in a tragedy, 1672 :: an essay, a preface to shakespeare’s tragedy Troilus and Cressida; heroic couplet
Fables, Ancient and Modern, 1700 :: experimented with verse forms, collection of the best of his works in all genres
A Song for St, Cecilia’s Day, 1687 :: an ode, Pindaric in structure: the meter and the stanza form are continually changed to suit
the changes in thought and emotion

ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744)

- Became a catholic and an outsider in the protestant-dominated society
- Translated Greek and Roman classic writers, especially Homer’s Illiad 1720 and Odysses 1725 – success, financial
independence.
- Established his reputation by publishing The essay on Criticism, 1711
- His works lack imagination, pathos, insight and sympathy but is an expert in poetic form and structure in heroic couplets, his
didactical prose is one of the triumphs of classicism
The Rape of the Lock, 1712-1714 :: ironic title, his most brilliant work, a mock-heroic poem, full of witty observations, a playful
poem, paradoxes, deals with insignificant subjects, but presents a larger moral objective: human vanity and pretence are
characterized as absurd
The Dunciad, 1726 :: his best satire, mock heroic in style, has a heroic couplet, personal ridicule and an attack on the authors
literary rivals, critics and enemies, a poetaster
Windsor Forest, 1713 :: a topographical poem, description of the landscape + political and historical observations, facts
An Essay on Man, 1733 :: philosophical poetry his poetry comes the closest to what true philosophical poetry can achieve
Imitations of Horace, 1733-1738 :: the key text of the augustan age; raises issues of political neutrality, partisanship and moral
satire

PRE-ROMANTIC POETRY
1750 – exploration of new themes. The form and the language became more elaborate. The manner of writing was without the
satire, wit and humour of the Augustan age. Characteristics; natural description, personal introspection, philosophical mediation.

THOMAS GRAY (1716-1771)

- Graveyard School of Poetry –poems take place in graveyards. These poets were preoccupied with the themes of deathm
morbidity, delightful gloom, the sense of Weltschmertz –devoted to investigation of melancholy and clinical states of mind.

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, 1751 :: gently humanist melancholy, a realistic pastoral written in quatrains,
an eclogue – a poem idealising rural and pastoral life, the values of simple life, a poem against mourning – finding meaning in
life, a concluding epitaph – the youth mentioned may be identified as the poet himself

EDWARD YOUNG (1683-1765)

The complaint or Night Thoughts, 1742-1744 :: in memory of the death of his wife, a longish poem; morbidity, gloom(mračnost,
tema), an immediate success

ROBERT BLAIR (1699-1746)

The Grave, 1743 ::his only published work, a poem in blank verse  767 lines of varying quality, illustrated by William Blake

JAMES THOMSON (1700-1748)

The Seasons, 1726-1730 :: published season by season, a lengthy philosophical poem, he describes nature and pleasure of the
rural life, he contrasts fleeting time eith approaching eternity, is written in blank verse, tries to imitate Milton

WILLIAM COLLINS (1721-1759)

A poet of mood and emotional atmosphere. Suffered from melancholy, often personified feelings like pity, mercy, peace and at
other times also spring and evening. Didn’t write much but what he did, was precious and of the imaginative quality
In Yonder Grave a Druid Lies :: an ode to commemorate Thimson’s death, Thomson is the druid

WILLIAM COWPER (1731-1800)

The Task, 1785 :: a blank verse poem in 6 books, poem on the theme of nature and the simple life; nature becomes the soul and
the principal teacher; the search of tranquillity in a hectic world; affirms, celebrates and describes a closer relationsip between
man and nature; a new school of poetry: nature becomes essential

OLIVER GOLDSMITH (1728-1774)

- Active in drama, poetry and fiction. Won the praise of Gray
- His works include sentimentality, melancholy, simple life ..with a bit of exotic
The Deserted Village, 1770 :: idealizing nature, desolation, written in rhyming couplets

THE RESTORATION DRAMA

- Different from Shakespeare’s theatre; the audience is upper class.
- Only 2 licensed theatres; the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane and The Duke’s House.
- Actresses allowed
- Shakespeare’s plays in adopted versions; morbid, bloody scenes were cut out, music was added
- Features of the period reflected in its drama  experimentalism, scepticism, cynicism, investigation, satire
- The repertoire changed quickly, every week a new play came and playwriters had to conform
- New plays: heroic drama, romance, intrigue comedy, refined comedy, precieuse tragicomedy
- 2 categories: tragedy and comedy of manners

TRAGEDY – restoration tragedy is heroic tragedy

JOHN DRYDEN
All for Love, 1678 :: a remake of Shakespeare’s Anthony and Cleopatra, a neoclassical style respecting the formal unities of time,
place and action

THOMAS OTWAY (1652-1685)

The Orphan, 1680 and Venice Preserv’d, 1682 :: tragedies of remorse, failure and suicide, rather than of ambition, corruption and
destiny; Venice Preserv’d: the hero kills his best friend and himself in order that the social order should not be overtuned – he is a
hero because he affirms the status quo rather than questioning it; due to the tragic temperament, Otway represents a short
reawakening of the renaissance spirit

GEORGE LILLO (1693-1793)

- Used the Elizabethan domestic tragedy form, he is 1st to include the middle class spirit into the theatre; he was its forst
spokesman, explored the social life of the middle class-the need of moralising and sentimentalism
The London Merchant, 1731 and The Fatal Curiosity, 1736
- An Elizabethan domestic tragedy in Cornwall
- The seeds of moral and social tendencies in the future
- The Fatal Curiosity; reminiscence of Macbeth
- An impact on European theatre

COMEDY (OF MANNERS)

It mirrored the manners, modes and morals of the upper class society, which was the main audience. The main subject was sex;
sexual attraction, intrigue and conquest – sex and the search for it became entertainment. The theme: marriage; either as a
grotesque and satiric or as romantic. Concentration on immorality – the new comedy of values and sppetites manifested excess of
freedom. The characters are obsessed with fashion, gossip and their own circle in society.

WILLIAM WYCHERLEY (1640-1716)

- Represents one of the writers of satirical comedies, in his works we find acute social criticism of marriage of conventions
The Country Wife, 1675 :: the most obscene and immoral of the restoration plays, comedy of seduction and hypocrisy, the hero
pretends to be impotent in order to make his conquests, a brutal insistence and obsession with the obsessive animality of men and
women
The plain dealer, 1676 :: conveys a sense of outrage upon the human society as a whole, a mixture of savage indignation and of
the restoration wit, Manly is a misanthrope who is disgusted with social behaviour

WILLIAM CONGREVE (1670-1729)

- Writers of romantic comedies, the emphasis is on the plight(zaroka, obljuba) of love, he portrayed the society with insight,
sympathy and wit
The old Bachelor, 1693
The Double Dealer, 1693
Love for Love, 1695 – it lead to the climatic work of the restoration comedy
The Way of the World, 1700 :: masterpiece of the Restoration, standard situations-preserving reputation and indulging in sexual
detours; the tone is half sad, half amusing, protagonists debate about love and marriage; their views are modern, the humour
springs out cuz the society then cherished other things than we do today; a lot of French expressions; exceptional felicity of
language; elegant exactness; easy tone, balance and rhythm; he acutely observes the characters from outside and inside, an acute
pressure is put on the main characters

SIR GEORGE ETHEREGE (1635-1691)

The Man of Mode, 1676 :: contrast between town manners and country pretensions, concern with fashion prudence : freedom,
questions the value of characters, witty bargaining between a man and woman, are attracted but want to stay free in their life

GEORGE FARQUHAR (1678-1707)

Wrote plays, more realistic in setting and tone, more morally concerned and humanly sympathetic; mingled laughter and tears
The Recruiting Officer, 1706 :: about a war between spain and England, at war with the Spanish succession – the army loses

SIR JOHN VANBRUGH (1664-1726)

A dramatist and an architect
The Relapse or Virtue in Danger, 1696 :: Loveless, womaniser is the main character; he’s making a pass at Berinthia and succeeds
The Provok’d Wife, 1697 :: naturalness of dialogue and liveliness of humour; he used rude and offensive names of the characters;
a series of intrigues and impersonations

JEREMY COLLIER
A non-juring clergyman and an outlaw cuz of it.
- 1698 Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage; complained about the mockeryof the elegy,
criticised the immoral plays
- 1707-1737 drama went into a critical decline cuz of concern of the sexual orientation of the period
- 1737 The Theatres Licensing Act by Lord Chamberlain silenced all political and religious satires and the sexual immorality
on stage. All plays had to be censored by Chamberlain.
- During 18th cent plays presented in more gentle ways, in the 19th cent they hardly appeared, in the 20th cent drama reappeared
by sentimental comedy, a simplistic form of comedy

SIR RICHARD STEELE (1672-1729)

- His plays emphasized tender, affectionate domestic values of the family life
The Funeral, 1702; The Tender Husband 1703; The Lying Lover 1704
- Lively dialogues; comedy scenes; not that successful but conveyed the reforming spirit.
- A trend of sentimental comedy; in march 1711 he started a periodical The Spectator (with Joseph Addison. The main goal
was a moral and educational programme 4 the postrestorational english society - educational aim

COOLEY CIBBER (1671-1751)

- Representative of the sentimental comedy sentimental comedy is not funny unless it’s ridiculed
Love’s Last Shift, 1696 :: 1st play, established his fame, ridiculed by William Congreve
The Non-Juror, 1717 :: based on Moliere’s Tartuffe; mocked by Alexander Pope

OLIVER GOLDSMITH (1728-1774)

She Stoops to Conquier, 1773 :: an immense success; main hero Marlo is shy with ladies of his social status but nit servants, Miss
Heartcastle pretends to be a servant to conquer him; a reaction to the sentimental comedy

RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN (1751-1816)

- 2nd generation of the Restoration writers; a brilliant dramatist and an exquisite parliamentary orator; a sharp and penetrating
observer of the reality as it was, he saw it in an objective way; an Irish author
The Rivals 1775 :: withdrawn after a poor reception; a revised version appeared soon after and eventually it became one of the
britain’s most popular comedies
The School for Scandal, 1777 :: a strong satirical note; the wit is real, character portrayal is unsparing; London society is portrayed
at hotbed of gossip and intrigue; dialogues have naturalness and order
The Critic, 1779

THE NOVEL
- Antecedents of the english novel were the satiric drama of the Restoration in the 18th cent, the romance, memoirs, letters and
journals
- Reader mostly women from upper and upper-middle class. The novel expressed a new morality which covered the
male.female relationships, figures and authority and the social awareness of needs, desires and fantasies

DANIEL DEFOE (1660-1731)

- A merchant adventurer, a projector and a government spy
Robinson Crusoe, 1719 :: the 1st true English novel; how to exist in solitude and debarred the necessaries of civilization, is
amazingly worked out; partly autobiographical; documentary method is used; a symbolic drama of pain and effort; SKRIPTA
Moll Flanders, 1722 ..SKRIPTA 36
- Defoe isn’t a sentimentalist-detachment on the author’s part –robinson crusoe more a realistic novel, inclined to classicism
than romanticism
SAMUEL RICHARDSON (1689-1761)
- Primary concererns were male vs female relationships, identity and complexity
Pamela, 1740;
Clarisa, 1748 ..SKRIPTA37

JONATHAN SWIFT (1667-1745)

- Most brilliant satirist of the period; criticized and mocked the authorities; was extremely proud, and a misanthrope; one of the
greatest masters of grave irony; human pride was one of his main targets
A Tale of a Tub, 1704 SKRIPTA 38
Gulliver’s Travels, 1726 SKRIPTA 38

HENRY FIELDING (1707-1754)

Shamela, 1741
Joseph Andrews, 1742
Tom Jones, 1749

LAURENCE STERNE (1713-1768)

The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, 1760-1767
A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, 1768

OLIVER GOLDSMITH (1728-1774)

The Vicar of Wakefield, 1761

TOBIAS SMOLLETT (1721-1771)

Roderick Random, 1748
Humphrey Clincker, 1771

HENRY MACKENZIE (1745-1831)

The Man of Feeling, 1771
The Man of the World, 1773

SARAH FIELDING (1710-1768)

The Adventures of David Simple, 1744

ELIZA HAYWOOD (1693-1756)

Periodical Female Spectator
The History of Miss Betty Thoughtless, 1751

THE ROMANTIC PERIOD (1780-1830) –skripta

Lyrical Ballads, 1798

WILLIAM BLAKE
Poetical Sketches, 1783
Songs of Innocence, 1789
Songs of Experience, 1794
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, 1791

ROBERT BURNS (1759-1796)

Tom O’Shanter, 1791
The Kilmarnock vol., 1786 & The Edinburgh vol., 1787

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850)

Lyricall Ballads, 1798
The Prelude or Growth of a Poet’s Mind, 1850
Poems in Two Volumes, 1807

SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1772-1834)

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Christabel, 1816
Biographia Literaria, 1817

GEORGE NOEL GORDON, LORD BYRON (1788-1824)

Hours of Idleness, 1807
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, 1812
Manfred, 1817
Don Juan, 1818-1820
Marino Faliero, 1820
The Vision of Judgement, 1821

PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY (1792-1822)

Queen Mab, 1813
Alastor, 1815
The Cenci, 1819
Prometheus Unbound, 1820
The Witch of Atlas
Ozymandias, 1818
Epipsychidion, 1821
Hellas, 1821
Adonais, 1821
The Defence of Poetry, 1821
La Belle Dame sans Merci, 1820

THE PRE-RAPHAELITE BROTHERHOOD (1850-)

DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI (1828-1882)

JOHN KEATS (1795-1821)

Poems, 1817
Endymion: a poetic Romance, 1818
Lamia and Other Poems,1820
The Blessed Damozel
The House of Life, 1881

WILLIAM MORRIS (1834-1896)

The Defence of Guinevere and Other Poems, 1858
The Life and the Death of Jason, 1867
The Early Paradise, 1868-70
Love is Enough

CHRISTINA GEORGINA ROSSETTI (1830-1894)

Goblin Market and Other Poems, 1862
The Prince’s Progress, 1866
Verses
New Poems, 1896

THE VICTORIAN PERIOD (1830-1890)

VICTORIAN POETRY

LORD ALFRED TENNYSON (1809-1892)

In Memoriam, 1850
Ode, 1852
The Charge of the Life brigade, 1852
Idylls of the King, 1859

ROBERT BROWNING (1812-1889)

Dramatic Lyrics, 1842
Dramatic Romances and Lyrics, 1845
Dramatic Personae, 1864
Dramatic Idylls, 1879, 1880
Men and Women, 1855
The Ring and The Book, 1869/70

MATTHEW ARNOLD (1822-1888)

Dover Beach, 1867