Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ADEM AKTAS
Analog VLSI Lab
The Ohio State University
Columbus‚ Ohio‚ USA
MOHAMMED ISMAIL
CTO and Co-Founder‚
Spirea AB‚ Stockholm
* on leave from the Analog VLSI Lab
The Ohio State University
Columbus‚ USA
No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
Dedication v
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xvii
Preface xix
List of Acronyms xxiii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1 4G Wireless Terminals 1
2 4G PLL/VCO Design Challenges 4
3 Objectives 6
4 Organization of This book 7
5 Summary 8
2. OVERVIEW OF VCO/PLL FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 9
1 Oscillator Overview 10
2 PLL Frequency Synthesis 12
3 Phase Noise Specification 17
4 Summary 20
3. PLL PHASE NOISE ANALYSIS 21
1 Phase Noise Definition 21
2 Oscillator Noise Characteristics 25
3 PLL Noise Analysis 27
4 Summary 40
viii CMOS PLLs AND VCOs FOR 4G WIRELESS
10.6 a) One port G-S-G top view of the ground shielded probe
pad layout (for 3 metal CMOS process‚ M1 ‚M2‚ and M3
are metal layers). b) side view of the layout. c) A simple
equivalent circuit for S to G path. d) parameter plot
on the Z-smith chart. 156
10.7 2-port and 1-port inductor measurement setup on die. 157
10.8 Differential varactor measurement setup. 158
10.9 RF MOS device measurement setup. 159
10.10 The layout floor plan for the test chip. 160
10.11 of the open structure. 161
10.12 Q of the open structure. 161
10.13 of the test inductor structure‚ IND2. 162
10.14 Q of the test inductor structure‚ IND2. 162
10.15 Q of the test inductor structure‚ IND3. 163
List of Tables
Columbus‚Ohio
List of Acronyms
2G 2nd generation
3G 3rd generation
4G 4rd generation
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
AFC Automatic Frequency Control
AGC Automatic Gain Control
AM Amplitude Modulation
BB baseband
BER Bit Error Rate
BFSK Binary Frequency Shift keying
BPSK Binary Phase- Shift Keying
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CML Current Mode Logic
CP Charge Pump
dBc dB with respect to the carrier
DCR Direct conversion Receiver
DFF D-type Flip-flop
DMP Dual Modulus Prescaler
DSB Double Sideband
DSP Digital signal processing
EM Electromagnetic
EVM Error vector Magnitude
FDD Frequency-division duplexing
FM Frequency Modulation
GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
IF Intermediate Frequency
xxiv CMOS PLLs AND VCOs FOR 4G WIRELESS
IP Internet Protocol
ISI Intersymbol Interference
LNA Low-Noise Amplifier
LO Local Oscillator
LPF Low-Pass Filter
MAC Medium Access Control
MIM Metal-insulator-metal
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PFD Phase-Frequency Detector
PLL Phase-locked Loop
PM Phase Modulation
PPF Poly-Phase Filter
PVT Process‚ supply voltage‚ and temperature
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RF Radio Frequency
rms Root-Mean Square
RX Receiver
SAW surface acoustic wave
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SSB Single Sideband
TDD Time-division duplexing
TX Transmitter
VCO Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
VoIP Voice over IP
VoWLAN Voice over WLAN
WAN Wireless Area Network
WCDMA Wideband CDMA
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network