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Data Dictionary
The data dictionary is used to create and store definitions of data, location, format for storage and other
characteristics. The data dictionary can be used to retrieve the definition of data that has already been
used in an application. The data dictionary also stores some of the description of data structures, such as
entities, attributes and relationships. It can also have software to update itself and to produce reports on its
contents and to answer some of the queries.
5. What is ERP? Explain its existence before and its future after?
What are the advantages & Disadvantages of ERP? What is
Artificial Intelligence? How is it different from Neural Networks?
Answer:-
Manufacturing management systems have evolved in stages over the few decades from a simple means of
calculating materials requirements to the automation of an entire enterprise. Around 1980, over-frequent
changes in sales forecasts, entailing continual readjustments in production, as well as the unsuitability of
the parameters fixed by the system, led MRP (Material Requirement Planning) to evolve into a new
concept : Manufacturing Resource Planning (or MRP2) and finally the generic concept Enterprise
Resource Planning (ERP).
ERP Before and After
Before
Prior to the concept of ERP systems, departments within an organization (for example, the human
resources (HR)) department, the payroll department, and the financial department) would have their own
computer systems. The HR computer system (often called HRMS or HRIS) would typically contain
information on the department, reporting structure, and personal details of employees. The payroll
department would typically calculate and store paycheck information. The financial department would
typically store financial transactions for the organization. Each system would have to rely on a set of
common data to communicate with each other. For the HRIS to send salary information to the payroll
system, an employee number would need to be assigned and remain static between the two systems to
accurately identify an employee. The financial system was not interested in the employee-level data, but
only in the payouts made by the payroll systems, such as the tax payments to various authorities,
payments for employee benefits to providers, and so on. This provided complications. For instance, a
person could not be paid in the payroll system without an employee number.
After
ERP software, among other things, combined the data of formerly separate applications. This made the
worry of keeping numbers in synchronization across multiple systems disappears. It standardized and
reduced the number of software specialties required within larger organizations.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages – In the absence of an ERP system, a large manufacturer may find itself with many software
applications that do not talk to each other and do not effectively interface. Tasks that need to interface
with one another may involve:
Disadvantages – Many problems organizations have with ERP systems are due to inadequate investment
in ongoing training for involved personnel, including those implementing and testing changes, as well as
a lack of corporate policy protecting the integrity of the data in the ERP systems and how it is used.
While advantages usually outweigh disadvantages for most organizations implementing an ERP system,
here are some of the most common obstacles experienced:
Usually many obstacles can be prevented if adequate investment is made and adequate training is
involved, however, success does depend on skills and the experience of the workforce to quickly adapt to
the new system.
b) The outcome of the decision is also not known fully. The knowledge of the outcome may be a
probabilistic one.
c) No method, rule or model is available to study and finalise one decision among the set of decision
alternatives.
What if analysis
Decisions are made using a model of the problem for developing various solution alternatives and testing
them for best choice. The model is built with some variables and relationship between variables
considered values of variables or relationship in the model may not hold good and therefore solution
needs to be tested for an outcome, if the considered values of variables or relationship change. This
method of analysis is called 'what if analysis.'
Decision Analysis by Analytical Modelling
Based on the methods discussed, a decision is made but such decision needs to be analysed for conditions
and assumptions considered in the decision model. The process is executed through analytical modelling
of problem and solution. The model is analysed in four ways.