CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Every organization has assets and properties. These may include, people, buildings,

equipment, materials, chemicals, hazardous waste, money, museum artifacts and so on.

These assets are classified as tangible, intangible and current assets. [1]

The intangible assets for example like cash at hand or in bank could be attacked by

unauthorized people. In order to keep an organization afloat, the assets of the

organization must be prevented from internal and external attacks; this is because the

existence of an organization depends on the availability of the assets. [1]

This project work is an Intrusion detection system (IDS), the system provides an added

degree of security, which may be cost effective in some facilities. An IDS is designed to

detect and announce an intrusion but unable to prevent or apprehend the intruder. [1]

The design and construction of this electronic security system is an ultrasonic motion

detector. It is a security system based on ultrasonic radar that provides a warning

signal(sound) at the earliest possible moment of entry or attempted entry by an intruder

into a protected apartment (homes), offices; especially banks strong room, buildings

(such as shops and supermarkets) and cars.[2]

The device is composed of four basic parts which correspond to the functions it performs.

The component parts are the transmitter stage, the receiver stage, high pass filter stage,

peak detector stage, comparator stage and the tone generator stage. [2]

In the transmitter and receiver stage, the component part for detection is a pair of

piezoelectric transducers, the high pass filter stage which is to attenuate all the signals

1
below cut-off and allow signals above cut-off to pass. The peak detector which includes

diodes D1 and D2 forms a full wave rectifier for an incoming ac voltage or a pulsating

dc, the comparator stage switches on the alarm when there is a distortion in the

transmitted and received frequency of the piezoelectric transducer and switches off when

the receiver is receiving signals from the transmitter. The tone generator is basically a

555 timer integrated circuit connected in a monostable and an astable mode. It has

provision for automatic switching off of the alarm after seven seconds.

The system basically is powered from a nine volts D.C power supply and a rechargeable

batter used as a back-up when there is power outage before the generator comes on. The

system has a wide range of applications. They are used as security devices at the

warfronts, in various offices, and banks e.t.c. Its use will enhance the efficiency of

security forces and could also be used as sensors for security counters (like toll gate

counters e.t.c.). Their applications cannot be over emphasized. They are installed in areas

where highly pilferable items are stored. On campus, an ultrasonic motion detector could

be used as security system at certain points like at the senate building.

1.2 GENERALIZED BLOCK DIAGRAM

220VAC POWER SUPPLY

INPUT

TRANSMITTER STAGE FILTER STAGE TWO TONE

RECEIVER STAGE OP AMP/COMPARATOR
ALARM

2
1.3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS.

INPUT VOLTAGE: 220VAC INPUT

SUPPLY VOLTAGE: +9VDC
ALARM TYPE: TWO TONE SIREN

RANGE: 300cm

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW.

2.0 History of Ultrasounds

The term "ultrasound" refers to sound energy with a frequency, or pitch, too high to

be heard by the human ear. Evolution bestowed bats and dolphins with the abilities to use

high-frequency sound waves. About 60 years ago, humans figured out how to take

advantage of ultrasound. This led to ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) becoming a

well-established quality control technique employed by a wide variety of industries for a

diverse range of applications. [5]

Ultrasonic sound waves can help measure material thickness, integrity and other physical

properties in manufacturing or in-service situations. Using ultrasonic techniques, it's

possible to take quick and reliable measurements of the thickness of a part's wall or to

find hidden internal flaws without cutting or sectioning a part. [5]

The quality control world has used ultrasonic instruments for more than 50 years, ever
since the first commercial instruments were introduced during the 1940s. These early
instruments were offshoots of sonar technology developed during World War II. Small,
portable NDT instruments optimized for a variety of test applications became common
during the 1970s. Later, advances in microprocessor technology during the 1990s led to
the current generation of highly sophisticated microprocessor-based digital instruments.
[5]

Test applications and associated instruments for ultrasonic NDT fall into four general
categories: thickness gages, flaw detectors, imaging systems and material analysis
systems. [5]

In 1880 the Curie brothers discovered the piezoelectric effect in quartz. Converse
piezoelectricity was mathematically deduced from fundamental thermodynamic

4
principles by Lippmann in 1881. In 1917, Paul Langevin (France) and his coworkers
developed an underwater sonar system (called hydrophone) that uses the piezoelectric
effect to detect submarines through echo location. [6]

In 1935, the first RADAR system was produced by the British physicist Robert Watson-
Wat. Also about 1935, developments began with the objective to use ultrasonic power
therapeutically, utilizing its heating and disruptive effects on living tissues. In 1936,
Siemens markets the first ultrasonic therapeutic machine, the Sonostat. [6]

Shortly after the World War II, researchers began to explore medical diagnostic
capabilities of ultrasound. Karl Theo Dussik (Austria) attempted to locate the cerebral
ventricles by measuring the transmission of ultrasound beam through the skull. Other
researchers try to use ultrasound to detect gallstones, breast masses, and tumors. These
first investigations were performed with A-mode. [6]

In the early 50`s the first B-mode images were obtained. Images were static, without
gray-scale information in simple black and white and compound technique. Carl
Hellmuth Hertz and Inge Edler (Sweden) made in 1953 the first scan of heart activity.
Ian Donald and Colleagues (Scotland) were specialized on obstetric and gynecologic
ultrasound research. [6]

2.1 How Security Alarms Work

Breaking the beam

The most basic Security alarm is a simple electric circuit built into an entry way. In any
circuit, whether it's powering a flashlight or a computer, electricity only flows when you
give it a path between two points of opposite charge. To turn the electricity on or off, you
open or close part of the circuit. [7]

To open or close a flashlight circuit, you simply throw a switch. In a burglar alarm, the
switch detects the act of intrusion -- opening a door or window, for example. These sorts
of alarms are divided into two categories:

• In a closed-circuit system, the electric circuit is closed when the door is shut.
This means that as long as the door is closed, electricity can flow from one end

5
 of the circuit to the other. But if somebody opens the door, the circuit is
opened, and electricity can't flow. This triggers an alarm.

• In an open-circuit system, opening the door closes the circuit, so electricity

begins to flow. In this system, the alarm is triggered when the circuit is
completed.

There are a number of ways to build this sort of circuit into an entry way. Closed
circuits are normally a better choice than open circuits because an intruder can
deactivate the open circuit by simply cutting the connected wires. [7]

A magnetic sensor in a closed circuit consists of a few simple components. For

the most basic design, you need:

• a battery powering a circuit

• a spring-driven metal switch built into a door frame

• a magnet embedded in the door, lined up with the switch

• a separately-powered buzzer with a relay-driven switch.

Fig 2.1a A magnetic sensor

When the door is closed, the magnet pulls the metal switch closed so the circuit is
complete. The current powers the relay's electromagnet, so the buzzer circuit stays open.
When you move the magnet by opening the door, the spring snaps the switch back into
the open position. This cuts off the current and closes the relay, sounding the alarm.

You can also build this sort of system into a window. If an intruder pushes a window
open, the magnet slide out of line with the switch, and the buzzer is activated.

6
Another simple burglar alarm uses a small button as the switch. The button is embedded
in the door frame, so closing the door pushes it in. When somebody opens the door, the
button is released, changing the circuit and sounding the alarm. [7]

With just a battery and buzzer, these designs make for fairly flawed security systems.
After all, the burglar only needs to close the door again to turn the buzzer off. That's why
most modern burglar alarms incorporate another piece into the circuit -- the control box.

The control box is hooked up to one or more alarm circuits, but it also has its own power
supply. It monitors the circuits and sounds the alarm when they are closed or opened
(depending on the design). But once the alarm is triggered, the control box won't cut it off
until somebody enters a security code at a connected keypad. For added security, the
control box is usually positioned in an out-of-the-way spot, so the intruder can't find it
and attempt to destroy it. [7]

Using this basic concept, you can create all sorts of alarm systems. Just imagine what a
burglar might do to break into a house, and then turn that action into the circuit switch.
For example, an intruder might break through a window, so you could make the glass
itself a circuit. The easiest way to do this is run a current through a thin line of foil wire
affixed to the surface of the glass. If a burglar breaks the glass, the circuit is broken, and
the alarm is triggered. [7]

Floor mats are another simple option. A basic floor mat uses an open circuit design with
two metal strips spaced apart. When somebody steps on the mat, the pressure pushes the
two metal strips together, completing a circuit. [7]

All of these circuit systems are best for guarding the perimeter of a house or business --
the points an intruder would enter the building.

INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM

Circuit alarms are very effective for guarding the perimeter of a house, but they don't
work so well inside a building. This is because the intruder's actions are highly
unpredictable; you don't know where they'll go or what they'll touch. A specific "trigger"
isn't very effective. To detect an intruder who's already in the house, you need a motion
detector. [7]

7
Basic motion detectors are fairly common these days. You see them all the time in
automatic doors, for example. There are several different sorts of intrusion detection
system. [1]

A simple design is the microwave intrusion detection system: This system floods the area
with acoustic or microwave energy and detects the Doppler shift in transmitted and
received frequencies when motion happens within the area. It uses very short radio
waves. [1] The limitations here is that

1. Requires adequate installation engineering, since many outside walls have large
windows that can easily be penetrated by microwaves. It can lead to many false alarms.

2. Power from microwave installation must be below levels dangerous to man.

An automatic door opener is an example of a microwave motion detector. The box above
the door sends out bursts of microwave radio energy (or ultrasonic sound waves), and
then waits for the reflected energy to bounce back. If there is nobody in front of the door,
the radio energy will bounce back in the same pattern. But if somebody enters the area,
the reflection pattern is disturbed. When this happens, the sensor sends a signal and the
door opens. In a security system, the sensor sends an alarm signal when the reflection
pattern in a room is disturbed. [7]

The motion detector emits radio energy into

a room and monitors the reflection pattern.

8
 If somebody disturbs the reflection pattern, the motion
detector sends an alarm signal to the control box.

Another simple design is a photo-sensor motion detector. These are the devices you
might see in a store at a shopping mall. When somebody enters the store, the motion
detector sounds a chime or bell. Photo-sensors have two components:

• a source of focused light (often a laser beam)

• a light sensor

In a home security system, you aim the beam at the light sensor, across a passageway in
your house. When somebody walks between the light source and the sensor, the path of
the beam is blocked briefly. The sensor registers a drop in light levels and sends a signal
to the control box. [7]

More advanced security systems include passive infrared (PIR) motion detectors. These
sensors "see" the infrared energy emitted by an intruder's body heat. When an intruder
walks into the field of view of the detector, the sensor detects a sharp increase in infrared
energy. Of course, there will always be gradual fluctuation of heat energy in an area, so
PIR detectors are designed to trigger the alarm only when infrared energy levels change
very rapidly.

All these motion detector designs can be combined in a house to offer complete coverage. In a typical
security system, the control box will not sound the alarm immediately when the motion detectors are
triggered. There is a short delay to give the homeowner time to enter a security code that turns the

9
system off. If the security code is not entered, however, the control box will activate various alarms.
[7]

2.2 Ultrasounds and Ultrasonic Sensors

An Ultrasonic sensor typically utilizes a transducer that produces an electrical output in

response to received ultrasonic energy. The normal frequency range for human hearing is
roughly 20 to 20,000 hertz. Ultrasonic sound waves are sound waves that are above the
range of human hearing and, thus, have a frequency above about 20,000 hertz. Any
frequency above 20,000 hertz may be considered ultrasonic. [4]

Most industrial processes, including almost all sources of friction, create some ultrasonic
noise. The ultrasonic transducer produces ultrasonic signals. These signals are propagated
through a sensing medium and the same transducer can be used to detect returning
signals. [4]

In an ultrasonic intrusion detection system, a constant, high-frequency acoustic signal is

transmitted by a group of transducers. The ultrasound waves flood the protected area.
Receiving transducers monitor the ultrasound reflected by objects in the protected zone.
If anything moves, it produces a change in the phase of some of the reflected waves. This
phase change is detected by sensitive electronic circuits, which send signals to an alarm
or dispatch center. Ultrasonic security systems are also popular among automobile
owners. These devices detect motion in the immediate vicinity of a vehicle. [3]

In most applications, the sensing medium is simply air. An ultrasonic sensor typically
comprises at least one ultrasonic transducer which transforms electrical energy into sound
and, in reverse, sound into electrical energy, a housing enclosing the ultrasonic transducer
or transducers, an electrical connection and, optionally, an electronic circuit for signal
processing also enclosed in the housing. [4]

Ultrasonic sensors have typically been used in applications such as detecting and
identifying solid objects, measuring the shape and orientation of a work piece, detecting
possible collisions between objects to avoid the collisions, room surveillance, flow
measurement, and determining a type of material by measuring the absorption of sound.
Ultrasonic sensors have been used for proximity or distance measurement. These devices
typically transmit a short burst of ultrasonic sound toward a target which reflects the

10
sound back to the sensor. The system then measures the time for the echo to return to the
sensor and computes the distance to the target using the speed of sound in the medium.[4]

Sensors are devices which are designed so that they can detect or quantitatively
determine physical parameters such as pressure, temperature, position or velocity over a
measuring range. In automated industrial applications, sensors are used for numerous
purposes. Sensors are used for a variety of applications including sensing the presence or
absence of articles and sensing a distance or proximity of an article to the sensor, such as
may be required for a process control application. [4]

Ultrasonic sensors typically have a piezoelectric ceramic transducer that converts an

excitation electrical signal into ultrasonic energy bursts. The energy bursts travel from the
ultrasonic sensor, bounce off objects, and are returned toward the sensor as echoes. [4]

Transducers are devices that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy, or vice
versa. The transducer converts received echoes into analog electrical signals that are
output from the transducer. Ultrasonic transducers operate to radiate ultrasonic waves
through a medium such as air. Transducers generally create ultrasonic vibrations through
the use of piezoelectric materials such as certain forms of crystals or ceramic polymers.
[4]

Ultrasonic transducers are available in various technical forms. Ultrasonic transducers are
typically formed of either piezoelectric elements or of micro-machined ultrasonic
transducer (MUT) elements. For industrial use, solid-state transducers are usually used,
because of their robustness. They basically include a piezoceramic device as an element
for converting between electric signals and acoustic signals and a resonant adapter layer,
with which the transfer of sound to the air is optimized. [4]

The piezoelectric elements typically are made of a piezoelectric ceramic such as lead-
zirconate-titanate (PZT), with a plurality of elements being arranged to form a transducer.
Piezoceramic ultrasonic transducers are the transducers of choice for rugged, industrial
applications because they are efficient and environmentally robust. These sensors have
been used in industry for numerous applications; however have not been capable of short
range object detection until recently. [4]

11
For transmission the capacitive charge is modulated to vibrate the diaphragm of the
device and thereby transmit a sound wave. In general, ultrasonic transducers are
constructed by incorporating one or more piezoelectric vibrators which are electrically
connected to pulsing-receiving system. [4]

2.3 Project Aims

• To illustrate the application of ultrasonic in alarm systems.

• To Detect Motion of an intruder or objects.

• To provide an alarm tone when motion is detected

2.4 Sounding the Alarm

There are several things a security system might do when it detects an intruder. In an
advanced system, the control box will be wired to several different components.
Typically, it will activate:

• a siren or other loud alarm noise

• flashing outdoor lights

• a telephone auto-dialer

The siren and lights serve three functions:

• They alert occupants and neighbors that someone has broken into the house.

• They drive the intruder away.

• They signal to police which house has been broken into.

The telephone auto-dialer can:

• Dial the police directly, and play a pre-recorded message giving the address of
the house and any other relevant information. This message will usually play
over and over so that the police will still hear it even if the call is put on hold
for some time. [7]

12
• Dial the security company that installed the equipment. In this case, the control
required box can feed specific information about the intrusion -- which circuits
or motion detectors were activated, etc. The security company then relays this
information to the required authority.

Home security is a rapidly growing field, and there are new and improved burglar
alarms popping up all the time. For the most part, these systems are all built
around the same basic structure. A central control box monitors several motion
detectors and perimeter guards and sounds an alarm when any of them are
triggered.

13
 CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN PROCEDURE.

This chapter deals with the design methods and analysis employed in the design of

an Ultrasonic motion detector security system. The stages involved are the transmitter

stage, the receiver and gain control stage, the high pass filter stage, the peak detector

stage, the comparator stage, the tone generator stage and the power supply stage.

3.1. TRANSMITTER STAGE.

The transmitter section of the system is basically an ultrasonic sound produced from the

output of the emitter of an amplifier (with collector feed back configuration) and the

emitter of a biased transistor, where by both transistors Q1 and Q2 are cascaded by direct

coupling. [9] The outputs taken from the emitter of Q1 and Q2 are connected to a piezzo-

electric transducer. The piezzo-electric transducer is a transmitting transducer which

hence converts the electric signals to ultrasound or sound waves of very high frequencies

of 40KHz which is above the normal range of hearings for humans. The transmitter

section is powered from a supply of 9V. [10]

14
Design Calculations

R3
470k

R1
4k7

Q1
BC337

C1
1n

R2
1k

FIG 3.1a COLLECTOR FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER.

From the figure above,

Vcc − Vbe
Ib =
Rc + β ( R1 + R 2)
Vcc = 9Vfromdesignspecification
Vbe = 0.7 forwardbiasedsilicondiode
β = 300 fromdatasheet
Ic = 1.5mA
Ic
=β
Ib

Assume R1=3K Ω

R2=1K Ω

15
 1.5mA
Ib = = 5υ A
300
8.3
5υ A =
Rc + 300(3K + 1K )
5υ A( R1) = 2.3
Rc = 460000Ω
Pr eferredvalue = 470k

Q2
BC337

R4
4k7

FIG 3.1b TRANSISTOR CASCADED WITH FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Resistor R4 was set to 4.7K to bias the transistor.

R3
470k

Q2
BC337

R1
4k7

Q1 LS1
BC337

R4
C1 4k7 SPEAKER
1n

R2
1k

FIG 3.1c TRANSMITTER STAGE

16
3.2 RECEIVER AND GAN CONTROL STAGE.

The receiver and gain control stage of this design consists of the receiver stage which is a

collector feedback amplifier with common emitter configuration and the gain control

stage which is a variable resistor. The receiving transducer detects any reflected sound

produced by the transmitting transducer. The piezoelectric transducer used here receives

the ultrasound transmitted or produced by the transmitting transducer. [9]

The transistor Q3 then amplifies the electric signals and the output is applied the high

pass filter via a coupling capacitor C2, the gain control pot VR1 and a coupling capacitor

C3. C2 and C3 are set to a small value (100pF) and the variable resistor VR1 is set to a

high value so as to allow the frequency to pass adequately.VR1 is set to 50K.

R6
100k

R5
4.7M

Q3
BC337
LS2

SPEAKER

FIG 3.2a COLLECTOR FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

From the diagram above,

17
 Vcc − Vbe
Ib =
R5 + β R 6
Ic
=β
Ib
β = 300
Ic = 1.5mA
Vcc = 9V
Vbe = 0.7V

R6 is assumed to be 1K

1.5m
Ib = = 5*10 A
6

300
9 − 0.7
=
R5 + 300(1K )
5υ ( R5) = 8.3 − 1.5
6.8
R5 = = 1.36 M
5υ
R5 = 1.36 M

Preferred value=1M

R6
100k

C2

100p
RV1
R5 C3
4.7M

Q3
BC337 100p
LS2
POT

SPEAKER

FIG 3.2b RECEIVER AND GAIN CONTROL STAGE

18
3.3 HIGH PASS FILTER STAGE.

This stage is the high pass filter stage and it attenuates the electric signals below cut off

frequency and allows signals above cut off frequency to pass. [11]

DESIGN CALCULATION.

R8
1M

U1
7

3
R7 6
2
100k
4
1
5

LM301

C4
100n

FIG 3.3a OP/AMP STAGE

The ability of the op-amp to handle varying to handle varying signals is the slew rate

defined as

Slew rate equals the maximum rate at which amplifier output can change in volts per

microsecond (V/ υ s). [11]

S .R Vo
S.R=
2ΠK t

The maximum frequency that an op-amp may operate depends on both the bandwidth and

the slew rate parameters of the op-amp.

For a sinusoidal signal of general form,

19
Vo = k Sin (2 Π ft)

The maximum voltage of change or the signal maximum rate of change can be shown to

be 2 Π fK V/secs

To prevent distortion at the output, the rate of change must also be less than the slew rate

i.e.

2 Π fK ≤ S.R

S .R
F≤ Hz
2ΠK

From datasheet, [12]

S.R=0.5V/υ secs

F=36.86 KHz, from design

Vi=2.23V

0.5v / υ s
K=
2Π (36.86kHz )
K = 21.55
K = AVI
2.155
A= = 0.96
2.23
R8
A= = 0.96
R7

Assume R7=100K

R8=0.96*100k

=0.96M

Preferred value=1M

20
 R8
1M

U1

8
3
6
2

5
LM301

C4
100n

FIG 3.3b HIGH PASS FILTER STAGE

Capacitor C 4 was set to 100nF.

3.4 PEAK DETETOR.

This stage is the peak detector stage or peak clipper stage which converts the high

frequency from the filter stage to voltage. This stage consists of the diodes D5 and D6.

Capacitor C5 is a coupling capacitor set to 1nF. Diodes D5 and D6 are germanium diodes

which work at high frequencies having very high switching capability. Capacitor C6

filters any high frequency ripples and is set to 1nF. Hence, the peak detector serves as to

recover the envelope signals. The output from the peak detector is then applied to the

comparator stage.

21
 C5 D1

1n 1N5400

D2 C6
1N5400 1n

FIG 3.4 PEAK DETECTOR STAGE

3.5 COMPARATOR STAGE.

The comparator stage is the stage where the enveloped or the recovered signal which is

the output from the peak detector is been compared with a reference voltage. The voltage

on the inverting input is compared with that on the non-inverting input (pin 3). If the

voltage on the non-inverting input is at a lower voltage than that on the inverting input,

output will be high and if the converse occurs, the output will be low. [9] A voltage of

5.30V was sensed at pin3 of the op-amp and a reference voltage of 3.50 was preset at

pin2 of the comparator by drawing a voltage from the potential divider between R9 and

VR2. R9 is set to 1K and VR2 is set to 5K.

V output = Ao *Vin where Ao = open loop gain (usually 20000 or more). When V+ is

greater than V-, the output is high and when it is lesser, the output is low. When there is a

distortion in the circuit’s fine balance, the voltage into pin3 drops below the reference

level and a low is sent to the monostable which triggers the monostable.

22
 R9
1k

U2:A

8
3
1
2

R10

4
1k LM392

RV2
POT

FIG 3.5 COMPARATOR STAGE.

3.6 TONE GENERATOR.

This part of the system alerts a human monitor to initiate a response that results from

investigation of the sensor environment. [1] It may be a bell or a buzzer in this case. The

alarm circuit designed here is to produce a two tone alarm with intermittent variation loud

enough to attract the attention of the neighbors and required authorities. [9] The

importance of the tone is to make it possible for the tone to be easily masked by another

sound. The alarm is designed to switch off after seven seconds

The alarm circuit is of two tone type alarm consisting of three 555 timers, where IC4 is

operated in a monostable mode and IC5 and IC6 operated in the astable mode. When

motion is sensed and the voltage at the non-inverting input (V+) is lesser than that at the

inverting input (V-), a low voltage is sent to the monostable. A monostable operates as to

trigger when a low voltage enters pin 2 of the IC, hence pin 3 goes high.

Design calculation

For the monostable stage IC4

23
For a timing of 7seconds and assuming R11=56k Ω ,

7 sec s = 1.1(56 K )C
Actual value
= 113.56uF

100uF was used as the preferred value.

To obtain a two tone, the two astable multivibrators are set to oscillate at different

frequencies. IC5 was set to 3.6Hz and IC6 was set to 450Hz.

For the astable stage IC5, to determine the frequency of oscillation,

For an assumed frequency of 3.6Hz

1.44
F=
( R12 + 2 R13)C10

Assume R12=10k

R13=15K

1.44
3.6 Hz =
10k + 30k )C
1.44
C= Actual value
3.6(40 K )
C = 10uF

C10=10uF, Preferred value

For astable, IC6

1.44
F=
( R14 + 2 R15)C11

Assume a frequency, F=450Hz,

R14=47K

R15=10k

24
 1.44
450 =
(47 K + 20k )C
1.44
C=
67 k (450)

=47.76nF, Actual Value

=47nF, Preferred Value

R15
R13
10k
15k
U3 R11 U4 U5
8

8
56K
4 3 4 3 4 3
VCC

VCC

VCC
R Q R Q R Q
7 7 C8 7 LS3
DC DC DC
10u
5 5 5
CV CV CV
R12 R14
10K 47k
SPEAKER
GND

GND

GND
2 6 2 6 2 6
TR TH TR TH TR TH

C7
1

1
555 100u 555 555

C9 C10
47nF 22n

FIG 3.6 TWO TONE SIREN

3.7 THE POWER SUPPLY STAGE.

Most electronic devices require a d.c voltage to operate. Batteries are useful in low power

or portable devices, but the operating time is limited unless the batteries are recharged or

replaced.

The most readily available source of power is the 240V/50Hz a.c. wall outlet. This power

supply however is specifically designed for this project. The power supply is divided into

four different stages: [15]

i. Transformer stage

ii. Rectifier stage

iii. Filter stage and

25
 iv. Regulator stage

(i) Transformer Analysis

The transformer steps up or steps down an alternating voltage or current. In this

design a 240/12v transformer is used with a current rating of 500mA. The following

relationship can be obtained.

Vs I p
=
Vp Is

By definition

Vp = Primary voltage

Vs = Secondary voltage

Ns = Number of turns in secondary

Np = Number of turns in the primary

Ip = Primary current

Is = Secondary current

Where

Vp = 240 volts

Vs = 12 volts

Ns = 500mA

Vs I p
=
But, Vp Is

12 x 500m
Ip =
240 = 0.025A

Ip = 25MA

26
Hence, the secondary current of 500mA used is suitable for this design, since the

electronic circuit will draw a current of few mA of about 20mA – 50mA

Rectification Analysis

The most economical d.c. power supply is some of the rectifier circuit. After rectification,

a lot of a.c. ripple voltage was still found in the d.c. voltage so the rectifier circuit does

not deliver pure d.c. In this design, we are using (4 – IN4007 diodes) (1 – 1A bridge

rectifier) to convert the stepped down secondary voltage output which is alternating to a

unidirectional voltage (i.e. d.c.). The voltage of a transformer secondary as we have seen

in the previous analysis is the root mean square value (RMS), being the average AC

voltage rather than the peak level.

Filteration Analysis

The pulsating d.c voltage is not a pure d.c voltage, so a filter capacitor is placed across

the d.c output terminals of the bridge rectifier. This capacitor smoothens the d.c

pulsations and gives an almost pure d.c output load voltage. The load voltage is the

unregulated voltage that supplies power to the load. The filter capacitor is typically an

electrolytic capacitor. [15]

The capacitor value was assumed to be 1000uF and voltage greater than 12v can be used

therefore 1000uF/35volts capacitor was used.

In summary, transformer plus rectifier diodes plus filter capacitor equals unregulated

power supply.

Regulators [13]

The regulator used in the design is in the integrated circuit form. The desired output of

the regulator is 9V so a regulator type 7809 was used. Without a good regulated voltage

27
supply, none of this circuit will work. Modern integrated circuit voltage regulator is more

reasonable to use for regulation.

The 7809 regulator type is a positive voltage regulator with three terminals, used to

obtain a constant voltage of +9v. [13]

7809

Input (>9v) Output (9v)

FIG 3.7a I.C VOLTAGE REGULATOR (7809)

FIG 3.7b POWER SUPPLY STAGE

28
3.8 COMPREHENSIVE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R6
100k R8
R2
470k
C2 1M R9
1k

Q2 U1
100p U2:A

8
BC337
RV1

8
R1 R5 3 C5 D1
4k7 4.7M
C3 R7 6 3
2 1
Q3 100k 1n 1N5400 2
Q1 LS1 LS2 BC337 100p

4
1
5
BC337 LM301

4
POT
LM392
D2 C6
1N5400 1n
R4
C1 4k7 SPEAKER SPEAKER
1n
C4
100n

R3
1k

R10
1k

RV2
R15 POT
R13
10k
15k
U3 R11 U4 U5
8

8
56K
4 3 4 3 4 3
VCC

VCC

VCC
R Q R Q R Q
7 7 C8 7 LS3
DC DC DC
10u
5 5 5
CV CV CV
R12 R14
From OUTPUT COMPARATOR 10K 47k
SPEAKER
GND

GND

GND

2 6 2 6 2 6
TR TH TR TH TR TH

C7
1

555 100u 555 555

C9 C10
47nF 22n

3.9 COMPONENTS USED

D1-D4 :IN4007
D5& D6 :0A91
R1, R4 :4.7K
R2 :470K
R3, R9, R10 :1K
R5 :4.7M
R6, R7 :100K
R8 :1M
R11 :56K
R12, R15 :10K
R13 :15K
R14 :47K
VR1 :50k PRESET
VR2 :5K PRESET
C1 :1nF
C2, C3 :100pF

29
C4 :100nF
C5, C6 :1nF
C7, C12 :100uF
C8 :10uF
C9 :47nF
C10 :22nF
C11 :1000UF
IC1 :7809
IC2 :LM301
IC3 :LM393
IC4, IC5, IC6 :NE555
Q1, Q2, Q3 :BC337
TRANSDUCERS :T40Khz, R40kHz

30
 CHAPTER FOUR

TESTING AND CONSTRUCTION

4.1 CONSTRUCTION

The construction of this project began by coming up with the printed circuit board (PCB)

layout manually and drawing it out on a white paper. A copper board of size 120mm by

130mm is then taken and the circuit layout is imprinted on the board by a lithographer,

after which the copper side of the copper board is etched. Below is the diagram of my

circuit while etching.

Fig 4.1a Etching of copper board

31
Holes are then drilled on the copper board with a drilling machine and hence soldering of

the passive and active components begins. The power supply stage is first soldered and a

9V D.C was obtained from the voltage regulator, the passive components (i.e. resistors

and capacitors are the soldered accordingly). The polarity of the capacitors is checked

since an electrolytic capacitor was used. Then transistors Q1, Q2, Q3 are then soldered.

Then, the IC sockets were soldered and the ICs inserted respective into sockets. Connect

the 240/12V-DC transformer so as to provide power to the whole circuit.

Now install the 40-kHz ultrasonic transducer pair. This is done by using a matched pair

of transducers. The transmitting transducer has a T suffix on the number stamped

underneath it. The receiving transducer has an R suffix. Neither part is polarized. Solder

each transducer directly on the board according to the circuit diagram such that they are

part of the receiving and transmitting circuits respectively. The leads should rest flat and

the fronts of the transducers should point away from the etched board. A reflecting metal

is then used to reflect the ultrasonic sound from the transmitter to the receiver. To make

soldering easier (and not heat the Transmitter/Receiver units), gently scrape the legs of

each transducer before soldering.

Finally, install two wires to provide a signal-out connection for attaching various output

transducers and circuits. It is easier to use one red and one black wire, as the signal is

polarized. Below is the internal layout or circuitry of my finished circuit built on a PCB

board, etched and mounted in a plastic casing.

A plastic casing of size 170mm by 140mm by 100mm was used for my project.

32
33
4.2 TESTING

Testing was done in all stages of the project in the electronics labouratory i.e. the

receiving and transmitting parts of the circuit with the use of a digital multimeter and

logic probe to check for reasonable dc voltages and currents, high and or low signal at

outputs and also check for continuities and other abnormalities that lead to error detection

and correction.

In the course of undergoing these troubleshooting procedures, the following observations

were encountered and noted:

• The detector delivers about 5.00V to the comparator when there is no intruder

moving within the Ultrasonic detector’s range

• When the Output from the comparator is LOW, the monostable triggers and

then the alarm begins to sound, due to the presence of an intruder.

• When the Detector senses motion, Pin 3 of the IC LM301 goes to ground

through a capacitor.

• The transformer/battery provides 9V fixed D.C power to sections of the

circuit.

• When there is no movement, Diodes D5 and D6 do not conduct however, if

the signal rises above 0.3V. D6 Conducts causing the output on Pin 1 to go

high. If the signal falls below 0.3 volt, D5 conducts, which also causes the

output to go high.

34
 CHAPTER FIVE

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 RESULTS

• The detection range is determined by the distance set between the reflector and

the transmitter. The distance set for this project is 30cm to detect the presence of

the intruder.

• Though not accurate enough to compete with other sophisticated security alarm

systems, It still compares reasonably well with minor alarm systems though with

less accuracy and hence functional for its natural purpose.

• The detector is able to produce an alarm sound output, due to the presence of an

intruder, which is of the right sound frequency.

35
5.2 CONCLUSION

The term "ultrasonic" as applied to sound frequencies higher than 20 KHz which is

inaudible to the human hearing. The Ultrasonic transducer produces ultrasonic signals.

These signals are propagated; the reflecting metal reflects the ultrasonic sound and the

receiving transducer can be used to detect the returning signals. An Ultrasonic sensor

typically comprises at least one ultrasonic transducer which transforms electrical energy

into sound and, in reverse the receiving transducer, converts sound into electrical energy.

This project circuit consists of an ultrasonic transmitter and a receiver both of which

work at the same frequency. They use ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers as output and

input devices respectively and their frequency of operation is determined by the particular

devices in use.

36
5.3 RECOMMENDATION

For future purposes, as these components are not ideal, it is highly practical to use very

sensitive transmitter, receiver and passive and active components so as to be able to

ensure that the signals are carried and detected over a wide range of movement and

ensuring the detector switches very fast..

1. It is necessary to make use of a transformer rather than use batteries as batteries do not

give a fixed D.C voltage which may require that you preset the value of the variable

resistor at the comparator as the batteries run down.

2. An uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is required so that when there is power outage,

the system is still operating.

3. Relays are used in circumstances where heavy loads at the output are to be switched on

or off and hence can be used to carry any electronic device.

37
REFERENCES

1. Electronic security systems by S.O ADETONA and R.I SALAWU

2. en.wikipedia.org

3. www.infoplease.com : Characteristics of Sound waves.

4. www.electronics-manufacturers.com : Ultrasonic Sensors

5. Measuring with Sound: {Article by Tom Nelligan}

6. UltraSound TIP - US Database : History of Ultrasounds

7. www.howstuffworks.com:- How Security Alarms Work

8. www.poptronix.com

9. The Art of Electronics by Paul Horowitz and Windfield Hill.

10. Everyday electronics journal 1981 edition.

11. Electronics devices and circuit theory eight edition

by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky

12. General data sheets for all the components).

ECG data book 1999 edition.

13. IC COOKBOOK (Pin configurations of all the Ics)

BY CLAYTON HALLMARK. Mc-GRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, 1986.

14. Principles of electronics

By V.K MEHTA . Published by S.CHAND & COMPANY LTD.(2003).

15. Electrical Technology by B. L. Theraja A. K. Theraja

16. Operational Amplifier and linear integrated circuits fourth edition.

By F. Coughlin Frederick and F. Driscoll.

17. Teach your self electricity and electronics

By STAN GIBILISCO

38
18. Electronic circuits for evil genius

By DAVE CUTCHER

19. Ultrasonic Motion Detector (Article by Ronald Reis)

20. EEG 518 [Instrumentation]: Transducers

21. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed: Sound Waves

39