Incropera & DeWitt

L9

Lecture 9
Radiation

J. H. Kent

Incropera & DeWitt

Radiation 12.1, 12.3

Radiation
Eg. Furnaces, solar heating, human environment,
Earth’s energy balance - greenhouse, lighting, fires.

RADIATION
• is part of the electromagnetic wave spectrum
10-1µm → 102 µm wavelength
visible → infra-red, microwave
• does not need medium to transmit
• travels at speed of light in rays - absorbed, reflected, transmitted.
c = λν = 3 × 108 m/s

Blackbody
• perfect absorber and emitter of radiation
• absorbs all incident radiation
• emits maximum possible radiation for given T at all λ.

J. H. Kent

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 Incropera & DeWitt
Radiation 12.1, 12.3

Radiation spectrum is important.

absorption at particular λ’s
eg. solar collectors, greenhouse, glass, UV-ozone.

Spectral Distribution of Black Body (Ideal) Radiation

Sun 5800K
Blackbody 108
Monochromatic
Emissive 1000K
Power Eλb (W/ m2.µm )
visible
uv infrared
300K
10-3
0.1 0.4 0.7 1 10 100
λ (µm)
J. H. Kent

Incropera & DeWitt

Radiation 12.1, 12.3

Planck Distribution

C1
Ebλ (T , λ ) =
λ [exp(C2 / λT − 1)]
5

C1 = 3.742 × 108 W.µm4/m2

C2 = 1.439 × 104 µm.K Sun 5800K
108

Note: 1000K
As T of radiator increases
visible
• Ebλ increases uv infrared
10-3 300K
• λmax (λ at Ebλ,max ) decreases
0.1 0.4 0.7 1 10 100
ie. spectrum shifts to shorter λ. λ (µm)

J. H. Kent

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 Incropera & DeWitt
Radiation 12.1, 12.3

Wien’s Displacement Law

- locus of Ebλ,max λmaxT = 2897.8 µm .K

Solar Ebλ,max = 0.5 µm (is in visible range)

Human eye detects colour in red (λ = 0.7µm) at ~ 1W/m2µm

Dull red blackbody T ~ 950K.
108

Ebλ

10-3
0.1 0.4 0.7 1 10 100
λ (µm)
J. H. Kent

Incropera & DeWitt

Radiation 12.1, 12.3

Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Total emitted power of blackbody in hemisphere
∞
Eb = ∫ Ebλ dλ = σT 4 [W/m2]
0

σ is S.B. const. = 5.67×10–8 W/m2K4

For real surface, have emissivity ε < 1

T∞
E = σ ε T4

Heat transfer rate is NET radiative interaction. Ts

For surface at Ts
and ε ≠ ε (λ) ( Kirchhoff’s Law makes α = ε )
to blackbody surroundings at T∞

(
Q& = σεAs Ts4 − T∞4 )
J. H. Kent

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 Incropera & DeWitt
Radiation 12.1, 12.3

Example
Person with 0.8m2 surface area at 30°C stands in a room with walls (blackbody)
&
at 0°C. If ε = 0.9 for surface, determine Q rad

Q& rad = σAsεTs4 − σAsαT∞4

For ε ≠ ε (λ ) α =ε GREY BODY!
absorptivity T∞
(
Q& rad = σAsε Ts4 − T∞4 ) ET∞

= 5.67×10– 8 × 0.8 × 0.9 ( 3034 – 2734 )

ETS
Q& rad = 117 W

[Q& total = Q& rad + Q& convection ]

J. H. Kent

Incropera & DeWitt

Radiation 12.2

Intensity I
I is energy rate in particular
direction per projected emitting area dAn
per solid angle interval θ r
(is a property of surfacer and its dω
temperature)
dA1 dA1 cosθ
dQ&
I= W/(m2.sr)
(dA1 cosθ )dω
dAN
where solid angle dω =
r2
4πr 2
(sphere has ω = = 4π steradians)
r2

J. H. Kent

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 Incropera & DeWitt
Radiation 12.2

Total hemispherical emissive power (W/m2) in all directions and all wavelengths
(per actual emitting area)

dQ& / dA1 = I cosθ dω = I cosθ sinθ dθ dφ

∞ 2π π /2
E= ∫ ∫
0 0 ∫ 0
I λ cos θ sin θ d θ d φ d λ
J. H. Kent

Incropera & DeWitt

Radiation 12.2 and Ex. 12.1

Emissive power T=1100K dAN

0.3m×0.3m 2
2m
For hemisphere, black emitter
if surface is diffuse ie. I ≠ I (θ,φ ) (difffuse) 60º 0.1m×0.1m
and black or grey body I = Iλ 1
then integrating → E=πI
I = 5.67×10– 8 × 11004/π = 26423 W/m2.sr
or I = E/π
Differential surfaces if Aj/r2 << 1
σT 4 dω = dAN / r2 = (0.1×0.1×cos 30) / 22
Blackbody is diffuse ∴ I b =
π = 0.00216 sr
dQ& = I (dA1 cosθ ) dω
Real surfaces σεT 4
I= dQ& 1− 2 = 26423 × (0.3×0.3 cos60) × 0.00216
(and may be directional) π
= 2.5W
(there will also be dQ& 2−1 )
J. H. Kent

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 Incropera & DeWitt
Radiation 12.3.4

Band Emission
Fraction of emission in a wavelength band
Eg. visible, infra-red, UV etc….
λ λ

FOR BLACKBODY:
∫ E λb dλ
∫E λb dλ λT

∫
Eλ ,b
F0→λ = 0
∞
= 0
= d ( λT )
σT 4
σT 5
∫E 0
λb dλ 0

c1 d (λT )
λT

Ebλ =
∫ 0 (λT ) [exp(c2 λT − 1)]
5
= f (λT )

J. H. Kent

Incropera & DeWitt

Radiation 12.3.4, Table 12.1

1
Tabulated

Eb , 0→λT F0→λ
F (λT ) =
σT 4
0
λT

For interval λ1 → λ2
Eb, λ
Fλ1 →λ2 = F0→λ2 − F0→λ1

λ1 λ2

J. H. Kent

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 Incropera & DeWitt
Radiation 12.3.4

Example
What is the emissive power of a light filament at 2000K in the band
λ = 0.4 - 0.7µm? Surface area is 20mm2, assumed blackbody.

λ1T = 0.4 × 2000 = 800 F1 = 0.000016 λT (µm.K) F 0→λ

λ2T = 0.7 × 2000 = 1400 F2 = 0.00779 1000 0.000321
2000 0.066728
3000 0.273232
F2 - F1 = 0.0078 (0.78%) 4000 0.480877
5000 0.633747
Eb = ( F2 - F1 ) A σ T4 6000 0.737818
7000 0.808109
8000 0.856288
= 0.0078 × 20×10 –6 × 5.67 ×10–8 × 20004 9000 0.890029

= 0.14W

J. H. Kent