Differential equation

Many systems vary continuously in time , we can express them by

asystem of (D.E) :
X1`= a11 x1+…+ a1n xn
X2`= a21 x2+…+ a2n xn
Xn`= an1 xn+…+ ann xn
Where x1`,…. Xn`are derivatives of x , aij are constats & x1, x2, ….,xn
are functions of time.

We notice that the system is linear with its functions and their
derivatives , then we can write them in matrix form:
X`=AX
Where X`=(x`1,…., x`n) , X= ( x1,…,xn) , A=coefficient matrix.

The set solutions of last equation is generally subspace of Rn if An*n

matrix, each solution is unique linear combination of all solutions of
the equation,these solution set is abasis for the set of all solution& it`s
n-dimensional vector space of functions.

When A is a diagonal matrix we can easily find the solution.

Ex:
If a11=3, a12=0,a21=0,a22=-5 in A [diagonal matrix]
Then substituting in the equation : x1`=3x1
X2`= -5x2
With the help of this diagonal matrix we `ve decoupled system as every

function is now depending on its derivative only

From calculas : x1=c1 *exp 3t , x2=c2* exp-5t

We can write this sol : x1= c1*(1,0)* exp 3t , x2=c2*(0,1)* exp-5t

So the general form of solution : x= v * exp(ƛt)
X`= ƛ*v * exp(ƛt)
Ax=A* v * exp(ƛt) ,
so from our matrix form of equation ƛ= eign value of A
v= corresponding eigen vector

we sometimes call this solution eigenfunctions of DE , and these are

the key of solving system of DE .

Ex:

supposing particle moving in aplanar force and its position vector x

satisfies X`=AX , xo=(2.9 ,2.6)

A: a11=4 , a12= -5 , a21=-2 , a22=1

Ans: from calculas ƛ1=6 , ƛ2= -1 & corresponding eigen vectors v1=
(-5,2) v2=(1,1)

X= c1*(-5,2)*exp(6t) + c2*(1,1)*exp(-t)

To determine constants using: xo=(2.9 ,2.6)= c1*(-5,2)+ c2*(1,1)

C1=-3/70 c2=188/70

X =-3/70 *(-5,2)*exp(6t) + 188/70*(1,1)*exp(-t)

 Decoupling a Dynamic system
the fundamental set of solution for any dynamical system :
X`=A*X
Where A n*n matrix , the system has n independent eigen vectors
,where A is diagonalizable matrix . let p = [ v1 v2 v3…. vn] , D is
diagonal matrix with eigen values entries where :

A = p* D *p·¹

y= p·¹*x

d/dt (p*y)=A*(p*y)=( p* D *p·¹)*(p*y)=pDy

p>> constant matrix , so y`=Dy

by changing variable od dynamical system we get decoupled system, as

each derivative of avariable depends only on its own variable

y1`= ƛ y1 >>>> we have y1= c1 ƛ * exp ƛ1t and the same

formula

for y2 , y3 ,……… , yn

general sol : get x from y >>>> x= py =[v1 v2 …… vn] *y

x= c1v1 exp ƛ1t +………+ cn vn exp ƛn t