Design Project

Human Centered Design
Designing a Sofa for the Lounge Area in

Vienna International School
Milica Jovicevic 11E
Vienna International School

April-May 2011
Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 1
Table of Contents
Design Situation.................................................................3
Design Brief........................................................................8
Analysis..............................................................................9
Research Plan..................................................................11
Data Collection.................................................................12
Existing Product Analysis........................12
Anthropometric........................................14
Sociological.............................................20
Psychological..........................................22
Available Space.......................................26
Material Properties and selection............31
Green Design Objectives........................37
Manufacturing Prototype Techniques......38
Manufacturing Techniques......................39
Research Summary..........................................................40
Initial Specification............................................................42
Generating Ideas..............................................................44
Morphological Analysis............................44
Mood Board.............................................45
Brain Storming.........................................47
3D/2D Sketches.......................................48
Evaluation of Design Ideas..................,,,...........................53
Developing Chosen Solution.............................................55
Morphological Analysis............................44
Mood Board.............................................45
Brain Storming.........................................47
3D/2D Sketches.......................................48
Detailed Sketch........................................57
Clay Model...............................................59
3D Google SketchUp...............................60
Ergonom............................................................................63
Rough Sketches......................................64
Detailed Sketch.......................................65
2D CAD...................................................66
2D Cutting Machine.................................67
Clay Model with Ergonom........................68
3D Google SketchUp...............................60
Addition Generating Chosen Solution...............................70
Google SketchUp Drawing......................74
Updated List of Specifications.................76
Brainstorming Patterns............................77
Developing developed solution................78
Summary of developing solution.............79
CAD Process...........................................80
Sustainability Analysis.......................................................82
Final List of Specifications.................................................90
Production Plan.................................................................92
Flow Chart...............................................92
Safety and Risk Precaution.....................93
Production Schedule...............................94
Evidence of Manufacturing......................95
Conclusion and Evaluation................................................98
Process Evaluation..................................98
Product Evaluation.................................101
Recommendations.................................107
Appendix..........................................................................111

Design Situation
It is perceived that students need a lounge/study area in Vienna International School.
There is a space which is often used for examinations and meeting, and has a possibility
of opening to the garden. Because the space is used for yearly examinations the furniture
or objects designed for this space must be easy to move around and store in the garden
without much visual impact, and must be easy to set up back again.
After conducting initial research I have collected evidence of the need and importance that
there is for a change in the “aula” which is the large room used for examinations and
meetings. There were several things I needed to find out; do we need a change in the
aula? , What sort of change do we need in the aula? and How often do people go to study
in the library?. These questions had to be asked to the students themselves, in order to
conclude properly.
I have produced a survey online on www.surveymonkey.com , which was sent to all

student from high school, ninth to twelfth grade got an email to fill the survey out. After
over a hundred responses, I configured the results into a graph.
Do you think we need a lounge/study/a change in the Aula?
12%
YES
NO
88%
How often do you study in the library?
14% 11%
Everyday, all day
9% 13% Everyday, at lunch or after school
A few times a week during school
A few times a week after school
Never
53%

Do you think we should use the aula for:
0% 10% 20%
30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Studying
23%
Music Practice 4%
Art Display/working 4%
Lounge for chilling and socializing
69%
The following charts show clearly that there must be a change in the aula. The first
question “Do you think we need a lounge/study/a change in the aula?” has 88% answered
as “Yes”, which proves initially we need a change. Initially I assumed the main issue was a
studying area, as I heard that people are complaining the library is too loud. Because the
library is now considered a place where people “chill” and study, I asked how often they
study in the library. The time that they actually study is in average a few times a week
during school time, proving that a place for people to study or go to is necessary. However
in conclusion the question most important is what sort of change are these students asking
for? The question “Do you think we should use the aula for..” portrays answers that could
help me see what student would want to use this space for. An astonishing 69% answered
“Lounge for chilling and socializing”, meaning that they would want to keep the library as a
place to study and make a place for those who come there to chill, to go to the aula.
However, numerical data is not enough, it is also very important to see how the area itself
is useful and how the library already is in use. Analysis how people use the area currently
could help me see what students initially use and want when they “chill”. I took several
photos of the library and the aula at its current state and annotated what I noticed.

A lot of natural The area seems
light enters the very cold and not
space. welcoming
The chairs and

tables make the
space look like it The girl studying
is only for is sitting and
meetings and not studying there
a place where because she
people could found it too loud
study or to study in the
socialize. library
The library looks much more welcoming Here you can see a group of people
and comfortable, due to the carpet floor. studying in the library, two of which are
The chairs and tables are made of wood not exactly studying and are just there to
which also creates this more welcoming talk to the people. However, the photo
atmosphere. However, the place is not shows how the library is a better place to
exactly comfortable for socializing. The study because of the lighting that is has,
library does provide more facilities and all directly on the table so you have natural
in all is place where it is warm and people light on your books/papers.
want to go to.

Now that I have collected information, and we know there must be a lounge in the aula I
brainstormed the possibilities on the products I could work on.

What do you think is the most important piece of
furniture in a lounge?
3%
1%10%
5%2% desk (1%)
light (10%)
15% sofa (64%)
bed (15%)
table (5%)
chairs (2%)
trash bin (3%)
64%
This is a question asked in addition to the first questionnaire. From the 100 people, 64%
think a sofa is the most important piece of furniture. A bed with 15% as a choice was the
second most important piece of furniture. It is clear that students only wish something to sit
on comfortable or even lay on.

Design Brief
After intense brainstorming, I have concluded that I will design a model of a sofa. Looking
at the collected data, and the brainstorming, the sofa seems to be the most important item
of a lounge and is essential to be made properly so everyone can use it. It is a product that
everyone always asks for (according to my data collection 64% out of 100 people think a
sofa is the most essential part of a lounge) and can not be put in the library. It is an item
that would separate the people from those who come to the library to talk and socialize
with those people who come to the library to in fact intensely study.
People can sit on a sofa and talk, or even read. IB students also can sleep on the sofa
during their free periods. So the target market, is high-school students, student from
grades 8-12, which happen to study a lot already and just need a place to relax. However,
also teachers, because it may happen that the lounge will be used for a staff meeting after
school for example (the design must be suitable for all ages). I did not want to pick any
grades lower because giving them a place could discourage them to study in the library
and instead go to the lounge.
However there are several constraints that must be kept in mind, when designing this sofa:
• it must be easy to remove and to store without much visual impact (because the room is
also used for examinations and meetings)
• must be easy to set up again (when changing from exams-the lounge)
• must be innovative/ a new concept
• must be eco-friendly, a green design.
• must be ergonomically designed (since we are dealing with students so that is very
important)
• must balance
• must be safe (non-flammable and waterproof)
The criteria for success in this case, is to cover the major constraints and to take in
consideration the price and quality because the school is at a limiting budget and students
do not seem to all equally treat furniture with severe care. The design should be appealing
and attract students to come, it should:
• impose a positive feeling (people should want to come to sit on the sofa)
• should look modern and up-to-date in the design
The proposal to create a lounge in the aula is definitely an idea that must be considered,
as 88% students want it. One of the most common piece of furniture in a lounge is a sofa,
and hence the proposal to create one. Because there is a demand for it and the possibility
of supplying it, it is a product that should be considered to be designed. A sofa can be
relatively cheap, safe and highly in use. I think I could complete this design, as I am going
to approach it in a minimalist manner, making it simple but effective. This will make it
manageable to be designed, thinking time and skill wise.

Analysis

From the analysis brainstorming, a list of question was allowed to be accomplished. This
list of questions will be a guidance to the research further on.
1. What material/s should the sofa be?
2. What shape should it be, so that it is safe?
3. What size should it be?
4. How can it be a green design?
5. What color should it be?

6. How should it function?
7. What should be considered, to have the design ergonomically suited for the target
market?
8. Are there existing products?
9. What tools should be used to model the prototype?

10. What type of furniture styles are there?
11. What sort manufacturing techniques/joining techniques are there?

Research Plan
Issues of Primary sources Secondary sources Timeline Research Strategies

Investigations
1. Available space Pictures and questionnaire School Plan 1 day Expert Appraisal (from
schools architectual
bureau for the school
plan) and Observing
2. Measuring several pupils Using the “PeopleSize 1 day User Trial
Anthroprometrics body sizes and space they 2000 Pro” software
need
3. Materials Materials of a few sofas Materials found via the 2 days Expert Appraisal
that we have in school and Internet
that I have at home Materials found via
“TEP Material
Selection and
Processing” software
4. Existing products we have in existing products via 1 day Observing

products school already (photos) the internet
5. Green Design via the internet 1 day Expert Appraisal

Objectives
6. Tools of existing analysis of what resources research via the 1 day Literature Search and
manufacturing there is in school internet of exsisting Expert appraisal
techniques (for manufacturing
prototype) techniques.a
7. Psychological Survey Internet 1 day User Research

Research
8. Sociological Survey ____ 1 day User Research
Research
9 Manufacturing ___ Internet 30 min Literature Search and
Technigues (joing Expert appraisal
techniques)
10. Shaping ___ Internet 30 min Literature Search and
manufacturing Expert appraisal
techniques

Data Collection
Existing Products Analysis

Secondary Data
This is a design by Domodinamica Srl

called the “Scuba”. The frame of the
sofa is made from glossy lacquered
fiberglass and is coated with leathers.
It is a cold foamed expanded
polyurethane shell, formed in a shape
to make it comfortable to sit on. It is
available also in fibre glass.
Dimensions in cm are:
H77 x W220 x D88 SH45
http://www.vitalfurniture.com/minimal-
loveseats-or-small-sofas/sofas-
minimal-plastic-scuba.htm
“Trinity sofa” is a design by Pieter

Jamart. The sofas can be moved
around changing the forms. The cubic
shapes, can even be used as tables. It is easily also used outside because it is made from
polyurethane foam. The top coat is patented which makes it water proof, washable with
water, stain-proof, and fire-
resistant. It is actually
designed for being used
outside or inside (such as
waiting areas)
dimensions, in cm:
80x80x68 or 60x60x58
http://www.vitalfurniture.com/
modular-club-bar-sofas/sofas-
patiotrinity.htm

“Softcrete” the design by Gufram,
it is a “self-skinning foam” as the site
describes it. It is made from one
s i n g l e m a terial (cold shaped
polyurethane foam)and process. It is
inspired by “minimalist” architecture.
Each sofa chair connect into the
other smoothly by steel rods.
Thereby letting one create as large
or small sectional sofa they may
like. The design is an analogy of a
organic and linear converge. It is
light enough to move around and
place anywhere.
http://www.italiandesign360.com/
products/Product_profile.aspx?
idp=2583&name=Softcrete
“Scrubbing Brush Sofa” is an

analogy of a toothbrush ,designed
to give a relaxed massage.
The seating area is covered with

soft mini-pillars.
The pillars move adjustable to your

body, fitting any size and body
shape, almost having no ergonomic
aspects to consider (it is adapted for
any body). The sofa is light, and
functions simply and easy.
Sofas like this are for children or just

in general user- friendly. The sofa is
a design for the experience.
http://www.toxel.com/inspiration/2008/12/03/creative-and-unusual-sofa-designs/
“East meets West”

The “sofa” or more like a sculpture, is an
analogy of the flying carpet from “tales of
a thousand and one nights”, heralding a
connection with non-Western cultures.
Materials such as steel, multiplex and
velcro and a Persian carpet. The sofa
itself weighs 41 kilos and is 1600 mm
wide and 950 mm tall. There is a wide
range of materials, and has an
aesthetickal effect. However it is rather
heavy and is not something that is easy
to carry around.
http://www.tonioderoover.nl/blog/?p=12
Primary Data
Unfortunately, in Vienna International

School there are no sofas currently placed
anywhere.
Ergonomics
Anthropometric Research
Secondary Data
The research below, on ergonomic measurements, will be conducted via the “PeopleSize
2008 Pro” software. It will focus on the male body of ages between 18-64, because
teachers may end up using it. For most of the measurements the 95 percentile because
this will ensure people of all sizes to be able to fit. However, the fifth percentile will be
considered for “seat height (LOWER LEGS VERTICAL & THIGHS HORIZ'L)” so that it is
ensured the smallest of all people that would sit there, would be able to reach the floor
with their feet, in order to maximize comfort. It will only focus on the male body because it
is statistically known men tend to be bigger then woman, and we need the largest sizes
possible so that we can ensure everyone can fit. However, for the “fifth percentile case” the
woman’s body will be considered.

Here are the essential measurements and percentiles that should be considered:
95 %tile
95 %tile
95 %tile
5 %tile
MALE BODY
British Male 18-64
STATURE
5th %ile 1642 mm
95th %ile 1870 mm

SHOULDER BREADTH
(DELTOID)
5th %ile 443 mm
95th %ile 537 mm
ELBOW SPAN, UPPER ARMS

HORIZONTAL
5th %ile 875 mm
95th %ile 1019 mm

SITTING HEIGHT
5th %ile 821 mm
95th %ile 979 mm
SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER LEGS

VERTICAL & THIGHS
HORIZ'L)
5th %ile 383 mm
95th %ile 469 mm

FEMALE BODY
British Female 18-64
The 5th percentile of the seat height will be considered because it must be insured that
everyone who sits on the sofa will be able to reach the floor when sitting on it, with their
feet.
SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER LEGS
VERTICAL & THIGHS
HORIZ'L) 5th %ile 352 mm
95th %ile 439 mm

Primary Data
In order to collect primary data, a few 11th grade students were measured in school.
Three boys and two girls were measured, for the same data that was measured via the
software. The bold sizes indicate the largest sizes of the data collected, since the largest
sizes will be needed, so that everyone in school can fit. There may not be enough results,
to have accurate measurements, but they serve as result to proove and support the results
taken from the software as secondary data.
MALE RESULTS
Measured Part Male 1 Male 2 Male 3
STATURE 1670 mm 1740 mm 1800 mm
SHOULDER BREADTH 450 mm 525 mm 603 mm

(DELTOID)
ELBOW SPAN, UPPER ARMS 854 mm 970 mm 1020 mm

HORIZONTAL
SITTING HEIGHT 830 mm 945 mm 980 mm
SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER 360 mm 415 mm 500 mm

LEGS VERTICAL & THIGHS
HORIZ'L)
* the numbers were rounded
FEMALE RESULTS
Measured Part Male 1 Male 2 Male 3
SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER 340 mm 350 mm 400 mm

LEGS VERTICAL & THIGHS
HORIZ'L)

Summary of the numerical data
These are the measurements that should be considered (average of software and primary
data):
Secondary Data Primary Data Average of
Secondary and
Primary Data
STATURE 1870 mm 1800 mm (1870+1800)/2 =

1835 mm
SHOULDER 537 mm 603 mm (537+603)/2

BREADTH = 570 mm
(DELTOID)
ELBOW SPAN, 1019 mm 1020 mm (1019+1020)/2

UPPER ARMS = 1019 mm
HORIZONTAL
SITTING HEIGHT 979 mm 980 mm (979+980)/2

= 979 mm
SEAT HEIGHT 363mm (male) 360 mm (357+350)/2

(LOWER LEGS 352mm (female) 340 mm = 353.5 mm
VERTICAL & average of male + average of male +
THIGHS HORIZ'L) female 5th % female 5th %
= 357 mm = 350mm
Sociological Research
Primary Data
In order to find out the sociological consideration that should be implied in the design,
another questionnaire was composed, asking several question about how people feel
most comfortable in a place for socializing. It was made on www.surveymonkey.com with
97 responses. It is important to take in consideration, that this is an international
community, and there are different customs and cultural aspects that can influence how
people interact with each other in a lounge, with a sofa in it.
Questions that were asked:
When you are in a crowd together in a room for instance, would you rather:
1. sit alone, all individually
2. sit together but still have some air space
3. sit close together, to make it as cosy as possible
4. sit back to back, no one facing each other
5. it depends, I would rather have a choice depending on how i feel and with which crowd
I am with

When you are in a crowd together in a room for
instance, would you rather:
50.0%
Percentage of answers for the question

43.8%
41.6% 37.5%
25.0%
12.4% 12.5%
2.2%
Question 1
Question 2 0%
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
Question Picked
If you were alone with three to four friends together

would you rather:
80%
79.8%
Percentage of number of people who picked a choice

If you were alone with three to
four friends together, would you
rather: 60%
1. sit next to each other
2. sit opposite each other ( or in
a circle)
3. not share any sitting area, sit
alone, individually 40%
20%
15.7%
Question 1
0%
Question 2 4.5%
Question 3
Question chosen

In conclusion, people seem to want to have the flexibility to sit together but also not to sit
together. 43.8% answered “sit together but still have some air space” and 41.6% answered
“it depends, I would rather have a choice depending on how i feel and with which crowd I
am with”. The majority want to to sit together, but still have flexibility and space. This
shows that the design must be rearrangeable, allowing people to move the sofas around
so people can choose how they want to sit. However, that was only if it were individual
crowds or “cliques” sitting together, if it were only one “clique” sitting together, the question
how would they sit together? 79.8% answered “sit opposite each other (or in a circle)”,
indicating that people want to face each other when they “chill” together and not sit next to
each other. This must be considered in the design.
Psychological Research
Primary Data
When designing a sofa, a big part of ergonomics that must be considered is the
psychological impact a colour, and shape can impact on the consumer/user. In order to
find out answers to that, I conducted a survey via www.surveymonkey.com, questioning
about color and shapes. Colour emits a atmosphere, vibe or feeling and there for it is
important to know what people would mostly want. Shapes, also emit a feeling,
atmosphere and etc, and hence are important in this project.
The following questions were asked:
What color, from the choices given, makes you most happy?
Orange
9% 2% 9% Green
Blue
Yellow
10% White
18% Pink
6% Purple
Black
Brown
8% Red
2% Grey
11% 24%

What color, from the choices given, makes you most unhappy?
Orange
4%1% Green
2% Blue
27% 8% Yellow
White
3% Pink
Purple
10% Black
8% Brown
Red
Grey
18% 18%
Imagine an object, from the features bellow, which one would make you feel
most uncomfortable (to look at, use, touch , etc)? If it was:
80%
72%
60%
percentage chosen
40%
20%
sharp 14%
2%
round 12% 0%
irregular
furry
choices

Imagine an object, from the features bellow, which one would make you feel
most comfortable (to look at, use, touch , etc)? If it was:
50.0%
44.9%
42.7%
37.5%
25.0%
10.1% 12.5%
sharp
round 2.2% 0%
irregular
furry
According to my survey the most popular color that would make them “happy” is either
green (with 18%) and blue (with 24%), and the color that would make them most
“unhappy” would either be grey (with 27%), brown (with 18%) and black (with 18%). This
is an extremely important factor to take in consideration, when finishing the design and
choosing the color of it, since the color has a great psychological impact on the user.
Shapes should also be considered, and according to the research, 72% said a sharp
shape/object would make them feel most uncomfortable while 44.9% said round and
42.7% said furry would make them feel most comfortable. This should also be taken in
consideration when designing the shape of the sofa.
** please refer to the appendix at the back of the project, which shows the actually
responses and surveys.***

Secondary Data
Via the internet, there are explanations of “psychological properties of colors”. Scientific
research shows, colors all have some sort of psychological impact on a human.
Psychological Properties Of Colours
RED
Positive: strength, warmth, energy, basic survival, stimulation, masculinity, excitement.
Negative: Defiance, aggression, visual impact, strain.
BLUE
Positive: Intelligence, communication, trust, efficiency, serenity, coolness, calm.
Negative: Coldness, lack of emotion, unfriendliness.
YELLOW
Positive: Optimism, confidence, self-esteem, friendliness, creativity.
Negative: Irrationality, fear, emotional fragility, anxiety, suicide.
GREEN
Positive: Harmony, balance, refreshment, universal love, rest, restoration, reassurance,
environmental awareness, equilibrium, peace.
Negative: Boredom, stagnation, blandness, enervation.
PURPLE
Positive: Spiritual awareness, vision, luxury, quality.
Negative: Introversion, suppression, inferiority.
ORANGE
Positive: Physical comfort, food, warmth, security, sensuality, passion, fun.
Negative: Deprivation, frustration, frivolity, immaturity.
PINK
Positive: warmth, femininity, love
Negative: emotional claustrophobia, emasculation, physical weakness.
GREY
Positive: Psychological neutrality.
Negative: Lack of confidence, dampness, depression, lack of energy.
BLACK
Positive: Sophistication, glamour, security, emotional safety.
Negative: Oppression, coldness, heaviness.
WHITE
Positive: Hygiene, sterility, cleanness, simplicity, sophistication.
Negative: Coldness, barriers, unfriendliness.
BROWN
Positive: Seriousness, warmth, reliability, support.
Negative: Lack of humour, heaviness, lack of sophistication.

From this research, it is possible to conclude that the color green and blue do seem to
have the most positive impacts, and just show exactly why people would chose those two
colors in the survey.
The information was collected from: http://www.colour-affects.co.uk/psychological-

properties-of-colours
Research of Available Space

Primary Data
This is the space shown below on the photo, taken with a camera.
It has a lot of lighting

coming from outside
The floor has a squared

white and beige pattern

The following measurements were taken by me, and count as primary numerical data for
the research of the available space. This is important to take in consideration as then it is
possible to know what the largest size of the sofa could be.
17.55m
7.43m
AULA
7.70m
29m
21.4m
9.68m

The next page, shows two photos of the garden outside of the aula, facing the window
from the “lounge” area, or the space given for a lounge. What is good is that you can see it
shows there is space to place a sofa there too, which could be a storage area, while there
are exams (which means it should probably be waterproof).
Secondary Data
On the following page, there is a school map that was collected from the man responsible
of the orthographic drawings of the schools architectural plan. The measurements are the
exact measurements and are used for reconstructions if necessary.

This is the aula

Research of Materials
The materials that this design could be made from, is researched via the software “TEP
Material Selection and Processing”. The following material groups are possible to choose
from:
Metals and Alloys Ceramics Polymers Composites Wood and

Wood
Products
Aluminium alloys Alumina Porcelain CFRP

Mild steel Silicon Polycarbonate GFRP Pine
Alloy steels carbide Polythene Balsa
Stainless steels Silicon Polystyrene Oak
Cast iron Diamond PMMA MDF
Copper Zirconia Polypropylene Paper
Brasses Brick PET
Nickel alloys Concrete Nylon
Titanium alloys Urea formaldehyde
Magnesium alloys uPVC
Zinc alloys
Lead
Gold
Glasses
** the pink font indicates that those materials are chosen from the list of
possibilities
Material Overview Design Design Typical Environmenta

Strengths Weaknesses Products l Issues
Aluminium - lightweight - High strength- -Difficult to arc Aircraft - uses a lot of

alloys - reasonably to-weight ratio weld Bicycles energy
cheap - High stiffness- Car engines - it is easily
- used for to-weight ratio "Space frame" recycled
- High electrical car bodies
packaging
and thermal Drinks cans
- reactive but conductivity Window frames
can be - Easy to shape
protected by a - Easy to recycle
thin oxide layer
- surface can be
“anodised” to
avoid corrosion
and as a
decorative
effect

Material Overview Design Design Typical Environmenta
Strengths Weaknesses Products l Issues
Stainless Steel - more expensive - do not need to - High density Bearings - steel
than aluminum be protected. - Poor electrical Pressure vessels production
- excellent - High strength and thermal chemical plant uses a lot
corrosion with good conductivity Cutlery energy, but less
resistance and toughness Surgical
than most
also high - High stiffness instruments
materials
strength and - Mostly very - easily recycled.
toughness cheap
- Quite easy to
shape
- Quite easy to
weld, but not as
easy as for
carbon steels.
- Easy to recycle
Polycarbonate - pretty - Good strength - it is expensive crash and safety - require a lot of
expensive (for a polymer) helmets energy to
thermoplastic - Low density lightweight extract and
- easy to shape - Transparent, or armour (e.g. riot purify them
easily coloured shields)
and join - no toxic fumes
- High toughness street light
covers when burnt
PMMA - often also - easy to color - brittle domestic baths - require a lot of
called perspex tool handles energy to
- easy to shape road signs extract and
and join inner aircraft purify them
windows
- hard and brittle - can be
at room reheated and
temperature reshaped
CFRP - low density but - High stiffness- - Moderately Sports goods - can cause fire
high strength to-weight ratio high cost (tennis racquets, hazards, fibre
- High strength- - Cannot be golf clubs, fishing fragments and
to-weight ratio recycled rods) toxic fumes
- Difficult to Performance
shape racing bicycles
- Difficult to join Formula I car
bodies
Military aircraft
skins
Another material that was used in most of the “existing products” section of the research,
was polyurethane foam.
-Flexible polyurethane is made in blocks and then cut to its desired shape. This is
the way in which furniture cushions are made, for instance.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-polyurethane-foam.htm However After some
research, it is a highly flamable material, which incase of fire would not be a good
choice.

Properties and Material Matrix
This is a property and material matrix based on the materials that was researched via the
software. However these options may change as the graphs of the software are analyzed.
Physical Stainless Aluminium Polycarbon PMMA CFRP

Properties Steel Alloys ate
Density high high low low low
Electrical low low medium low -

Resistivity
Thermal high high low low low

conductivity
Hardness high high medium medium medium
Mechanical
Properties
Tensile high high medium medium high

Strength
Stiffness high high low med-high high
Toughness high high high low medium

Recycle Fraction - Cost
It is important that this design is environmentally friendly and green as much as it can.
Therefore, the graphing system can show which materials are at an affordable price and
recyclable enough. It is important to know that it is hard to recycle a material to its fullest,
which would be suitable for a sofa. That is why the recycling boarder comes just to the
middle, indicating that if the material is reusable that is good enough.
There were two options that

would fall in the category I
preferred. The Polymers
section had Polyethylene as a
material that i could select.
Which supposedly is a
material that has been used
for furniture before.
The second choice was

from the “Metals and
Alloys”. The option as
stainless steel is open,
however, the key is to
have the furniture as light
as possible to make it
easy to move it around.
Looking at the recycling

and cost fraction is a
great factor that should be
considered, and hence
from the choices of these
graphs, polyethylene
would be the best choice.

Strength - Cost
It is also important the
material does not cost too
much, but yet is strong
enough to carry a few
people. It also has to be a
affordable price. The cost
has a boundary bigger
than the exact middle,
because the graph is
supposing that if the
strength is high it would
last longer, meaning the
cost would not be so large.
The first graph to the left

shows how cast iron again
could be an option, but that
is much to heavy. Zinc or
copper and again stainless
steel are options. However
metals tend to be cold and
uncomfortable.
On the graph to the right, it
shows the polymers as an

option. uPVC is an option,
chairs have been made from
the uPVC before. However
polyethylene seems to be
an option in this graph
aswell, although it is just
about over the boundary
line.
The options, considering,

strength, recyclability, and
cost, end up being;
polyethylene, stainless steel
and uPVC (hard uPVC).

Strength - Toughness
• Strength measures the resistance of a material to failure, given by the applied
stress (or load per unit area)
• Toughness measures the energy required to crack a material; it is important for
things which suffer impact
In this case it is important to have moderate strength and toughness.
Since the option of having a metal

was abolished, it is focused on
polymers. The polymers seem to
satisfy each boundaries set on the
diagrams. Polyethylene is part of
the diagram, polycarbonate, and
polypropylene are options as well.
However polycarbonate and
polypropylene are not used for
furniture, and are not convenient
materials for this particular
product.
The option left is polyethylene.

Polyethylene is a material already
in use for furniture, and specifically outdoor furniture as well. It is a material that allows it to
be shaped in all sorta of ways and can be easily colored.
Additional Material Possibility

From the existing products research, a material that was often used was polyurethane
foam. However, this foam would have to be then covered by a
coating or material,
to make it
waterproof (the
material must also
not be highly
flammable!). The
material is not in the
software and hence
was not able to be analyzed. However, as a lot
of furniture pieces have been made from this
material, it is definitely an option.
The picture to the left shows example of

furniture with polyurethane foam, and on the right the picture shows raw foam (shaped
irregularly)
Green Design Objectives
• Increasing efficiency (in the use of materials, energy and other resources)
The more effecient the use of materials, the greener the design. The more the green the
product (sofa) , the more aware people will be. It does not only contribute to helping the
environment but also raise awareness
• Minimizing damage(or pollution from the chosen materials)

The materials should not release and toxic smells or gases in terms of safety for
students and also pollution. It should not be damaged easily, because the longer the
product stays in shape, the more green it is.
• Reducing long-term harm (reducing to minimum harm caused by use of the product)
The product should not cause any harm in long term when used for a long time.
• Minimizing number of components

The less components the less long-term harm the less likely to have a large amount od
damage in terms of materials and the more efficient the design would be.
• using standard components (standardization, can allow flexibility)

The more the design is standard, the easier it for people to use and for it to be recycled
or reused for another use.
• Appropriate Planned Life (which is appropriate in environmental terms and that the
product functions efficiently for its full life)
• End Disposal (taking full account of the effect of the end disposal of the product)
It is important that the design, at the end of its life cycle can be recycled or reused.
• Friendly Use (ensuring the packaging and instructions encourage efficient and
environmentally friendly use)
The packaging and contructing of the design, much be friendly and simple, minimizing an
environmental impact, such such using materials that are no recyclable to pack the
product.
• Minimizing Noise or Smell (or other nuisances)

The material should not emit any smells, taking in consideration, the paints and
chemicals if involved, should not emit smells.
• Minimizing handling (must be easy to handle, move around, and clean)

The less there has to be maintaining, the less energy and aspects wasted on the
product.
• Designed to be easily reused in a different way

If the material and shape, is designed so that it can beused for something else or made
into something else, the design is green and environmentally friends.
These design objectives should be followed for the project, and should be tried to be
entirely covered.
Prototype Manufacturing Techniques
What softwares and technology can I use to produce this prototype and model?
Primary Resources:
(resources I can use from school to create models and prototypes)
Software applications- to create a model and a visualization of the product before printing
(CAD)
- Solid Works ( easier to use then ProDesktop and allows a full visualization of the
product- also allows you to test the product in different situations)
- Pro Desktop (a more older and a little more
complex version of SolidWorks)
- 2D design ( very simple to use, and allows 2D
shapes to be printed out fast)
- Google Sketch up (is not accurate at all, but
can provide as a tool for quick sketches
on the computer to visualize your
ideas)
CAM systems - to create physical prototypes

- a plotter cutter
- Milling Routing 3D modeling engraving (subtractive manufacturing technique)
- FDM (fuse deposition modeling) machine
(additive manufacturing technique)
Other techniques - to create physical prototypes or
models
-wood cutting
-shaping plastic (with
heating it and bending it)
-clay
-card board
Secondary
Resources:
( resources that exist and would be possible to use to create
models and prototypes- information found on the internet)
-Stereo lithography
(SLA) - very accurate
and fast
-L a m i n a t e d o b j e c t
manufacturing (LOM) - very fast but can not
create super fine details
- Selective Laser sintering (SLS) - allows you to
use industrial plastic types
- Multi Jet Modeling (MJM) - fast and inexpensive
RPT technique
In this case, because it is a design is large, and
needs to be made in life size. Therefore, subtractive
manufacturing technique would be the fastest and
easiest. Materials, such as styrofoam (or any other dense foam) could be used. It is
unlikely, though that in this project a life size prototype will be made.
http://www.designinsite.dk

Manufacturing Techniques
Because it is most likely that the material that the sofa is going to be made of is going to
be Polyethylene, it means the manufacturing techniques should be considered for
polymers.
Shaping
Is the process by which materials are formed into shape by
a particular technique.
A Shaping involves:
1. Bending (A)
(Bending is the plastic deformation of
metals or plastics about a linear axis
with little or no change in the surface
area)
2. Moulding (B) B
(With plastic moulding techniques the
plastic material is melted and given
its shape when cooled in a die.)
3.Weaving (D)
(Weaving involves the interlacing of two sets of threads at
right angles to each other)
Joining
Is putting together two or more components or materials.
Joining Involves:
D 1. Fasteners (E)
(Fasteners allow parts
to be joined together
as part of a permanent or temporary assembly. ) E
2. Adhesives (F)
(they are chemical bonding agents)
3. Fusing
Is a heat bonding method used for joining
materials, usually metals. (soldering, welding and
brazing is involved)
4.Stitching
Is a mechanical
joining using
F thread.
The following information was collected from a primary

database. From the information above, it can be concluded that subtractrive
manufacturing techniques for the final product would not be a smart idea. However,
because a polymer is being used, Injection Molding would most likely be the smartest
choice. Injection Moulding will also minimize the number of componenets which follows the
green design objectives. Another option is also rapid prototyping for the model.

My conclusion is also supported from Secondary Data which was collected from:
www.engineer.tamuk.edu/departments/ieen/faculty/drlpeel/.../ch15.ppt
Research Summary
This is a summary of research, that I will need while generating and processing ideas.
Some data collection is not precisely necessary after this point. The summary will be in
light of the analysis questions.
Analysis Questions Data Collection Important and usefulness
What material/s should the Material research via It is concluded, that

sofa be? software, categorical and Polyethylene is the material
graphical research. that satisfies all categories
(in terms of cost,
recyclability, strength and
toughness)
Research from existing polyurethane foam (as it

products has been used in many
furniture designs already).
What shape should it be, so Psychological Research According to the survey, the
that is it is safe? shape should have
roundness, nothing sharp. It
was answered that a round
or furry texture, shape etc
makes them feel most
comfortable.

What size should it be? Anthropometric Research Taken from the collected
via software and primary data summary:
data Stature: 1835mm
Shoulder Breadth (deltoid):
507mm
Elbow span.upper arms
horizontal: 1019 mm
Sitting height: 979mm
Seat height (lower legs
vertical & thighs horizl):
353.5 mm
Research of available The available space for the

space lounge area is about
How can it be a green From the school course, refer to entire page 37
design? slides, green design
objectives were set.
What color should it be? Psychological Research it is concluded that green

was made via primary and and blue is the colour
secondary resources choice of the survey
answers, from secondary
resources blue and green
emit positive energy and
support the two options as
a color for the sofa.
How should it function? Sociological Research done From the surveys it is

via surveys sent to entire concluded, that the sofa/s
highschool. should have options, it
should be flexibility in some
way, allowing people to
choose the airspace and
direction they are sitting at.
What manufacturing Manufacturing Techniques From the research, the best

techniques should be research solution to creating this
used? product, is injection
moulding

What manufacturing Manufacturing Techniques The sofa is to large, so the

techniques should be used research option to create a real
for a prototype? prototype is deducted.
However, it is were
essential, computer
controlled manufacturing
techniques would not be a
good option because of its
scale. However, subtractive
manufacturing techniques
which could be done by
physical labour, with
styrofoam for instance
would be an option.
Specification
The specifications are based on the design briefs criteria for success and constraints, the
research and the student expectations and wishes (in the research this is psychological
and sociological research, as the research is based on interviews from students)
Nr. Specification Low --> High
1 Based on research the anthropometric

measurements must be considered:
Stature: 1835mm
507mm
Elbow span.upper arms horizontal: 1019 mm
Seat height (lower legs vertical & thighs horizl):
353.5 mm
2 Based on student expectations (psychological

research) the design must be green or blue as
research states this makes people most happy
3 As stated on the constraints = it should be easy

to move (light!- so it can be moved around easily
when changing from exams to lounge)
4 As stated on sociological research and criteria

for success= must be flexible (allowing options
for people to sit together or alone)

5 The design brief states it “must be eco-friendly, a

green design.” So it must try and cover most of
the green design objectives
• Increasing efficiency (in the use of materials,
energy and other resources) this could be done
by using minimum variety of materials for the
design
• Reducing long-term harm (reducing to

minimum harm caused by use of the product)
must be checked by the Life Cycle Analysis
(LCA)
• Must have a minimized number of

components hence End Disposal (taking full
account of the effect of the end disposal of the
product) will be more green. It must have
minimized number of components in the design
so that it is easier to recycle.
• Standardization (using standard components -

can allow flexibility) The design must be
minimalist and be easily stackable.
• Minimizing Smell The material should not emit

any smells, taking in consideration, the paints
and chemicals if involved, should not emit
smells. This could harm the environment and
the target market.
• Minimizing handling (must be easy to handle,

move around, and clean) hence, the design
must be light - not heavy.
6 As stated from research =The scaled model will

be created by RP (rapid prototyping by FDM
(fuse deposition modeling)
7 As stated from research= Must not be wider than

6.5 meters, to be able to fit in the existing space
8 As stated from psychological research= Must be

round and not sharp to be safe and make users
feel most comfortable
9 As stated in the constraints in the the design

brief= Must be safe (non-flammable and
waterproof)
10 As research shows= Must be polyurethane foam

or polyethylene, because it is most compatible
for this context

11 As stated in the criteria for success in the design

brief= Must impose a positive feeling (people
should want to come to sit on the sofa) hence it
should look modern and up-to-date in the design
12 As the criteria for success stated= must be

innovative/ a new concept
Generating Ideas
Morphological Analysis
Shape Color Texture Material Additional

Details
Bubbly Blue Furry Polyethylene arm rest
Circular Green Soft leg rest
Curvy Yellow bumpy back rest
Squared with Orange smooth but not none

Curved edges soft.
all of the above
I chose the shape to be squared with curved edges as this would be easier to store and
move around (like the specifications ask for). I also chose the colour green, as that
reminded me a bit of grass, and the world outside of school. However, this choice may
change as I generate more ideas. It is also one of the most chosen colour to make people
happy, as proven from my survey. I also chose to have it smooth but no soft in the
“texture” category as polyethylene (the material chosen- no other options as from research
this one the best choise) is not a very soft material, and would make it difficult making it
very soft. To additional details, I picked “all of the above” as I think a variety would be good
for students.

Mood Boards

Brainstorming
Brainstorming

3D and 2D Sketches
The following drawings, are sketches of 9 ideas explaining the aesthetic and functional
aspects of the designs.
Exsisting Area:
Idea 2
Idea 1

Exsisting Area:
Idea 3

Idea 4
Existing Area:
Idea 5

Idea 6
Idea 7
Existing Area:

Idea 8
Idea 9
Existing Area:

Evaluation of Design Ideas
The nine design ideas, are evaluated against the specification to determine the feasibility,
and its potential. It also takes in consideration client feedback (in this context the target
market are the students). The ideas are rated from a rank of 1-3 (3 being the worse). The
client/student feedback is based on 20 students responses to which idea they like the
most- the feedback was gathered from individual face to face questioning.
Required Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3 Idea 4 Idea 5

Specifications
Aesthetic- Color;
3 3 3 2 3
must be green/blue
Function -must be 1 2
flexible to move and 2 ( it has 2 (balls as a
rearrange ( it is too only one (it is too sofa can 3
large) function large) not be
and piece) shared)
Material (either
polyurethane foam
or polyethylene) 3 3 3 3 3
Which one is
preferred?
Aesthetic- Does it 1 2
2
look appealing? (too (but does
(the design
standard not have a 3 3
is too
and fun
circular)
simple) analogy)
Ergonomics (does it 2 2 1 2
look comfortable?) (can not (can not (can not (can not
3
lean on lean on lean, or lean with the
something) something) lay) back)
Client Feedback 1 1 3 1
3
(students choice) (1/20 (2/20 (3/20 (0/20
(4/20 picked
picked this picked this picked this picked this
this design)
design) design) design) design)
Total: 13/18 12/18 16/18 12/18 17/18

Required Specifications Idea 6 Idea 7 Idea 8 Idea 9
Aesthetic- Color; must be

3 2 3 3
green/blue
Function -must be flexible to 2

move and rearrange 1 (the moon
1
(rather large, shaped
3 (irregular
not regular part is not
shape)
shape) a easy
shape)
Material (either polyurethane

foam or polyethylene) Which 3 3 3 3
one is preferred?
Aesthetic- Does it look 2

1
appealing? (it is not such
3 3 (to many
a regular
balls)
shape)
Ergonomics (does it look 2 2

2
comfortable?) (there is no (it is not
(there is no
place to such a 3
place to lean
lean on the simple
with back)
back) surface)
Client Feedback (students 1

3 1 2
choice) (0/20
(8/20 picked (2/20 chose (2/20
chose this
this) this shape) picked this)
design)
Total: 17/18 11/18 14/18 13/18
In conclusion, the top 3 ideas were Idea 3 (the green logo with 16/18 points), Idea 5 (the
clover analogy with 17/18 points) and Idea 6 (the footprint analogy with also 17/18 points).
The chosen solution to this project is Idea 5 as I think it is more compatible. The foot has
different sizes, and is not standardized as much as Idea 5. Idea 5 can even be stacked on
top of each other.

Developing Chosen Solution
Ergonomic Considerations
When developing the idea, the actual sizes must be considered. However, when
prototyping the design, it must be scaled down. This will also help for the ergonomic figure
which will be made in order to test and evaluate the end prototype.
1020 mm
1020 mm
350 mm
Only these 3 sides must be considered as the clover idea, has no side for the back to lean
on .

3D and 2D Sketches

Detailed Sketch with Measurements

Clay Model
The clay model was made of air drying clay and then painted with acrylic.

3D Google Sketchup Model
After generating the solution, it was important for me to see how the design would look like
in the environment, and how people would look like when they interact with each other. By
using Google Sketchup I created the Aula and the garden outside of it. Through this
medium of developing the idea, i discovered that the garden should be a smart area in use
and would really suit my design.

Birds view:

*note - the drawing is not to scale, hence the sofas looking bigger then they perhaps
should be.
Ergonome
In order to test if the measurements I created are good enough, I will create an ergonomic
figure, scaled down to an appropriate size, so that I could test it against my clay model.
The following pages will show my sketches, my 2D software drawing and photos of my
ergonomic figure.

Rough Sketches

Detail Sketch

2D software design

2D cutting machine
This is the ergo-

nom standing up.
This is the ergo-

nom sitting

Clay Model tested with ergonom
A clay model was created to the closest measurements that were stated on page 58.
However, due to a limited amount of clay, the height is not exact as specified.

Initial Idea

Additional Generating chosen solution
After looking at the clay model, I noticed the design may be too simple, and that I could
most likely added some finishing touches, or details to make it some what more special
and appealing. The following page will show some rough sketched and ideas that will later
be experimented on SolidWorks.
Rough Sketches

This design has a more
geometrical form and is
more for people to lay on
rather than comfortable sit.
The form of this is more

free going, and irregular, it
has a variation, however it
is not comfortable.

This is a rounded shape,
to have space to lay on.
The edges are round and

there isn't a single flat
surface.
In conclusion, after evaluating these designs, I realized that it isn't complete without a
section of the “chair” where the person can lean on.

Finalized Developing Initial Solution
Sketches

Google SketchUp drawing
I made a quick “Google Sketchup”, to see how it would look like. It looks more
comfortable and innovative and I think I am definitely going to consider this
A place to lean on
the height
wouldn't be to
high, so that you
can lean hands
on to it too
This would be
more rounded

However, this means I will need additional measurements to my specifications.
A B
This information is taken off of the research (page 17). The 95th percentile will be
considered, of a male as its practical to have the largest size possible.
A = 979 mm
B= 383 mm
to find the height for leaning = 979-383 = 596mm

so C= 596 mm
Because of this change in shape, a new list of specifications will be needed, with the
added important measurements.

New list of Specification with edited measurements
= updated specification
1 Based on research the anthropometric

measurements must be considered:
Stature: 1835mm
507mm
Seat height (lower legs vertical & thighs horizl):
353.5 mm
Leaning back and head height: 596 mm
2 Based on student expectations (psychological

research) the design must be green or blue as
research states this makes people most happy
3 As stated on the constraints = it should be easy

to move (light!- so it can be moved around easily
when changing from exams to lounge)
4 As stated on sociological research and criteria

for success= must be flexible (allowing options
for people to sit together or alone)
The above is only the first four points of the specifications, clearly identifying the changed
data.

Brainstorming of Patterns

Developing developed chosen solution
Finale Idea and Development of Pattern

Summary of Development of the Chosen Solution

CAD Process of the Chosen Solution
Solid Model
Rendered Model

Orthographic Drawing

Sustainability Analysis
The following pages will obtain a Life Cycle Analysis which was conducted via SolidWorks.

Final Design Specifications
These measurements must be used for the

prototype as they follow the anthropometric
research.
2 The color must be green
3 It must have a clover pattern around the

sides
4 It must be made all in one part, minimizing

components (eco friendly!)

5 RP should be made by FDM (fuse deposition

modeling)
6 Must be polyethylene because it is

waterproof and hence can be stored/used
outside
7 The prototype should be created on

Solidworks
8 Green objective such as;

a) Increasing efficiency (in the use of
materials, energy and other resources)
this could be done by using minimum
variety of materials for the design
b) Reducing long-term harm (reducing to
minimum harm caused by use of the
product) must be checked by the Life
Cycle Analysis (LCA)
c) Must have a minimized number of
components hence End Disposal (taking
full account of the effect of the end
disposal of the product) will be more
green. It must have minimized number of
components in the design so that it is
easier to recycle.
d) Minimizing handling (must be easy to
handle, move around, and clean) hence,
the design must be light - not heavy.

Production Planning
Flow Chart

Safety Requirements and Risk Assessments
There are several safety and risk issues that must be considered when producing such a
prototype (in light of the flow chart):
1. When saving any file, save twice! Files can easily be lost or can easily corrupt.
2. When setting up printer make sure a supervisor is there who is very good with the
machine. If there is one error, there is a risk that it can corrupt you file or the printer.
3. When breaking off the black additive material, wear goggles and an apron.
4. When sanding if you do not wear glasses already, where goggles and an apron is you
wish not to risk making your clothes dirty.
5. When mixing the acrylic color make sure the table you are painting on is covered with
newspaper.
6. When spray painting (optional detail) the model, it is very important to where a small
mouth mask and apron. Make sure the surface you are spraying on has either
newspapers or a cardboard under.
http://www.unipac.cn/ppnonwovenapron_UnipacApron_001.jpg
http://www.genetherapy.me/wp-content/plugins/wp-o-matic/cache/231fa_safety_glasses2.jpg

Production Schedule
Task Time in Minutes
20 40 60 80 100
Save as STL file
Save on Memory
stick
Plug memory
stick into
computer
Open STL and

set up catalyst
software
Set up printer
and press “print”
Wait until printer

finishes to print
take out
prototype
Clean waste box
Break additive
supportive
material
Sand the model
brush of the dust
Paint 1st layer
Paint 2nd layer
Spray paint gloss
Check quality

Evidence of Manufacturing
STL file on the Catalyst Software Sanding with glasses on
3D Printer ready to be put on.
Sanding the edges
Acrylic Paints

Mixing Paint
Painting
This is an additional effect I

decided to do once I started
painting. Instead of painting
the clover leafs, I printed it out
and drew out the shapes in
order to be able to stick them.
Shaping Paper with Pattern
Cutting the Shapes

Final Completed Prototype Model

Conclusion and Evaluation
Process Evaluation
The following will evaluate the process and the degree of success in managing the project
as a whole. It will be in light of the Design Cycle Model (DCM).
Identifying Needs
The identified need of a furniture piece in a VIS (Vienna International School) lounge, was
proved via a survey that I conducted1. Visual proof was also included, using photos of the
library and the “study lounge” at its current state. It clearly showed how people use the
facilities we have now and how it would be nice to have somewhere just to sit.
After that, the identified needs for completing the objectives of the project were stated
clearly.
1refer to appendix to view surveys.

Research
The research was most likely the most detailed part of the project. Although it may sound
unreal, but all information found was essential to my project without any irrelevant
information involved.
The research plan was conducted clearly and allowed me to have a guideline when
researching what I need. I involved existing designs, anthropometric, psychological and
sociological research. What was most reliable and important is that psychological and
sociological research was done via a survey that asked the students it self. If I were to look
up psychological and sociological research only via a secondary source such as internet it
would not be most reliable, because that information may not involve research from
students of my target group age. Hence the survey was a good and reliable way to
research (which was then stated clearly at the product evaluation survey, later explained).
The measurements were done in detail, including the 95% and the 5% of the necessary
places. Involving male and female. Hence this concluded to a exact measurement and
scaled down measurements for the prototype.
The researching of the space available was also very detailed as the actual school map
from our IB VIS construction office, allowed us to have the map.
The materials were researched via the “TEP Material Selection and Processing” software,
and hence as a secondary reliable source was useful, resulting to a satisfying material
choice.
Generating Ideas
The generating ideas came very natural and helped me a lot. The morphological analysis
brainstorming and moodboards were the key sections that caused me to create the main
ideas. The 3D and 2D sketches were developed in light of the moodboards, which made
me have a range of designs.
The ideas were then evaluated with client feedback (I asked around during a class) and
the one preferred the most I picked. I decided to rely on the client feedback and is this
after all a human centered design.
Developing Chosen Solution

Developing the chosen solution involved the most 2D and 2D sketches by hand and by
CAD. I involved a variety of ICT skills such as using SolidWorks and Google Sketch up.
On google sketch up I created the entire garden and existing area, to visualize how it
would look like, this helped me a lot. I created a 3D model out of clay and painted it. To
test this 3D clay model I created a ergonom, which in the future definitely will help me.
However, after finishing my 3D clay model, and talking to my teacher, it was clear that the
design may be a little too simple. Hence additional generating ideas was included.
Showing the rough sketches. My aim was to keep the initial idea but to just add an
additional element to it. A Google Sketchup Model of the my updated design was made to
see was I was aiming for about. At this stage I made sure to clearly identify the
development of my chosen solution with making a page with all the stage (refer to page
79).

Realizing Solution
The final product from Solidworks was then evaluated by the sustainability Analysis
software on Solidworks. Followed by a complete and final list of specifications which would
be good enough for someone to use if they were to create my design without my help.
To produce it I also created a production plan and showed evidence of production.
In conclusion, in terms of the process it was clear and had a following cycle, everything
depended on a each stage. However as the cycle shows you can move around jumping
back and forth, which was proven through the additional generating ideas of chosen
solution when I had to add additional anthropometric research of the height for back when
leaning on the seat (page 75).
Also, because I planned it in so much detail I made sure that everything is done in time.
The production and research plan for instance really helped me. I do have to admit that it
was hard for me to be productive in the classroom unlike as how productive I am at home.
However Solidworks were the most productive stages of the project that I did in the
classroom. But because of my strict planning and time management I managed to meet
every deadline that our teacher gave us.
Personally I enjoyed the Practical and Manufacturing aspect of the project, because finally
the research and all the Solidworks payed off, because the design came to life! I worked
really hard to make it most aesthetically appealing as it can, and most close looking to the
design on CAD (especially adding the clover leafs).
I also found out that it it is important to evaluate the work all the way through the project
and to make changes accordingly. This is because through evaluation of each stage, the
design can be significantly improved and learned from.
However in the future there are several things I will make sure I remember and do. I think
there is not enough evidence of manufacturing and working, hence more of that. I also
think that I should in the future reference the pictures in the mood-boards, as that was not
done. I also think that I should maybe think almost more out of the box when it comes to
designing, as this design was rather simple, and minimalist.
There are many things I learnt to do during this project. First of all, time management as
mentioned above. I also learnt how to lay out a long project such as this one which has
over a 100 pages! And most importantly I learnt how to save. Last year in 10th grade I
remember losing an entire project and ever since then I have been having a “ctrl + s”
button click addiction. I save it in two places and in the future will continue this. The
drawings/sketches are scanned, incase I loose them too I will have them in my computer,
which before I did not do. I learnt skills on google SketchUp and Solidworks.

Product Evaluation
The following will show how I evaluated the product (against the specification, with client
feedback and a 3D clay model). The following product evaluation made sure that the
ergonomics was tested, aesthetics was judged, health and safety was questioned, and
the wider impact of the design was questioned.
First of all the product was evaluated via user research, user trial was not possible as only
a prototype was made. This time a survey was created on www.kwiksurveys.com as this
allowed me to put a picture of my design and have questions in addition to it.
The following questions were answered with the view of these two photos:
55% answered that it does not look comfortable.

In this case this may be a little disappointing as
the project was human centered. However we
must remember that at the bottom of my pictures
I stated that it looks more plastic on the photo
than it would in reality, so for those who did not
read it, may be influenced by the photo rather
than the information. However this is very helpful
information.
Although it may not look comfortable to 55% a lot

said that it does look safe. Some said it looks like
it is moderately safe, probably because you can
not really evaluate this via a picture.

The task was to have the project
human centered. The fact that
people said that this design is
welcoming (69% did) is very
positive feedback as that was
one of the specifications.
Even 73% stated that it creates

a positive atmosphere. This is
important because that is an aim
of a lounge, people should be
willing to go there to be happy
and relax and socialize.
Another aspect that was

questioned was the
measurements, 55% said that it
was a good size but the rest said
it wasn’t. However again this
may not be the most reliable
results as evaluating from the
pictures is not so accurate.
In terms of the leaf pattern I

would understand these results
as many have their own
individual tastes when it comes
to such a thing. I also have to
admit that I did not ask for client
feedback when choosing my pattern on page 77, so this may be the consequence of it.
And lastly, the factor that determines the psychological

aspects of the design, the color. As research pointed
out, green and blue was the most popular color. This is
even proven through the survey and 66% liked the
color of it !
In addition to this I created a 3D clay model of a person sitting on the “sofa” to

demonstrate the comfort and ability of this chair. There is one limitation, the model is not to
scale exactly (it is about the right size). However it shows very well how the model looks
like with a person sitting on it.
Please turn the page to view the process of making the model.

Clay Model
Here I was
making the
feet and the
hands
The surface was

covered in news
paper and the the
wrapping of the
clay. It was a
messy job but
really fun.
My model was
covered in a plastic
sheet so that it would
not get dirty from the
wet clay.

Final Testing and Evaluating with Clay Model
This to some extent represents the user research, as I only created a prototype.
Here you can clearly see that the The seat is also comfortable for the
“person” is sitting in moderate comfort. legs, there is just enough space for the
There is a place to lean on, and a person to lean the legs on the seat and
place to even put your hand. There is to have them on the floor.
enough space for placing the legs
crossed or spread, or anyhow the
person feels comfortable enough.
On this photo it is in a way clear that The view from the back shows the
because the material is not a spongy optimum width for the shoulders. The
material it may not be optimum for the research has proven to be the perfect
person sitting, as it is a hard material. size for an above average size person
However the angle of the leaning area (the model is bigger than it should be).
is a good angle to rest on, and still to Hence in that point of view there is a
see people in the eyes if you are comfort for the user to some extent.
talking to someone.

Evaluation against the specification
Nr. Specification Evaluation
1 Based on research the anthropometric measurements In this case all measurements

must be considered: were used and taken in
Stature: 1835mm consideration. The ergonom and
Shoulder Breadth (deltoid): clay model showed that the
507mm measurements were correct.
Seat height (lower legs vertical & thighs horizl): 353.5 mm
2 Based on research the anthropometric measurements These measurements indeed are

must be considered: considered as it is proven by the
Stature: 1835mm clay model and prototype.
507mm
Seat height (lower legs vertical & thighs horizl): 353.5 mm
Leaning back and head height: 596 mm
3 As stated on the constraints = it should be easy to move The design is very simple and has
(light!- so it can be moved around easily when changing only round edges hence it is easy
from exams to lounge) to move around.
4 As stated on sociological research and criteria for In this case the design can be
success= must be flexible (allowing options for people to moved around and allow users to
sit together or alone) switch positions. However in the
initial idea without the leaning
back aspect, it was even more
flexible, as people could sit in all
directions.

5 The design brief states it “must be eco-friendly, a green As the LCA showed the material is
design.” So it must try and cover most of the green design a good choice in terms of
objectives sustainability and eco friendliness.
• Increasing efficiency (in the use of materials, energy
and other resources) this could be done by using However Standardization was not
minimum variety of materials for the design exactly considered as the model
now has the leaning on part
• Reducing long-term harm (reducing to minimum harm which doent allow it to be used as
caused by use of the product) must be checked by the
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) a table, or for it be more flexible.
The idea of minimizing smell is
• Must have a minimized number of components also not exactly in consideration.
hence End Disposal (taking full account of the effect of However this is all compensated
the end disposal of the product) will be more green. It by the fact that the rest of the
must have minimized number of components in the
design so that it is easier to recycle. objectives are taken in
consideration. The design is
• Standardization (using standard components -can created by one component, hence
allow flexibility) The design must be minimalist and be it considered minimizing handling,
easily stackable. and has a minimized number of
• Minimizing Smell The material should not emit any components which is good for the
smells, taking in consideration, the paints and chemicals end of life.
if involved, should not emit smells. This could harm the
environment and the target market.
• Minimizing handling (must be easy to handle, move

around, and clean) hence, the design must be light - not
heavy.
6 As stated from research =The scaled model will be The model was indeed created by
created by RP (rapid prototyping by FDM (fuse deposition FDM
modeling)
7 As stated from research= Must not be wider than 6.5 All together the measurements
meters, to be able to fit in the existing space work exactly as the a
specifications stated it.
8 As stated from psychological research= Must be round All edges are round and hence it
and not sharp to be safe and make users feel most is as safe as possible.
comfortable
9 As stated in the constraints in the the design brief= Must The material is not flammable and
be safe (non-flammable and waterproof) it is waterproof.
10 As research shows= Must be polyurethane foam or The design is polyethylene.

polyethylene, because it is most compatible for this
context
11 As stated in the criteria for success in the design brief= Client research from the survey
Must impose a positive feeling (people should want to states it creates a positive feeling
come to sit on the sofa) hence it should look modern and (decided from an aesthetic point
up-to-date in the design of view)
12 As the criteria for success stated= must be innovative/ a The idea is a clover leaf and it has
new concept a symbolic meaning to it almost,
as a sign of goodluck for all IB
students. Its something new and
fresh.

13 Based on student expectations (psychological research) The design is green, and is

the design must be green or blue as research states this proven make most people happy
makes people most happy through the psychological
research, and the survey for
evaluation.
The specifications has been resolved to some extent, almost fully. Everything has been
covered as ordered however there are several details that have not been. Such as not
considering the “minimizing smell” green objective, and being fully flexible, as there is now
an additional aspect of the design to lean on. However the leaning part increases
consumer comfort and hence compensates for the unresolved specification aspects.
In conclusion the evaluation of the designer/manufacturer (in this case me) and consumer
have been taken in consideration. Through surveys client feedback has been considered,
through a clay model the model was tested and as a designer I evaluated my design
against my original list of specifications. An all there are two types of variables,
independent and dependent in this project. Independent variables are variables that can
be changed and manipulated, and the result of these changes, it leads to the
measurement of the dependent variable. Which describes the process of this design.
Recommendations
Modified Specification
In my perspective I believe the specification do not have to modified as most of them were
realistic and were even used in the process of the final idea.
Modification to the design
After client feedback and research, and the appalling ugly truth that it may look
uncomfortable. I made a few sketches that may make the model look a little more
comfortable. However, there are certain limitations to the sketches as they may not follow
all design specifications. If I were to add one aspect I may have to sacrifice another aspect
from the specifications. Nothing is perfect.
(for the photos of modification to the design flip the page)
If there is one thing I would do in the future in terms of the design, is survey the students
for the pattern. According to the survey students found the pattern “okay”. In fact I would
even introduce the idea of maybe not involving any pattern. I would in the future do more
research on this, especially if the task is to be client based.

Further Development
If I were to be able to spend more time on this project and had different resources,
materials and etc. There are several aspects which I believe would be different. First of all,
if I had a greater knowledge of materials, then perhaps I would know a material that is soft,
yet waterproof, and non-flammable.
Also If I had the facility to create the model in life size I would do so, in order to be able to
have a performance test or user trial which would be very important for evaluation. I would
definitely take this project to another level if I had different and better facilities, but that is if
I also had more time. Considering the time I had, I did a lot of work.
I am thankful I have the opportunity to create and use such facilities that I have and hence
am very proud of the work I have done. The continuous, very committed and long process
of this project made me learn so much and will help me so much for the future.
I would also like to thank one of my favorite teachers, Mr.Felvinczi for the support.

Layout Design by Milica Jovicevic
Created on a Mac

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Human Centered Design

Designing a Sofa for the Lounge Area in

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 2

I have produced a survey online on www.surveymonkey.com , which was sent to all

Do you think we need a lounge/study/a change in the Aula?

How often do you study in the library?

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 3

Lounge for chilling and socializing

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 4

The chairs and

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 5

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 6

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 7

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 8

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 9

1. What material/s should the sofa be?

2. What shape should it be, so that it is safe?

3. What size should it be?

4. How can it be a green design?

5. What color should it be?

8. Are there existing products?

9. What tools should be used to model the prototype?

11. What sort manufacturing techniques/joining techniques are there?

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 10

Issues of Primary sources Secondary sources Timeline Research Strategies

4. Existing products we have in existing products via 1 day Observing

5. Green Design via the internet 1 day Expert Appraisal

7. Psychological Survey Internet 1 day User Research

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 11

Existing Products Analysis

This is a design by Domodinamica Srl

“Trinity sofa” is a design by Pieter

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 12

“Scrubbing Brush Sofa” is an

The seating area is covered with

The pillars move adjustable to your

Sofas like this are for children or just

“East meets West”

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 13

Unfortunately, in Vienna International

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 14

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 15

ELBOW SPAN, UPPER ARMS

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 16

SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER LEGS

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 17

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 18

Measured Part Male 1 Male 2 Male 3

STATURE 1670 mm 1740 mm 1800 mm

SHOULDER BREADTH 450 mm 525 mm 603 mm

ELBOW SPAN, UPPER ARMS 854 mm 970 mm 1020 mm

SITTING HEIGHT 830 mm 945 mm 980 mm

SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER 360 mm 415 mm 500 mm

* the numbers were rounded

SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER 340 mm 350 mm 400 mm

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School 19

STATURE 1870 mm 1800 mm (1870+1800)/2 =

SHOULDER 537 mm 603 mm (537+603)/2

ELBOW SPAN, 1019 mm 1020 mm (1019+1020)/2

SITTING HEIGHT 979 mm 980 mm (979+980)/2

SEAT HEIGHT 363mm (male) 360 mm (357+350)/2

Questions that were asked: