Kpds All Paragraphs

KPDS
PARAGRAF SORULARI
1992–2006
Bu çalışma, 1992 ile 2006 yılları arasında yapılmış KPDS sınavlarına ait paragraf sorularından
oluşmaktadır. İçerikte toplam 30 sınava ait test, bu testlere ait 171 paragraf ve 603 adet soru
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forumumuzda tartışmaya açmanızı özellikle rica ederim.
Faydalı olması dileğiyle, iyi çalışmalar.
Efe Cevher ÖZDEN

www.dilforum.com ALL PARAGRAPHS KPDS
İÇİNDEKİLER
1992 MAYIS KPDS............................................................................................................................................................. 2
1992 KASIM KPDS............................................................................................................................................................. 6
1993 MAYIS KPDS............................................................................................................................................................. 9
1993 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 12
1994 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 16
1994 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 19
1995 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 22
1995 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 25
1996 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 29
1996 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 33
1997 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 38
1997 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 41
1998 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 47
1998 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 53
1999 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 58
1999 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 64
2000 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 69
2000 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 75
2001 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 81
2001 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 87
2002 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 90
2002 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 96
2003 MAYIS KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 101
2003 KASIM KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 106
2004 MAYIS KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 111
2004 KASIM KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 116
2005 MAYIS KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 121
2005 KASIM KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 126
2006 MAYIS KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 131
2006 KASIM KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 136
CEVAP ANAHTARI -1.................................................................................................................................................... 141
CEVAP ANAHTARI -2.................................................................................................................................................... 142
CEVAP ANAHTARI -3.................................................................................................................................................... 143
CEVAP ANAHTARI -4.................................................................................................................................................... 144
CEVAP ANAHTARI -5.................................................................................................................................................... 145
efeozden@gmail.com 1 by Efe Cevher

1992 MAYIS KPDS

When it was formed many million years ago the 2. According to the passage, geothermal energy
earth was a liquid. It is still cooling and many miles ----.
below the hard crust is still hot. However, in some
A) has been used by man for millions of years
places the heat is closer to the surface. These
places are associated with volcanic activity or hot B) can be produced both plentifully and cheaply
sulphur springs. By drilling deep into the earth’s
C) is a by-product of extensive volcanic activity
crust we can reach rocks that are much warmer
than those at the surface. Pumping water down into D) is the result of the contact of water with the hot
contact with these rocks and extracting the steam rocks below the earth’s surface
so produced is a source of energy that can be used
E) is recognised as the only form of energy that
to produce electricity. It is called geothermal energy.
would never be exhausted
1. It is explained in the passage that under the

hard surface of the earth there ----.
A) exists a hot core which can be used as a

source of energy
3. We can infer from the passage that the earth’s
B) seems to be a great deal of volcanic activity crust ----.
which threatens life
A) has completely stopped the process of cooling
C) is a hot liquid layer which has never been underneath
drilled
B) is a constant source of geothermal energy
D) could be a number of hot sulphur springs, the
C) is not suitable for any kind of drilling
main cause of volcanic activity
D) is constantly warming and cooling due to
E) has never been sufficient heat to melt rocks
volcanic activity
E) varies in thickness from place to place

The Japanese have a special way of making 5. It is pointed out in the passage that, with the
decisions. They call it the consensus system. This is Japanese style of decision-making in industry
how it works. When a firm is thinking of taking a ----.
certain action, it encourages workers at all levels to
A) policies can go into effect more speedily
discuss the proposal and give their opinions. The
purpose is to reach consensus (general agreement). B) the working conditions can be improved much
As soon as everyone agrees on the right course of more efficiently
action, the decision is taken. Because of this
C) the workers find themselves at the mercy of
method, a group of workers, rather than a person, is
their employers
responsible for company policies. One advantage of
this is that decisions come from a mixture of D) the interaction between the management and
experience from the top, the middle and the bottom the workers has reached a low ebb
of an enterprise. Another advantage is that junior
E) tends to take a long time before any action is
staffs frequently suggest ideas for change. A
agreed upon
disadvantage, perhaps, is that decision-making can
be slow.
4. In view of the explanation given in the passage,

the consensus system ----.
A) can be defined as a collective decision making

process
B) has a number of drawbacks that can not be

6. According to the passage, the most striking
overcome
feature of the Japanese consensus system is
C) is rapidly falling out of favour as a result of the that ----.
economic recession
A) the introduction of changes into a firm’s policy-
D) gives undue importance to the views of the making is more or less impossible
junior staff
B) decisions are taken fast and accurately
E) has already led to the laying off numerous
C) it is the point of view of management that
workers
prevails
D) everyone, from the top to the bottom, in a firm

has a fair share in decision-making
E) workers are denied the right to discuss

proposals in detail

Rabies is a very frightening disease because once When we turn to the problem of fishing, we see that
symptoms develop it is always fatal. The disease is through a UN Convention on the Law of the Sea,
caused by a virus and it affects many species of the world’s nations have indicated that they
animals, particularly dogs, jackals, foxes and bats. recognize the risks of over-fishing. Nations can now
In Britain no indigenous case of human rabies has declare 200-mile exclusive economic zones and
been reported since 1902 but it is widespread exclusive fishing zones and control the catch at a
among animals in most parts of the world. level that is sustainable. Developing nations seem
Unfortunately, in the last 30 years the disease has to be beginning to benefit from the new fisheries
been spreading across Europe from the East, regime which offers the promise of allowing them to
especially in foxes, and has now reached Northern manage fishing resources for optimum that is long-
France. For this reason strict animal quarantine term, benefits.
laws are in force in Britain and it is rightly regarded
as a serious offence to attempt to evade them.
10. We can understand from the passage that the
7. As it is pointed out in the passage, what makes statutory measures taken by the UN, regarding
rabies so dangerous a disease is that ----. fishing ----.
A) quarantine regulations concerning the disease A) are unlikely to be abided by, at least not in the
are disregarded by most people near future
B) very few people can recognise the symptoms B) have had no beneficial impact on the situation
C) as soon as it manifests itself in the patient it is C) have been welcomed by all the member
already too late for any treatment countries
D) it is now threatening the whole of Europe D) came into effect too late to be of any use
whatsoever
E) during the last thirty years it seems to have
become indigenous even in England E) have unfortunately served the interests of only
the developed countries
8. The passage suggests that the British 11. One major benefit arising out of the 200-mile
government has already taken strict measures exclusive fishing zone is, as we understand
to ----. from the passage, to ----.
A) ban the import of animals from France and A) ensure that an ever increasing quantity of fish
other countries shall be caught
B) discourage the keeping of pets in Britain B) keep under control the amount of fish caught
C) deal with the recent outbreaks of rabies, C) exploit the marine resources through
especially in foxes in Britain international cooperation
D) ensure that no rabies enters the country D) help developing countries to improve their
inefficient economies
E) make sure that rabies patients will receive
affective treatment E) prevent new fisheries from coming into being
9. It is clearly stated in the passage that, for nearly 12. It is stated in the passage that in the
a century ----. management of fisheries, ----.
A) thanks to new diagnostic techniques rabies has A) no consideration should be given to the size of
been confined to dogs, jackals, foxes and bats the catch
B) strict quarantine laws have been in effect in B) one cannot plan ahead to the future
Britain
C) the introduction of restrictive measures should
C) rabies has been one of the most frightening be avoided
diseases in Europe
D) one should give importance to future rather
D) there have been remarkable advances made in than to present gains
the treatment of rabies
E) the 200-mile zone policy can be ignored
E) no one in Britain has contracted rabies

The exact number of people who died in the cyclone Written communication is the basis of much
that struck Bangladesh last year will probably never communication in business. This includes letters,
be known. Winds reaching 145 miles per hour reports, memoranda, notices, telex, and fax
hammered the country’s low-lying south-eastern messages. Although written communication is a
coast for nine hours, at one point driving a wall of slower form of communication than verbal or oral, it
water roughly 20 feet high across the area – one of provides a record of what is being discussed so that
the most densely populated places in the world. It disagreements are avoided and accuracy can be
was the strongest storm ever recorded in the region. checked; it will also be more detailed than other
The official news agency reported that 125.000 forms of communication, with the possibility of
victims had been confirmed dead, but it was technical points being explained and interpreted.
believed that the toll was actually much higher.
13. One can infer from the passage that one reason 16. From the passage it is clear that one of the
why so many lives were lost in the cyclone was advantages of written communication is that ----.
because ----.
A) no elaborate equipment is involved
A) most of the population had no decent housing
B) it is one of the fastest forms of communication
B) the Bangladesh government had failed to
C) one has a reliable document to which one can
foresee such a disaster
always refer
C) the country had still not recovered from the
D) it can be used only in business
previous similar cyclone
E) it requires almost no effort and very little time
D) it struck only a very narrow stretch of land
E) the area struck was one of the most

overcrowded in the world
17. The main concern of the passage is to ----.
A) establish the advantages of written

communication over oral in business
official figures given regarding the death toll ----.
B) explain the technical points involved in written
A) didn’t reflect the actual extent of the tragedy
communication
B) overestimated the number of victims
C) emphasize the drawbacks of written
C) were much higher than the authorities expected communication
D) included only those drowned D) differentiate between the uses and abuses of
various types of communication
E) exceeded the number of those who survived
the disaster E) draw attention to the fact that the business
world no longer uses written communication
15. The passage aims to impress on the reader ----.

18. It is pointed out in the passage that written
A) the extent of suffering experienced by the
communication ----.
people in Bangladesh
A) is always open to dispute
B) the magnitude of the cyclone’s destructive force
B) takes various forms, ranging from letters to
C) the inadequacy of the relief work sent in
telex and fax messages
D) the extent of poverty and misery in Bangladesh
C) is mostly seen in the form of reports
E) the frequency with which such disasters hit the
D) does not require any interpretation whatsoever
world
E) often leads to serious controversies

1992 KASIM KPDS

Nigeria is heavily dependent on the export of crude Real depression cannot be as easily overcome as
oil to finance industrial development. 90% of some people often suppose. It usually passes with
Nigeria's exports by value are crude oil. At current time - but the time can seem endless. Activities
production rates, known reserves are only sufficient giving companionship and a new interest can help.
until the end of the century. Industrialisation was But for the sufferer to talk, again and again, about
boosted after I973 following the fourfold increase in the causes of the depression helps most. People
oil prices. In the early 1980s prices fell, and Nigeria with depression need to be listened to and
lost important income. Oil production peaked in encouraged to find their own solutions, not made to
1974 when output reached 112 million tonnes. feel yet more inadequate by good advice. They may
need professional counselling as well as the support
of family and friends.
1. It is pointed out in the passage that the sharp
rise in oil prices in 1973 ----.
4. In overcoming depression the support of friends
A) had less effect on Nigeria’s economy than
and family ----
might have been expected
A) can best be directed into giving good advice
B) contributed greatly to industrial development in
Nigeria B) is the only solution
C) coincided with a considerable fall in oil C) may cause more harm than good
production
D) never contributes to any improvement in the
D) provided Nigeria with a high revenue well into patient
the late 1980s
E) is not always sufficient
E) put a great deal of pressure on Nigeria’s oil
reserves
5. The writer suggests that people with depression
2. It is understood from the passage that only a ----.
fraction of Nigeria exports ----.
A) should not be allowed much social activity
A) are goods other than crude oil
B) should rely solely on professional counselling
B) would be needed to support industrial
C) need, more than anything else, someone to
development
listen to them
C) were affected by the fall in oil prices in the
D) ought to remain alienated from society for a
1980s
long time
D) were oil-related
E) receive an unnecessary amount of sympathy
E) have benefited from price increases
3. According to the passage, so long as the 6. According to the passage some people ----.
current rate of oil production is maintained ----.
A) seem to underestimate how difficult it is to get
A) world oil prices are not expected to rise over depression
significantly
B) suffer from depression over long periods of time
B) Nigeria’s industrial development plans will soon
C) refuse to get professional counselling
be fully realised
D) suffering from depression have been cured
C) Nigeria is likely to have no oil reserves left by
through the good advice of friends
the year 2.000
E) with depression don’t want to talk about their
D) Nigeria will continue to enjoy large revenues
problems
E) the variety of goods exported from Nigeria will
increase

Many art museums and galleries and many Computers should never have acquired the exalted
individuals in the world faced financial problems in status they now have. Fascinating and invaluable as
1975 as the effects of world recession deepened. they are, even the most advanced have less brain
On the surface, things seemed to continue as power than a three-year-old. They do, however,
before, with important exhibitions in major museums score on single-mindedness. The three-year-old
attracting large crowds. But smaller galleries and uses his brain not only to think but also to do tasks
the artists whose work was shown by their like seeing, hearing and running about, which need
resourceful proprietors fared less well, and over the incredibly rapid and sophisticated electro-
long term it is the work of young artists that mechanical interactions - we too run on electricity.
determines the course of art for the future. But the computer just sits there and sends
spacecraft to the moon or re-organises the world
banking system, which is very much easier. That's
why man’s dream of robot servants is still a long
7. The point made in the passage is that the way off.
recession in the 1970s ----.
10. The main point made by the passage is that the
A) forced many young artists to give up their
human brain ----.
profession
A) is much inferior to any known computer
B) led to the immediate closure of several major
museums in the West B) is infinitely more complex and powerful than
any computer
C) was one of the most serious in economic
history C) reaches its maximum efficiency at the age of
three
D) didn't at first appear to hit hard at the art world
D) is not as complicated and mysterious as has
E) meant exhibitions were regarded as
usually been thought
unnecessary luxuries
E) has been entirely reproduced in computer form
8. One can infer from the passage that if a 11. It is explained in the passage that the efficiency
generation of young artists is lost ----. of the computer ----.
A) this would not have a damaging effect on art A) will soon make it possible for man to be served
museums and galleries even in the long run by robots
B) the future development of art will be greatly B) depends on the speed with which the data are
hampered fed
C) recession in the art market would not last very C) can best be appreciated in the decision making
long positions
D) smaller galleries would benefit from it D) is the result of its being concentrated on one
task at a time
E) the organisation of exhibitions would be even
more costly E) depends upon sophisticated electro-mechanical
interactions
9. According to the passage, the people in the art

world who were most strongly affected by the 12. The author feels that computers ----.
recession ----.
A) are becoming unaffordable as they get more
A) were young artists and the owner of art advanced
galleries
B) have contributed immensely to the
B) tried to balance their losses by buying up the improvement of living standards
work of young artists
C) have been unnecessarily overrated
C) were the well established art dealers
D) will be a major force behind all future progress
D) decided to stop holding exhibitions altogether
E) are capable of doing all the tasks the human
E) resorted to all sorts of methods of attracting brain performs even more efficiently
large crowds to their galleries

The dramatic growth of the world’s population in the Many substances, whether man-made or natural,
twentieth century has been on a scale without can cause harm to man or the environment. Some
parallel in human history. Most of this growth has of these reach the environment in waste streams;
occurred since 1950 and is known as the population however, emission limits and environmental quality
‘explosion'. Between 1950 and 1980 the world standards can, in some instances, reduce the
population increased from 2,5 to over 4 billion, and amounts released. But some other substances
by the end of the century this figure will have risen cannot be controlled in this way because they are
to at least 6 billion. Growth of this size cannot released, not in industrial waste streams, but
continue indefinitely. Recent forecasts suggest that through the use or disposal of products which
the total population will level-out at between 10 and contain them. In many cases these substances
15 billion in the mid twenty-first century. Already pose little or no threat if the product containing them
there are encouraging signs that the rate of increase is used and disposed of properly. The right way to
in many less developed countries is beginning to deal with them is usually through controls over their
slow down. supply, use and disposal.
13. According to the passage, at no period in

human history has there been ----. 16. According to the passage, the threat of certain
substances to the environment ----.
A) so much consensus among nations concerning
the population of the world A) is far less than that to man
B) a sharp decline in population like the one since B) could be reduced by enforcing emission limits
1980 and environmental controls
C) a universal fear about the future of man C) has been unnecessarily overemphasised
D) as comprehensive a study of population D) has to date been completely ignored

problems as the one envisaged now
E) can be eliminated by the use of industrial waste
E) a population explosion of the magnitude of the streams
one in this century
17. The author points out that the danger posed to
14. It is pointed out in the passage that the increase man by many substances ----.
in the world population ----.
A) is unrelated to environmental pollution
A) is a highly encouraging sign for the general
B) is even greater than generally admitted
economy
C) continues to grow despite constant control of
B) is expected to continue even faster until 2050
disposal systems
C) will not continue into the next century
D) is solely due to the use of industrial waste
D) has been going on noticeably since 1950 streams
E) has been much faster in the industrialised E) arises from their misuse and wrong disposal
countries
18. The passage is concerned with the question of
15. It has been forecast that, by the middle of the ----.
next century ---- .
A) how the harmful effects of certain substances
A) various measures will have been taken to can be brought under control
encourage population growth
B) why industrial waste streams have caused so
B) the population growth rate in less developed much pollution
countries will be much higher than that in
C) whether man made substances or natural ones
previous years
cause more pollution
C) the world population will be stabilised at around
D) what measures are to be taken against the
10 to 15 billion
supply of dangerous substances
D) the rate of increase will still be rising
E) who is responsible for taking the required
E) the rate of population increase will have measures
doubled the 1950 rate

1993 MAYIS KPDS

Computers can store vast amounts of information in
The practical advantages of prefabrication are two- a very small space and are used by the banks to
fold: It is quicker and it does away with uncertainty. keep accounts, print out statements and control
Speed in building is important in these days transactions. They are also used by the police to
because of the high cost of land: the time during keep personal records, fingerprints and other
which such an expensive commodity is out of use details. In the rapidly developing field of robotics
must be reduced to a minimum. And partly or wholly computers are now being used to control manual
prefabricated methods of construction save time on operations done by mechanics. These, too, are
the job because parts are prepared in the factory taking over work, previously done by people in the
beforehand. Prefabrication does away with manufacture of cars, in weaving and in other
uncertainty because it means that the whole industries. Computers play an important role in
building is made of standard parts the behaviour of controlling artificial satellites, decoding information
which is known and has been tested. and communications generally. They are used to
predict the weather with increasing accuracy.
1. Since land is extremely valuable it is important 4. One can conclude from the passage that ----.
that ----.
A) computers have become an indispensable part
A) costs do not continue to rise of our life
B) the building materials should also be expensive B) despite great advantages in computer
C) people should not disagree as to the techniques, they are not proving as useful as
advantages of prefabrication once was hoped
D) building costs be reduced to a minimum C) weather forecasts carried out by computers are
not reliable at all
E) it does not remain out of use for long
D) robotics has long been a field of keen scientific
interest for man
E) computerised banking has led to an increase in

2. One advantage of using prefabricated parts is unemployment.
that ----.
A) fewer skilled workmen are required 5. The author points out that ----.
B) this method is much cheaper than standard A) industry is turning back to traditional methods of
methods production
C) less land is required B) the police use computers to make sure that
their records are not tested
D) buildings can be put up much faster
C) the principal use of computers is in space
E) there is more scope for experiment industry
D) computers are too complex for everyday use
3. When a building is constructed from standard E) the use of robots, directed by computers, is
parts that have been well tested ----. becoming widespread in industry
A) there is no scope for originality

6. The passage is not concerned with ----.
B) the costs will naturally be excessively high
A) the application of computers in industry
C) new methods of construction are overlooked
B) how computers are manufactured
D) one knows in advance that the result will be
satisfactory C) the conservation of information by computers
E) one is still not sure how they will behave in a D) the role played by computers in crime detection
particular situation E) the use of computers in communications and
the transfer of information

Looking ahead from the present position where food Psychology is literally the study of mind (or soul)
production has kept ahead of population growth but its areas has broadened somewhat in the last
globally, but has fallen per capita in 55 (mainly century as we have learned that one cannot
African) countries, it would seem that these trends consider the mind as totally isolated from the body,
will continue. About 30 countries - most of them and it now includes the study of human personality
African - can expect serious problems unless they and behaviour. It is important to realise that
reduce population growth and give higher priority to psychologists are first and foremost trained as
agriculture and conservation. Though a warmer, scientist rather than as medical experts and do not
wetter earth with high CO2 levels is likely to be necessarily take much interest in abnormalities of
capable of producing more food, the amounts will the brain and mental processes.
still be inadequate for many poorer countries. In
many cases, the population projections are greater
than the entire local land resources can support.
10. As can be inferred from the passage,
7. Of all the countries in the world it is those in psychology ----.
Africa ----.
A) has in time developed as a branch of medicine
A) which have taken the most drastic measures to
B) has always been confined to the study of the
prevent population growth
mind
B) that are most threatened by food shortages
C) primarily concentrates on the study of animal
C) which are environmentally most at behaviour
disadvantage
D) mostly deals with mental abnormalities
D) that are most conscious of the need to preserve
E) is not concerned with the mind alone, but also
this environment
with human personality and behaviour
E) in which poverty has been greatly reduced
through agricultural development.
8. It is argued that in the passage that ----. 11. In the passage attention is drawn to the fact that
----.
A) changes in the world climate are increasing the
problems of food production A) psychologists give great importance to the
study of mental processes for medical purposes
B) agricultural development will presently put an
end to global food shortages B) psychologists are basically scientists
C) with the exception of African countries, the C) the body and the mind are separate entities in
global production of food is adequate and likely the eyes of psychologists
to continue so
D) the human mind can best be understood
D) the conservation of land resources is of minor through the study of animal behaviour
importance
E) there have been no noticeable developments in
E) any effort must be made to prevent the co2 psychology since the last century
level from rising.
9. According to the passage it is anticipated that 12. It is pointed out in the passage that ----.
----.
A) a close cooperation between psychologists and
A) the per capita income in African countries will medical experts is essential
continue to increase
B) the study of human behaviour alone is what
B) food production will double in the years ahead interests present day psychologists
C) the present situation concerning population C) as a branch of science, psychology is no longer

growth and population will soon improve to be understood in its literally sense
D) all the African countries will soon solve all their D) the mind and the body function independently
population problems
E) in recent years psychologists have
E) unless serious measures are taken, the poor concentrated mostly on the study of the mind
countries of the world will be faced with famine.

Aid to underdeveloped countries takes many forms Both as a profession and a science, economics lost
and it is given for many reasons. Underdeveloped considerable prestige during the recession of 1974-
countries need aid to provide finance for 75. The crisis that seized the western industrialised
development projects; to provide foreign exchange countries including Japan was of a character not to
with which imports for development purpose can be be found in economics textbooks. Rate of inflation
bought; and to provide the trained manpower and exceeding 10% a year coupled with declining
technical knowledge they lack. The motives of the production and high levels of unemployment.
donor are not always humanitarian. “Aid” can take a Hitherto, peacetime inflation had been associated
military form; it can be used to support an with high employment and an overactive economy,
incompetent or unjust government. Nor is aid while high rate of unemployment went with the
always beneficial to the recipient country. It may be recession or depression. The next combination was
wasted on ill-conceived or prestige projects, or apply called stagflation.
cause the government simply to relax on its own
efforts. 16. The term stagflation can be defined as ----.
A) the combination of high inflation and economic

recession
13. In the passage, it is argued that the reasons
behind the aid given to the underdeveloped B) inflation in an overactive economy
countries ----.
C) high unemployment in spite of high levels of
A) are always of a military nature production
B) are varied in purpose and in effect D) a decrease in the rates of inflation
C) can be disregarded altogether E) high levels of peacetime inflation
D) invariably involve humanitarian principles

17. The economic crisis of the mid-1970’s ----.
E) relate only to the technical needs of the
recipient country A) followed the same pattern as earlier economic
crisis
14. One infers from the passage that what is B) caused economy to overactive
generally referred to as “aid” ----.
C) caused people to lose faith in economics
A) usually leads to the overthrow of the
D) had little effect on the industry of developed
government of the recipient country
countries
B) is, in fact, monetary support for development
E) was characterised only by high inflation and low
projects only
production
C) is actually one country’s intervention in another
country’s internal affairs
18. The main subject of the passage is ----.
D) does not necessarily benefit the recipient
A) the growing unpopularity of economics as a
country
science
E) can really be regarded as a waste of resources
B) the relationship between unemployment and
recession
15. According to the passage, unless they receive
C) the industrial decline of Japan and some
aid, underdeveloped countries ----.
Western countries
A) will lose their world-wide prestige
D) the unusual nature and extensive effects of the
B) often face military coups economic crises of the 1970’s
C) will be at the mercy of donor countries E) how to combat high inflation and
unemployment
D) will have to rely on foreign technical advice for
many years to come
E) cannot provide money and human resources

for development

1993 KASIM KPDS

There are twelve and a half acres of land for each 2. The writer suggests that, by the end of the
man, woman, and child in the world today. However, century, the amount of the arable land available
only three and a half acres of this land can be ----.
cultivated. If the population of the world reaches six
A) will be doubled in size through the irrigation of
billion by the year 2000, there will be only one and a
desert lands
half acres for each person. Man just increases his
production of food. One scientist has said that the B) per person will drop to three and a half acres
world could support ten billion people if better from twelve and a half
agricultural methods were used everywhere. The
C) will be fully adequate for the support of a ten
supply of food can also be increased by the control
billion world population
of plant diseases, and by the irrigation of desert
lands. By using these ways and others, man can D) per person will fall from three and a half acres
feed himself and his fellow men. to one and a half
E) will continue to diminish and, hence, famine will

be inevitable
1. The passage emphasises that the growth of the

world population ----.
A) makes food production a vital question
B) must not be allowed to continue at the present

rate
C) is no longer a cause for international concern 3. According to the passage, the world food
problem can be solved ----.
D) has now made it necessary to cultivate all the
desert lands in the world A) by a fair and even distribution of available
arable land throughout the world
E) has jeopardised the farmlands in the world.
B) only if new ways of overcoming plant diseases
can be discovered
C) simply by cultivating desert lands in an efficient

way
D) so long as the population does not exceed ten

billion at the most
E) if various effective measures are taken, such as

the improvement of farming techniques

Though there has always been a certain amount of For nearly a decade now, the manufacturing of
concern about pollution since the start of the automobiles has been undergoing radical changes.
Industrial Revolution, this was largely an interest of The principle cause is the introduction of new
relatively limited numbers of concerned people. But production and management techniques, originally
during the 1960s there was a great upsurge of engineered by Toyota and subsequently applied by
anxiety which was reflected internationally by the other Japanese car manufacturers. This is called
calling of the Stockholm UN Conference. In “lean” production. It implies no less a revolution in
response to the rising public pressures, action has the process of car manufacturing than the mass
been taken mainly in the industrial countries, even production Henry Ford introduced at the beginning
though sometimes reluctantly and with many of the century. In fact, lean production combines the
warnings from industry and governments about the advantages of craft and mass production. A vital
costs. However, in many areas there has been a feature of this production technique is that it
gratifying improvement. achieves its highest efficiency, quality and flexibility
when all activities - from design to assembly - occur
4. The author points out that, to some extent, in the same area.
public awareness of pollution ----.
7. It is pointed out in the passage that; in the car
A) dates back to the first years of the Industrial
industry, the traditional mass production
Revolution
techniques ----.
B) emerged late in the process of industrialisation
A) introduced by Ford were soon outdated
C) first appeared in the 1960s
B) are popular only in Japan
D) was first voiced at the Stockholm UN
C) have contributed significantly to Japanese
conference
success in this area
E) played a part in the rapid development of
D) are beginning to fall out of favour
industry.
E) in fact require a higher degree of management
efficiency.
5. It is implied in the passage that both industry
and governments have ----. 8. The writer explains that, in lean production ----.
A) found ways of thwarting public pressures as A) Japanese, companies have followed Henry
regards pollution Ford's example
B) not always been willing, mainly for economic B) there is less need for skilled workers
reasons, to take action to prevent pollution
C) costs are kept to a minimum
C) come out in support of the policies
D) the techniques of mass production are no
recommended at the Stockholm UN conference
longer applicable
D) constantly been in the forefront of pollution
E) the best of mass and craft production come
control policies since the 1960s
together.
E) done more than was required of them in
eliminating pollution.
9. According to the passage, lean production
6. According to the passage, in spite of the lack of techniques work best ----.
cooperation from industry and governments ----.
A) in industries where specialised craftsmanship is
A) the UN has introduced drastic measures to not required
ensure the prevention of any further pollution
B) not only in car manufacturing but also in other
B) the problem of pollution has now been fully branches of machine production
solved worldwide
C) in a country like Japan where the skilled work
C) the costs of pollution control work have been force is limited
less than was expected
D) when the whole production process takes place
D) the prices of goods remained the same in one place
E) some considerable progress has been made E) if management procedures do not disrupt the
towards controlling pollution manufacturing process

Much in medicine which is now taken for granted National income is a measure of the total income
was undreamed of even as recently as 50 years accruing to the residents in a country in return for
ago. Progress in diagnosis, in preventive medicine services rendered. It therefore consists of the sum
and in treatment, both medical and surgical, has of wages, salaries, profits and rents. But not all
been so rapid as to be almost breathtaking. Today a these income accrues to persons; for instance,
doctor retiring from active practice will among other companies do not distribute all their profits to
things have seen smallpox completely eradicated, shareholders and some nationalised industries earn
tuberculosis become curable, coronary artery profits. This is part of national income but not of
disease relievable surgically. One aspect of personal income. On the other hand, some personal
medicine still resistant to progress in understanding incomes are not payments for services rendered.
is the effect of mind on body. Many of us still like to Such incomes are called transfer incomes to
think that our bodies are just something we have got emphasise that their payment does not add to the
into, like cars, that ill health is simply something that national income, but only transfers income from one
has “gone wrong” in one system or another and that agent to another. Included in this category are
therefore provided we find the appropriate expert to retirement pensions, family allowances, and student
correct the fault, we will recover. grants.
10. According to the passage, the rate at which 13. The passage is concerned with ----.
medical advances have taken place during the
A) the need to maintain a balance between the
recent decades ----.
various types of incomes
A) was previously envisaged
B) methods of increasing various types of incomes
B) has been underestimated
C) how incomes can be transferred from one
C) is quite startling person to another
D) cannot be accounted for D) the importance given to wage problems
E) has been subject to a great deal of controversy E) the definition of various income categories.
11. It is pointed out in the passage that there is a 14. By "transfer income", the writer means ----.
close relationship between the workings of mind
A) an income like a student grant, which is not
and the body ----.
paid in return for services rendered
A) which is of little importance in the treatment of
B) the sum total of payments, including retirement
illness
pensions, distributed by companies to their
B) but this has yet to be properly understood employees
C) which most doctors tend to overlook C) the revenues contributing to the growth of the
national income
D) and medical research has made great progress
in this field D) the circulation of money through trade and
other means
E) but research into this area is not likely to prove
useful E) the incomes realised by shareholders out of
company profits
12. The writer uses the “car” comparison to
emphasise that most people ----.
15. It is understood from the passage that the
A) tend to have a mechanical view of the human
national income ----.
body
A) does not benefit from the majority of financial
B) have great confidence in the medical
transactions
profession
B) mainly consists of the profits made by industry
C) have the right attitude towards medical
progress C) relies almost exclusively on personal gains
D) regard surgery as an indispensable part of D) does not include all income categories
medicine
E) can be increased through the nationalisation of
E) think some body parts cannot be replaced at all industry

According to the United Nations sources, world 17. According to the passage, the demographic
population in mid-1985 was, 5,290 million, an trend, observed in various countries ----.
increase of 90 million in one year. More than half of
A) is towards a stability with low birth and low
the total live in Asia (56,9 per cent). Different
death rates
countries are at different stages in a demographic
transition from the stability provided by a B) involves high birth and low death rates
combination of high birth rate and high death rate
C) is pointing to a continued state of population
to that provided by a combination of low birth rate
instability
and low death rate. Their recent population history
and current trend of growth, the age-structure of D) will have to be checked
their population, and consequently their population
E) will be reversed in the near future
potential for the near future are all widely different.
Most rapid growth is in Africa with rates of over 3
per cent in some countries. In most European
countries the rate is less than 1 per cent.
16. It is pointed out in the passage that, of the

continents of the world, it is ----.
18. The author points out that there is little
A) Asia where population stability has been uniformity ----.
achieved most recently
A) in the way birth rates are being controlled
B) Europe that hopes to see an increase in its among rural and urban populations
population
B) of population growth among African countries
C) Asia that accommodates the largest proportion
C) as regards population figures in Europe
of the world's population
D) as far as birth and death rates are concerned
D) Africa where the population growth has
stabilised over recent decades E) in the current pattern of the demographic
transition of the various countries of the world
E) Africa which is the most densely populated

1994 MAYIS KPDS

Ever since Nobel prize-winner Linus Pauling first Since early times it has been assumed that the
advocated vitamin C as a common-cold war weapon actions of animals are unconscious. Behaviour, in
more than 20 years ago, researchers have been this view, stems almost exclusively from instinct. If
busy trying to verify that claim. But so far, they've animals behave in ways that seem pretty clever,
found little evidence that vitamin C prevents colds - they do so without thinking about it. Animals may
in fact, there are more studies that say it doesn't. know things, the argument goes, but they don't
But there is evidence that it can keep coughing and know that they know. Or do they know? Recent
sneezing to a minimum, and that low levels of research reports suggest a startling depth of
vitamin C in the body may be related to bronchitis. intelligence among animals. Although no one can
yet 'prove' the existence of animal consciousness,
the data offered make a compelling case for at least
1. The passage makes the point that Dr Pauling's considering it.
view as regards vitamin C -----.
A) has greatly improved the treatment of bronchitis
B) has caused a revolution in medical studies 4. It is pointed out in the passage that traditionally,
animals are believed to -----.
C) aroused very little interest among medical
experts A) behave not instinctively but logical
D) was based on the results of years of research B) have an intelligence comparable with man’s
E) has not been verified scientifically C) imitate man in many ways
D) act on instinct
E) know exactly what they are doing
2. According to the passage, coughing and

sneezing ----.
A) should be taken seriously and treated

5. It is pointed out in the passage that modern
accordingly
research forces one to consider ----.
B) are the early symptoms of bronchitis
A) why animals behave differently under different
C) are now being effectively treated without circumstances
vitamin C
B) the possibility of intelligence in animals
D) can be reduced with the help of vitamin C
C) the means by which animal behaviour can be
E) do not respond to any treatment whatsoever improved
D) how animals can be made to acquire new skills
E) animals to be the equal of man in intelligence
3. During the last two decades there has been a

great deal of scientific effort made to ----.
A) convince the public of the dangers of vitamin C

6. The passage makes it quite clear that, in the
B) prove that the common cold can be prevented light of modern research, our traditional
by vitamin C assumptions about animal behaviour ----.
C) establish a connection between coughing and A) have been totally disproved

bronchitis
B) have been confirmed
D) study the adverse effects of vitamin C
C) have to be reconsidered
E) demonstrate how the body reacts to low levels
D) were indeed based on scientific fact
of vitamin C
E) should never have been questioned

The first universities developed in Europe in the The effects of sleep loss are subject to a number of
12th century. By 1600 Western Europe boasted 108 popular misconceptions. The belief that everyone
institutions of higher learning, many of which had must sleep 8 hours a night is a myth. According to
obtained special privileges from existing regimes the results of a recent survey on the subject, adults
because of their close association with the Church. average about 7 to 7 1 / 2 hours of sleep per night,
In most European countries, universities were and many individuals function effectively with 5 to 6
designed primarily for the sons of nobility and hours of sleep. In fact, 20 percent of the population
gentry. Scholarly standards were low, and (slightly more in men) sleep less than 6 hours per
scholarship was irrelevant for most professions. night. Another significant fact is that sleep time
Education for earning a livelihood in, say, medicine decreases with age.
or law could be acquired after college by serving as
an apprentice.
7. According to the passage, in the early years of 10. According to the passage, the popular
the universities, ----. assumption that eight hours of sleep per night is
essential ----.
A) most students wanted to train for a profession
A) is only true for the elderly
B) the Church disapproved of much of their
teaching B) has been supported by scientific evidence
C) Western European governments were not at all C) is actually a fallacy

interested in education
D) is only true for 20 percent of the population
D) medicine was the most popular subject for
E) is very rarely disputed
study
E) the majority of students came from upper class

families
11. The survey referred to in the passage indicates
8. it is pointed out in the passage that, since most that as people get older and older ----.
of the early universities enjoyed the support of
A) they sleep less and less
the Church ----.
B) they require more sleep than formerly
A) state authorities granted them various rights
C) their sleep time varies between 7 and 8 hours
B) the number of students they admitted increased
rapidly D) they rarely sleep less than 7 hours
C) the academic level of the education they E) sleep loss ceases to be a problem
offered was extremely high
D) law naturally became one of the major subjects

offered
12. It is pointed out in the passage that a sleep time
E) the education offered was free of charge
under 8 hours ----.
A) is not recommended in the survey

9. As explained in the passage, real professional
skills ----. B) invariably leads to noticeable inefficiency
A) were taught during the university years C) does not necessarily reduce a person's
efficiency
B) were normally acquired through a period of
apprenticeship D) causes a number of complications in old people
C) gained importance in the universities only after E) is common among women but not among men
1600
D) were acquired by nearly all university students
E) were taught only to the children of nobility

Until recently, many archeologists took the view that Dates and periods are necessary to the study and
civilized communities first arose in Egypt, though discussion of history, for all historical phenomena
only a very short time before a similar development are conditioned by time and are produced by the
In Mesopotamia: a more recent opinion is now that sequence of events. Periods especially, are
the earliest advances may have taken place in retrospective conceptions that we form about past
Mesopotamia. Whichever view is followed, it is events; they are useful to focus discussion, but very
necessary to bear in mind that geographical often they lead historical thought astray. Thus, while
conditions in both regions were not identical, and it it is certainly useful to speak of the Middle Ages and
can in fact be stated that in Mesopotamia of the Victorian Age, those two abstract ideas have
environmental factors were not as wholly favourable deluded many scholars and millions of newspaper
as in the valley of the Nile. readers into supposing that during certain decades
called the Middle Ages, and again during certain
decades called Age of Victoria, everyone thought or
13. According to a more recent view, the beginnings acted more or less in the same way- till at last
of the development of civilisation ----. Victoria died or the Middle Ages came to an end.
But in fact there was no such sameness.
A) have only recently been a major preoccupation
among archaeologists
B) were wrongly assumed to be in Mesopotamia

16. The author argues that, contrary to common
C) were apparently not affected by geographical
assumption, the behaviour of people ----.
conditions
A) was more uniform in the Middle Ages than in
D) in Egypt were greatly hampered by
the Victorian Age
unfavourable environmental factors
B) was not uniform, at all, in any given period
E) seem to have occurred in Mesopotamia rather
than, as once thought, in Egypt C) is a subject that should also be studied by
historians
14. It is pointed out in the passage that the Nile D) in any given period is always the same
valley and Mesopotamia ----.
E) is unrelated to the age they live in
A) have never attracted the attention of historians
B) were equally suitable for the rise of civilisation

17. The division of history into periods ----.
C) could not have been the home of our earliest
civilisations A) is both useful and deceptive
D) do not share the same geographical conditions B) is avoided by modern historians
E) are no longer as fertile as they used to be in C) was rejected in the Victorian Age
early times
D) has been in use since the Middle Ages
E) serves no useful purpose at all

15. From the passage we can understand that ----.
A) our opinions of early history may sometimes

18. According to the passage, the study of history
need to be revised
----.
B) archaeologists have never regarded either
A) began in the Middle Ages and reached its
Egypt or Mesopotamia as the cradles of
height in the Victorian Age
civilisation
B) has changed greatly in our time
C) geographical conditions play an important role
in the decline of civilisations C) requires a knowledge of dates and periods
D) the early civilisations in Egypt and D) includes a great variety of interrelated subjects
Mesopotamia were not similar at all
E) should concentrate on the reconstruction of
E) archaeology has not, until recently, been past events
concerned with this part of the world

1994 KASIM KPDS

Society is, regrettably, less interested in the Mercury has a number of interesting properties and
individual than in the position which he occupies. a variety of industrial uses. It expands at a constant
One almost never asks a person “Who are you?”, rate through the range of temperatures at which it is
but one constantly asks “What do you do?”. For one a liquid. Because of this property and because it
reason or another, people are assorted into various does not cling to glass, mercury is often used in
categories which determine the roles they are to thermometers. At ordinary temperatures it
play in society. This assorting process, called social evaporates very slowly and can thus be left in an
differentiation, goes on in all societies. Women as a open container for long periods of time. For this
class have a status distinct from that of men, and reason it is used in one type of barometer. Mercury
children have a status unlike that of adults. is a good electrical conductor and is used in sealed
electrical switches. An electric current passing
through mercury vapour causes it to give off light,
hence its use in certain kinds of lamps.
1. The constant use of the question, “What do you

do?” ---- . 4. In the passage, it is pointed out that mercury ----.
A) shows that for women, work is of minor A) never ceases to be a liquid

importance
B) is used primarily in the making of barometers
B) suggests that the working day receives a large
C) is of limited use since it is a poor conductor of
part of our attention
electricity
C) is disliked by working women
D) has certain special qualities that make it a very
D) suggests that people give more importance to useful substance
position than to personality
E) has certain unpleasant characteristics
E) implies that we live in a very materialistic world
5. Mercury is often used in thermometers ----.

2. In the passage the term “social differentiation”
means the process by which ---- . A) because it never turns into a solid
A) women alone are put into a special category B) since, so long as it is a liquid, it expands at a
constant rate
B) an individual is assigned his role in society
C) as it is unaffected by temperature change
C) children are given the same status as that of
adults D) since it is attracted to glass
D) the individual comes to acquire a new role in E) even though it shows a tendency to evaporate
society slowly even in an enclosed space.
E) the personality is analysed
6. Mercury vapour will give off light ----.
A) when an electric current is passed through it

3. The passage is largely concerned with ----.
B) if left to evaporate slowly
A) the status and the role people have in society
C) but no use has been found for this property
B) the conflict of the various groups in society
D) so it is a good conductor of electricity
C) women’s problems in a male-centred society
E) and is commonly used to light up electrical
D) the generation gap between adults and children switches
E) the importance of the question “Who are you?”

Protoplasm, which is the fundamental basis of life, is Many observers, including policy makers,
constantly undergoing physical and chemical mistakenly assume that economic competition
change. Life, therefore, is the resultant of these between nations must result in winners and losers.
constantly occurring changes. There are two great It has been demonstrated, however, that
groups into which living things may be classed: international trade increases the wealth of all
plants and animals. Both the plant and the animal participants, even those with lower productivity than
kingdoms are very extensive. It is customary, their trading partners. The real issue, it appears, is
therefore, to regard the science of life under two the way international competition affects all kinds of
comprehensive heads, namely, botany which is the goods that any country produces. It seems that the
study of plants, and zoology which is the study of proper role of government is to ensure that its
animals. Both subjects are subdivided into various people are prepared to compete in those industries
specialised sections. in which they could or should have an advantage.
7. It is pointed out in the passage that life is the

outcome of ----. 10. According to the passage, economic
competition ----.
A) the interaction between plants and animals
A) does not affect industrial activity
B) change from a physical to a chemical state of
being B) only benefits the richer nations
C) physical change taking place in the animal C) should be regulated at an international level
world
D) is beneficial to everybody involved
D) the constant change, both physical and
E) may lead to lower productivity
chemical, occurring in protoplasm
E) constant transformations in the plant world

11. The author suggests that nations should
compete ----.
8. It is understood from the passage that the
A) to improve their balance of payments
science of botany ----.
B) in line with the principles of international law
A) is less specialised than that of zoology
C) with nations of parallel economic standing
B) deals with a limited number of plants
D) with those whose industrial production is the
C) is concerned with the plant world
highest
D) is a subsection of zoology
E) in those industries in which they have an
E) fundamentally concentrates on the study of advantage
protoplasm
12. The author emphasises the idea that
international trade ----.
A) is not one nation’s gain and another’s loss

9. The author points out that the study of living
things, although carried out under various B) should be the major concern of all developing
specialised headings, ----. countries
A) emphasises the importance of genre and C) does great damage to those countries with
species lower productivity
B) depends upon extensive field research D) should not be the concern of policy makers
C) is mainly related to zoology E) has lost its momentum in recent years due to
economic recession
D) takes physical rather than chemical changes
into consideration
E) actually involves two basic fields of science

Those who visit the Mediterranean are invariably It is the opinion of most archaeologists that
impressed with its unity. Everywhere it is the same, civilisation first developed in the Middle East, where,
for the shades of difference here is less important of all the regions in the world, natural conditions
than the resemblances. Yet this unity is the result of offered the greatest assistance to man in his
aggressive contrast; sea and mountain, sea and changeover from a life of nomadic wandering as a
desert, sea and ocean! In these respects the hunter to settled occupation of the soil. The regular
Mediterranean is very different from either central rise of the three larger rivers, Nile Euphrates, and
Europe, or high tablelands of Asia, the Syrian and the Tigris; annual renewal of soil fertility by the
Saharan deserts, or even the Atlantic Ocean. deposition of a layer of silt; and the generally warm
climate, favourable both to the growth of a rich
plant-life, and to the activities of man himself, were
13. What distinguishes the Mediterranean from the all special inducements to the adoption of a way of
other parts of the world is ----. life based on agriculture.
A) that it is characterised by high tablelands
B) the fact that the landscape varies greatly from

part to part 16. According to the passage, one of the striking
features of the three great rivers of the Middle
C) that it is surrounded by vast deserts
East, is that ----.
D) the combination of features, everywhere, is the
A) they provide cheap transport
same
B) they contribute to soil fertility
E) that it is attracting more and more visitors
C) there is little annual change in the water
D) they all run through extensive forest lands

14. According to the passage, within the general
E) they are depositing less and less silt each year
unity of the Mediterranean ----.
A) the deserts of Syria and the Sahara have their

special place
17. The passage is concerned with ----.
B) the contrast between the sea and the desert is
A) how man first began to benefit from the rivers
exceptional
B) the geological features of the Middle East
C) one is also aware of startling contrast
C) the circumstances which contributed to the rise
D) some people find a depressing monotony
of civilisation in the Middle East
E) there is very little that appeals to the eye
D) the rich plant life that existed in the Middle East
in prehistoric times
E) a comparison of the nomadic and agricultural

way of life
15. It is stressed in the passage that the
Mediterranean ----.
A) extensively resembles the rest of the world

18. Before man took to a way of life based on
B) is, in many ways, similar to central Europe agriculture ----.
C) has an endless changing coastline A) he had already settled near the Nile and the
Euphrates
D) is the most crowded part of the world
B) he led a nomadic existence and lived by
E) makes the same impression on all visitors to
hunting
the area
C) warm climates did not attract him
D) the natural conditions of the world were of

supreme importance to him
E) he avoided the Middle East entirely

1995 MAYIS KPDS

In Britain, the Queen is a constitutional monarch. In Of all the environmental problems facing us today,
law she is the head of the executive, an integral part global warming is likely to have the most
of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander- devastating effects. In order to combat these, the
in-chief of the armed forces and temporal head of emission of harmful gases must be reduced; for this
the Church of England. In practice, the Queen's role purpose, the rainforests, which absorb carbon
is purely formal: she reigns, but she does not rule. dioxide in vast quantities must be protected. Global
In all important respects she acts only on the advice warming will place a premium on energy efficiency,
of her ministers. However, she still plays an for controlling global warming inescapably means
important role symbolically as Head of State and reducing the burning of fossil fuels. The two
Head of the Commonwealth. industries that are most obviously going to be
affected are the power suppliers and the vehicle
manufacturers, but since energy is consumed by
1. The main concern of the passage is ----. almost everything we manufacture, design or do,
the effects will be felt everywhere.
A) how the Queen’s progress could be restrained
B) the Queen's firm control of the government 4. It is emphasised in the passage that global
through her executive powers warming seems to be ----.
C) the powers the Queen has and the role she A) easier to control than other environmental
plays in the rule of the country problems
D) the influence the Queen has over the Church of B) of less of a threat than formerly it used to be
England
C) the most terrible of the problems facing the
E) the need for the abolishment of the monarchy environment
in Britain
D) one of the causes for the disappearance of the
rainforests
2. It is obvious from the passage that the Queen's
E) reasonably under control in all parts of the
power ----.
world
A) extends through all the main institutions of the
state
5. The author explains that unless the burning of
B) is strictly confined to the affairs of the fossil fuels is radically reduced ----.
Commonwealth
A) global warming cannot possibly be held in
C) is controlled by the legislature check
D) depends fundamentally on the support of the B) they will soon be used up

armed forces
C) traditional power supplies will not be adequate
E) has no legal basis
D) energy efficiency cannot be achieved
E) the effects will be far reaching and beyond our

3. It is stressed in the passage that on all serious
control
issues the Queen ----.
6. According to the passage, power supply and
A) relies heavily on the guidance of the judiciary
vehicle manufacturing ----.
B) does not act on her own initiative, but consults
A) are two industries that do not affect global
the government
warming
C) acts in accordance with the principles of the
B) rely heavily on fossil fuels
Church of England
C) are environmentally less harmful than other
D) turns to the Commonwealth for advice and
industries
support
D) have carried the problems of global warming
E) keeps aloof so as to maintain her symbol status
everywhere
E) must be strictly controlled to prevent any further

pollution

The 1970s were a period of marked economic Built by the disconsolate Emperor Shah Jahan in
recession in the West. The effects were widespread, memory of his wife, the Taj Mahal mausoleum has
even the publishing sector was badly hit. Inflation survived the rise and fall of many empires and it
continued to push up the costs of paper and attracted looters, too; over the years they carried
printing, increasing the price of books generally and away the silver doors from its gates, the precious
reducing the amount of money available for the stones from its marble wall: and the gold from its
publication of new and experimental work. There graves. But those were small threats compared with
was a growing sense, in the world of literature no the modern danger of pollution. Emissions from the
less than in other spheres of production, that this coal-fired steel foundries thermal power stations,
crisis must involve changes that would be neither cars and an oil refinery in the industrial belt around
simple nor temporary. Agra are corroding and yellowing the Taj Mahal's
white marble.
7. It is explained in the passage that, as a result of

the economic recession experienced in the West 10. According to the passage, the Taj Mahal
in the 1970s, both publishers and writers ----. mausoleum ----.
A) felt that a long and difficult period lay ahead of A) is no longer richly decorated as it once used to
them be
B) made huge profits from the sale of new and B) is not in need of any extensive restoration
experimental works
C) has, on several occasions, been almost
C) were in agreement with the measures being completely destroyed
introduced to check inflation
D) was built to be the tomb of the Emperor Shah,
D) recognised the need to keep down book prices Jahan
E) were extremely worried about the rising cost of E) was deliberately sited in an industrial area
living
8. The writer points out that, due to growing 11. At present, the main threat to the survival of the
inflation, publishers ----. Taj Mahal is ----.
A) took temporary measures to overcome the A) the lack of interest in the building
recession
B) small scale robbery
B) ceased to publish literary works
C) on-going looting
C) introduced a number of radical changes
D) industrial pollution
D) could no longer afford to bring out new and
E) damaging effects of the climate in Agra
experimental work
E) refused to get involved in the crisis

12. The passage is mainly concerned with ----.
9. According to the passage, the recession in
A) the restoration work planned for the Taj Mahal
the1970s in the West ----.
B) the steadily worsening condition of the Taj
A) did not have a long term effect on the economy
Mahal mausoleum
B) affected really all sectors, including that of
C) measures taken to prevent robbery in the past
publishing
D) the various kinds of industries in the Taj Mahal
C) had no impact on the inflation rate
area
D) was hardly felt in the world of literature
E) historic importance and value of the Taj Mahal
E) caused the sudden decline of various spheres mausoleum
of production

Usually educational processes involve not only Since health care accounts for nearly one seventh
learning, but teaching as well. There is, however, no of the American national economy, any attempt to
logical connection in this case. Education can go on reform it enters a minefield of explosive issues.
without any teaching. W e can say it was a 'real President Clinton's health-care plan, many experts
education’ for someone to take a boat out on his say, might shake up the health-insurance industry
own, implying that he learnt something desirable so violently that it could shrink from about 500 to as
without anybody having been there to teach him the few as to 10 companies; costing thousands of jobs.
lesson. There are many forms of learning that go on Businesses complain that new health-coverage
without teaching and ‘educative' learning does not contributions would be disastrous; there is even talk
mean that the learning must take place in a teaching that up to a million jobs will be lost as a
situation. It may be argued that most things are consequence. Though the American Medical
learnt more rapidly and more reliably in a classroom Association has so far sent signals that it would
situation. But even so, learning is not dependent endorse the plan, the physicians themselves and
upon teaching. the taxpayers are extremely worried about it.
16. The writer argues that President Clinton's

13. As is stated in the passage, it is generally health-care reform policy ----.
assumed that ----.
A) is being favourably received by private doctors
A) schools are not important at all in the learning and taxpayers
process
B) has been completely rejected by the American
B) teachers do not further the learning process Medical Association
C) education means both learning and teaching C) is bound to cause a great deal of unrest and
discussion
D) people learn most effectively by themselves
D) will boost the insurance sector
E) a good education makes teaching a priority
E) will create many new jobs for the unemployed

14. The writer himself is fully convinced that true
A) the rising problems of unemployment in the
education ----.
American economy
A) is what everybody desires to have
B) the economic problems of the American
B) can only be provided in a classroom medical staff
C) results from the acquisition of all kinds of C) the financial burden health care has on the
knowledge American economy
D) is an ideal which cannot be achieved in life D) President Clinton's reasons for a thorough
reform in health care
E) can be acquired without the help of a teacher
E) the likely economic consequences of the new
health care plan in the States
15. The writer seems to admit that a teacher may 18. According to the passage, one of the major
often make the process of learning ----. problems likely to result from the new health-
care plan is that----.
A) more interesting
A) a few physicians will find themselves without
B) quicker and more dependable
work
C) safer and more regular
B) businesses will be badly affected by the health-
D) a purely formal affair care fees demanded of them
E) too 'educative' to be effective C) there will be a fierce competition among

insurance companies for coverage of the
unemployed
D) the taxpayers will not be able to receive

adequate medical care
E) president Clinton's popularity will decline

sharply

1995 KASIM KPDS

In one century of strenuous research a vast amount 2. It is obvious from the passage that the source
of source material about Michalengelo has been material concerning Michalengelo ----.
collected, reviewed, edited and annotated including
A) has shed light only on his daily routine life.
letters, poems, contracts, receipts and biographies.
Biographical and artistic data have been checked B) consists only of books written about him by his
and rechecked, sometimes corroborating and contemporaries.
sometimes correcting our previous ideas, and an
C) has taken nearly a hundred years to be
abundance of new facts has been revealed. Long
annotated and published.
lost works have been rediscovered and every single
known piece has been studied in its formal and D) has not received adequate critical attention.
functional aspects. The artist’s character, his daily
E) not only includes his letters, poems and
habits, his working methods, his personal attitudes
biographies but also documents relating to his
and his artistic and political opinions have been
commissions and sales.
traced as well as the peculiarities of the people with
whom he had contact. Thus modern history of art
has formed an image of Michalengelo that is much
nearer to truth than those presented by his first
biographers.
1. We understand from the passage that over the 3. According to the passage, the new data about
past hundred years ----. Michalengelo ----.
A) a vast amount of new facts concerning A) have led to similar studies about his
Michalengelo have come to light. contemporaries.
B) the research carried out about Michalengelo B) have, in some instances, contradicted the
has proved inadequate and in places irrelevant. traditional view of him.
C) scholars have concentrated solely upon C) have fully confirmed the views expressed by his
Michalengelo’s artistic creativity. early biographers.
D) In spite of much research, little has been D) have created a great deal of controversy
learned about Michalengelo. among historians.
E) though many new biographies have been E) have yet to be analysed and collected.
written about Michalengelo, they are all far
short of truth about him.

The fact that the brain is divided into a left and a For years the theory of higher education in the
right half is not a new discovery. Once the skull is United States operated something like this: men
removed the division is obvious to the naked eye went to university to get rich, and women went to
and it is a common feature of brains throughout the university to marry rich men. During the 60s, as a
animal kingdom. What is interesting about this result of the fact that this theory lost much of its
division in man is that each half seems to have popularity, as the nation began to recognize the folly
developed specialised functions, the left side of relegating women to a secondary role, women
appearing to be better at some tasks and the right soon joined men in what once were male pursuits.
side better at others. The most obvious difference in This rebellious decade pushed women toward
functioning is that the left side of the brain receives independence, showed them their potential and
sensations from and controls the right side of the compelled them to take charge of their lives. Many
body and vice versa. The reasons for this are still women took this opportunity. Since then famine
unclear. Despite a number of interesting theories autonomy has been the rule not the exception at
there is no obvious advantage in such a crossover. least among university women.
4. As the writer points out, it has long been known 7. According to the passage, the view had long
that ----. been held in the States that ----.
A) damage to the left half of the brain produces far A) the independence of women would impair the
more serious defects. integrity of family life.
B) the human brain is unlike that of other animals B) only rich men had the opportunity to have
has a very complicated structure. higher education.
C) the right side of the brain has the same C) the rights of women were first recognized at the
functions as the left side. universities.
D) the left side of the brain works more efficiently D) a woman’s potential could be brought to the
than the right. fore only through education.
E) in the animal world brains consist of two halves. E) universities were the place where women found
rich husbands.
5. We can understand from the text that, in man, 8. The writer points out that from the 1960s
each half of the brain ----. onwards, women in America ----.
A) is characterized by a crossover of innumerable A) became more and more dominated by men in

nerves. their working life.
B) functions in full harmony with the other in all B) began to assert themselves in society both as
activities. individuals and professionally.
C) performs certain specialised tasks. C) became less and less interested in their fight for
emancipation.
D) controls the corresponding side of the body.
D) began to go to universities in much greater
E) can be removed without damage being caused
numbers.
to the other.
E) became aware of the fact that the universities
were prejudiced against them.
A) the recent history of brain studies.
B) how the body is controlled by the brain 9. According to the passage most American
women today ----.
C) the division of the brain into two halves and the
way each half functions. A) are obsessed with their inferior status in
business life.
D) the reason why there is a crossover of nerves
in the brain. B) are not content with the change in their lives.
E) how the sensations of the body are transmitted C) regard marriage as outdated and potentially
to the brain. harmful
D) claim and enjoy a position of full independence.
E) still prefer to play a secondary role in society

The collection of foreign intelligence, which is the 11. The writer points out that, in our time, it is ----.
pursuit of a special kind of information, is an
A) a major concern in foreign intelligence to study
indispensable service for any government having
the political and economic developments in
even the most elementary international
neighbour states
associations. Nations must devise a strategy to
provide for both their security and well-being. B) usual for governments to rely more on military
History teaches us that responsibility cannot be met strength than on foreign intelligence.
without knowledge of the political, economic and
C) possible for one nation to be completely wiped
military capabilities and intentions of other nations.
out by another or others.
Indeed advance knowledge of these matters, or its
absence, could well settle the fate of a great nation D) almost possible to get reliable intelligence
especially in an era when a single nation or about other nations.
consortium of nations is capable of smashing
E) scarcely necessary to anticipate attack from
another society in a single stroke or of controlling it
consortium of nations.
under the threat of poised catastrophe. The well-
being of any great nation will depend on decisions
taken by others, which must be foreseen, correctly
analysed and countered.
12. In the passage foreign intelligence is regarded

as ----.
10. As is clear from the passage a nation for its own
well-being even survival ----. A) the unfair pursuit of the data relating to the
military potential of another nation.
A) needs to know what is going on in other
countries and what is being planned. B) essential only for the economic well-being of a
country.
B) must have a good standing army to defend
itself. C) clandestine interference in the affairs of another
nation.
C) should be on good terms with several other
countries as a safeguard. D) the acquirement of a particular type of
information.
D) must be prepared to counteract any internal
revolt. E) a series of strategies devised to counter any
military threat.
E) should not put much faith in foreign intelligence
to maintain its security.

A subject in which there has been a lot of interest Economic dynamics have decisively shifted from the
recently is the acquisition of language. ‘Normal’ national economy. From now on, any country and
children - that is, those who have not had a also any business, especially a large one that wants
particularly rich early environment - usually begin to prosper will have to accept that it is the world
talking after the first year of their life. By eighteen economy that leads and that domestic economic
months they have a vocabulary of about half a policies will succeed only if they strengthen or at
dozen words; at two years a vocabulary of more least do not impair the country’s international
than a hundred words. The traditional view has competitive position. This may be the most
been that during the first year of life babies are not important - it surely is the most striking - feature of
mature enough to learn languages. Talking, the changed world economy.
however, is only the outer manifestation of the
development of the language. Long before he first
utters a meaningful word a baby can be observed
responding to the language of the others.
16. The writer explains that one significant
development in economy has been ----.
13. As pointed out in the passage the way in which
A) the stress on the importance of domestic
a language is acquired ----.
economic policies
A) is noticeably affected by the social background
B) the growing importance of national economic
of the child.
policies
B) follows a very similar pattern in all children.
C) a keener competition between domestic and
C) has rarely attracted a great deal of attention. international companies
D) does not depend at all upon the age of a child. D) that national economics are now closely
interrelated with the world economy
E) is best observed during the first year of life
E) the decline of competition in home markets
14. According to the passage one can define

‘talking” as ----.
A) the first means for a child to communicate with 17. From the passage it seems that for a country to
others. achieve economic prosperity, it ----.
B) the positive proof that a language is being A) has to encourage and support big corporations
learned.
B) must protect itself from new dynamics in
C) the manifestation of a child’s physical domestic economy
development.
C) has to think and plan in terms of world economy
D) the first step towards acquiring a language.
D) must be ruthless in economic policies
E) a way of building up a vocabulary.
E) must create competition within the domestic
market
15. The passage makes the point that we now have
----.
18. The passage deals with ----.
A) a revised review of language acquisition among
A) the growing importance of internationalism in
normal children.
the field of economics
B) a distorted view of how a child begins to
B) the dangers of foreign competition in trade
communicate.
C) the dynamics in the implementation of domestic
C) returned to the traditional theory concerning
economic policies
language acquisition among children.
D) the question of how big business can influence
D) a rather contradictory theory concerning the
the world economy negatively
acquisition of language by two-year-olds.
E) some of the more striking features of the
E) the means and techniques to speed up
current economic policies.
vocabulary acquisition among one-year-olds.

1996 MAYIS KPDS

Today, the United States is in the grip of a second A great many books have been written on
Industrial revolution. While the first, stretching from computers, computer programming languages,
the 1870s to the 1970s, shifted the main sector of particularly Fortran. To produce another book on
the American economy from agriculture to industry, Fortran, even the newest Fortran IV, probably
the new revolution is shifting the economy away seems unreasonable to most, and it is with mild
from traditional "smokestack" manufacturing trepidation that, I, the author, embark on this project.
industries to those based upon information, services However, several good reasons can be stated for
and new technologies. It took the country decades doing just that. Most computer professionals will
to accommodate the cultural and social changes agree that the field of computer and information
resulting from the first industrial revolution and it science has quickly become a valid discipline for
would be rashly optimistic to assume that academia and that rapid changes are occurring in
Americans will not face serious stresses in coming computer programming languages. Both of these
to terms with the changes that are transforming the facts demand that a new direction be taken in
workplace today. presenting the subject.
1. It is understood from the passage that the 4. From the passage we understand that the writer
American economy ----. is somewhat apprehensive in case ----.
A) was, at the beginning, largely an agricultural A) computer sales should drop sharply
one
B) developments in computer programming will
B) was, from the start, based on heavy industry become more and more costly
C) has, over the years, undergone very little C) his book will be felt, by many people, to be
radical changes superfluous
D) has recently entered a period of recession D) computer programming should be taken over
by professionals
E) has invariably kept a balance between
agriculture and industry E) programming languages should become far
more complicated
2. The writer points out that the change in America
from an agricultural to an industrial economy----. 5. According to the passage, publications on
computer technology ----.
A) was bitterly opposed by a large segment of
society A) are only concerned with Fortran computer
programming
B) was achieved in a very short period of time,
actually only about two decades B) have already reached a very high number
C) made the use of information technologies C) are brought out by academia for academia
indispensable
D) invariably cause a great deal of public reaction
D) brought with it many new cultural and social
E) are largely repetitive and very costly
conditions which took years to resolve
6. The writer of this passage feels that his new
E) brought little benefit to the country as a whole
book on Fortran is justified because ----.
A) computer science is a new science with little
3. The author is worried that the Americans----.
relevant literature
A) will find the second industrial revaluation hard
B) computer professionals have not as yet
to cope with
recognised the changes taking place in
B) are closing down heavy industry far too soon computer science
C) don't pay adequate attention to conditions in C) it will boost the sale of computers throughout
the workplace the world
D) may turn back to an agricultural economy D) it introduces a new approach to computer

programming languages
E) have already lost their control over
manufacturing industries E) it will change the concept of computer science
among academia

Until the late l9th century most American museums "Human rights" is a fairly new name for what were
and art academies considered watercolor an formerly called "the rights of man”. It was Eleanor
amateur pursuit or a preliminary to serious work in Roosevelt in 1940s who promoted the use of the
oils. Many American watercolorists saw the medium expression "human rights" when she discovered,
as a holiday diversion, using portable paint boxes through her work in the United Nations, that the
and a free style to make what they called rights of men were not understood in some parts of
"snapshots" of their travels. In contrast, a few the world to include the rights of women. The "rights
recognised the exceptional capacity of watercolours of man” at an earlier date had itself replaced the
as a medium to provide clear and luminous colours original term "natural rights", in part, perhaps,
in works that would evoke the ever changing nature because the concept of natural law, with which the
of lakes and rivers they knew so well, and ultimately concept of natural rights was logically connected,
vie for supremacy with oil paintings in major art had become a subject of controversy.
collections.
7. We can understand from the passage that, in 10. The passage explains the stages by which----.
America, it was a long time before watercolours
A) the United Nations carried out its procedures
----.
B) Eleanor Roosevelt developed the idea of
A) were taken seriously as an art form
human rights
B) fell out of public favour
C) the term "human rights" came into use
C) lost their appeal and gave way to oils
D) the various "rights of man" came to be
D) were confined to the depiction of lakes and recognised
rivers
E) human rights are today being violated
E) became an amateur pursuit among the ordinary throughout the world
people
8. According to the passage, some American 11. By referring to Eleanor Roosevelt, the author
artists felt that watercolour ----. points out that, before the 1940s, the term "the
rights of man” ----.
A) and oil painting were equally effective as
mediums for the portrayal of human emotions A) had always been used in conjunction with "the
rights of women"
B) had been overworked for centuries
B) had come under severe criticism
C) was only to be practised as a hobby on
holidays C) had long been a subject of controversy among
politicians
D) had always been superior to oil painting
D) had already become irrelevant in world politics
E) was an ideal means for representing nature in
its various shades and colours E) had often been misunderstood by some nations
9. The passage explains clearly how ----.

12. It is pointed out in the passage that the
A) watercolour has revolutionised landscape
disagreement over the concept of natural law----.
painting in America
A) was actually of no significance in many parts of
B) watercolour slowly gave way to oils in art
the world
collections
B) meant that the term "natural rights" was no
C) American museums and art galleries have
longer acceptable
collected their oil paintings and watercolours
C) forced Eleanor Roosevelt to introduce the term
D) watercolour has come to be recognised in
"human rights"
America as a valid art medium
D) undermined the work of the United Nations
E) watercolour differs in style and execution from
oil painting E) was closely connected with the growing
recognition of the rights of women

After 1933 the Western World realised that it was 14. The writer suggests that a major distinctive
living in another age of absolutism, or rather, in an feature of "law" is ----.
age of totalitarian dictatorship far worse than the
A) to prevent the rise of totalitarianism in society
worst of the old absolute kings; such regimes could
be seen to be enforcing a "law" that was the B) that it disregards the rights of ordinary people
command hardly of a "sovereign" but of a cruel and
C) respect for basic human rights
genocidal despot. It was ordinary people who
protested: "This cannot be law. Law, if it is to D) to uphold respect for the sovereign
deserve the name of law, must respect at least
E) that it should make a return to absolutism
some basic rights to which every human being is
impossible
entitled simply because he is human."
13. According to the passage, compared with the

absolute kings of the past, modern dictators ----.
A) have been far more cruel and oppressive
B) have shown a relatively high respect for the

rights of the individual 15. According to the passage, the major protest
against the despots of modern times ----.
C) have received considerable support from
ordinary people A) has been largely on account of their genocidal
actions
D) have shown leniency in the enforcement of law
B) began to increase after 1933
E) have always been anxious to rule by law
C) has largely been confined to the Western world
D) has been due to a growing fear of

totalitarianism
E) has come from common people who are

concerned about their basic rights

The shopping centre emerged in the early 1900s in 17. A popular site for the early shopping centres in
the suburbs that encircled American cities. Suburbs the United States was ----.
of that time tended to be chiefly residential and to
A) the very heart of a big city with roads directly
depend on the traditional city centres for shopping.
serving all the suburbs
The first suburban commercial centres had three
identifiable features; they consisted of a number of B) one near an important road junctions with
stores built and leased by a single developer; they enough space to provide adequate parking
were usually situated at an important intersection, facilities
and they provided plenty of free, offstreet parking.
C) the villages bordering on the suburbs of a town,
These "shopping villages" resembled small-town
since they too would benefit from the facilities
shopping districts, both in their architecture which
was carefully traditional, and in their layout, which D) a suitable point far away from two or three
integrated them into the surrounding suburban areas
neighbourhood. The stores faced the street and the
E) one that was in the hands of a single developer
parking lots were usually in the rear.
and architect
16. Before the introduction of shopping centres

those living in the residential suburban areas----.
A) were anxious to keep commercial activities

there to a minimum
B) usually preferred to go to nearby small towns in

order to do their shopping
C) found parking a great problem when they went

downtown to shop 18. The new "shopping villages" were reminiscent
of small-town shopping areas ----.
D) had to go into the centre of the city to do their
shopping A) since many architects felt these could hardly be
integrated effectively into suburban conditions
E) felt that shopping facilities could not be
integrated into such neighbourhoods B) although the stores faced onto the parking lots,
not the streets
C) as regards both the architectural style and the

arrangement of the buildings
D) even though the architecture was very different
E) as most developers wanted to bring something

new into the commercial activities of the region

1996 KASIM KPDS

Certain features of the motorway undoubtedly ease The Antarctic is the most remote continent in the
the strain of driving. Gradients and bends are so world and the last to be discovered, but
controlled as to obviate the necessity of sharp nevertheless constitutes about one tenth of the
braking and the absence of traffic approaching from world’s land surface. So far it has escaped the worst
the other direction removes one of the commonest of man’s destructive ingenuity but today it is
sources of accidents. Many dangers remain, threatened by man’s insatiable appetite for natural
however, made more terrible by the high speeds of resources, and seems to be in danger of losing its
vehicles. A collision at seventy miles an hour is pristine environment which serves as the perfect
almost inevitably in its results. A mechanical defect natural laboratory for scientists to pursue knowledge
in the car or a puncture can lead to loss of control for its own sake.
and catastrophe. The car should be completely
roadworthy and tyre pressures and treads need to 4. The human qualities that are dwelt upon in this
be checked at regular intervals. passage are mainly man’s ----.
A) concern for the environment and his

1. The passage emphasises ----.
determination to protect it
A) that uneven tyre pressures and poor treads are
B) devotion to knowledge and scientific
the major cause of accidents
experiment
B) The fact that speed limits on motorways should
C) concern for the underprivileged and his desire
be reviewed
to open up new areas of natural resources for
C) The high incidence of accidents on motorways them
in comparison with other roads
D) respect for man and the whole created world
D) Both the advantage and the disadvantages of
E) greed and the reckless way he spoils the world
motorway
E) The fact that basically motorways are no

different from other roads, only wider
Antarctic ----.
A) is at present virtually unspoiled

2. As is pointed out in the passage, the design of
motorways is such that ----. B) is a very small and quite useless continent
A) it should never be necessary to brake suddenly C) has noting to offer in the way of natural
resources
B) catastrophes can always be averted so long as
the car has no mechanical defect D) has suffered greatly from natural sources of
destruction
C) a collision at seventy miles an hour is rarely
fatal E) has a climate so incompatible to man that it is
safe from man
D) the dangers of driving are minimised but not the
strain 6. One can understand from the passage that the
writer ----.
E) it is difficult to estimate whether a vehicle really
is roadworthy A) greatly admires man’s persistent search for
fresh natural resources
3. One can understand from the passage that the B) looks forward to the time when the world will
majority of motorway accidents are catastrophic benefit from the rich natural resources of the
----. Antarctic
A) as they involve head on collisions C) is opposed to all scientific projects concerning

the Antarctic
B) because they occur at high speeds
D) does not want to see the exploitation of the
C) as brake defects are the cause
Antarctic by man
D) since they occur on gradients or bends
E) is rather scornful of those who pursue
E) since the motorways themselves are not knowledge for its own sake
adequately policed and controlled

Inflation is process of steadily rising prices, resulting 8. As is pointed out in the passage, the condition
in a diminishing of the purchasing power of a given of “demand-pull inflation” ----.
nominal sum of money. In other words, you can buy
A) has a positive effect on production efficiency
fewer goods for 1 pound in December than you
could in January of the same year. One type of B) occurs when there are plenty of goods but few
inflation is known as demand-pull inflation. This buyers
occurs under conditions of full employment, when
C) invariably leads to a state of unemployment
demand exceeds supply of goods; that is to say,
when people want to buy more goods than are D) can only be checked by devaluation
available. The process of demand-pull inflation
E) is to be found when there are plenty of would-
operates as follows. An increased demand for
be buyers, but not enough goods on sale
goods leads to an increased demand for labour,
resulting in higher wages and salaries. This has the
effect of increasing costs of production and thus
causes increased prices. However, as wages and
salaries are higher, the increased demand for goods
continues, and so the cycle goes on.
9. The writer points out that, with demand-pull

inflation there is an unending cycle of ----.
7. When there is inflation the purchasing power of
A) full employment and stabilized salaries
any given amount of money ----.
B) higher wages and more expensive goods
A) remains unchanged throughout a calendar year
C) overproduction and falling prices
B) starts to increase at a steady rate
D) higher wages but falling sales
C) gradually becomes less and less
E) increased prices but better quality goods
D) has to be readjusted at the end of each fiscal
year
E) is completely unpredictable from month to

month

In the business world today, many companies are 11. We can understand from the passage that
showing less interest in the theoretical potential of candidates who get poor assessment-centre
their staff and more in what they are actually doing scores ----.
at the time. As an alternative or supplement to
A) are, in the majority of cases, without much
judging academic credentials, many firms have
theoretical potential
developed “assessment-centres” in which
employees handle simulated business problems, in B) invariably lose their jobs
a setting as close to real life as possible, to
C) will never again be considered for promotion
demonstrate their competence or indicate the need
for training. Candidates for administrative jobs, for D) are turned down as incompetent
example, might work their way through a sample in-
E) will probably be offered further training
box. Bosses find those promoted because of their
programmes
assessment-centre scores to be competent and the
candidates feel the system is fair. In fact, the
systems can be working well and giving satisfaction.
10. According to the passage, the trend in business

today ----.
12. It is clear from the passage that the system of
A) is to put less and less emphasis on academic
promotion on the basis of assessment-centre
qualifications
scores ----.
B) remains roughly what it was at an earlier date
A) is proving unsatisfactory as too much emphasis
C) is to make all employees try their hand at is placed upon theoretical knowledge
administrative work
B) it is starting to make for bad relations between
D) is to promote those who have theoretical management and worker
knowledge though lacking in technical
C) is proving satisfactory to employer and
background
employee alike
E) is to keep moving employees round from one
D) is to be discontinued as it only tests a
job to another
candidate’s ability to get through an in-box at
speed
E) generally applies only to candidates with an

exceptionally good academic background

In Eminent Victorians Lytton Strachey portrays four 14. According to the passage, the biographies of
dominating personalities of the nineteenth century. Lytton Strachey are of a kind that ----.
He is, noticeably, free of undue reverence for the
A) unduly emphasise the faults and weaknesses
great; indeed his satirical view of life enables him to
of the person portrayed
discover in them many flaws which were discreetly
overlooked by previous historians. Perhaps his B) leave the reader stimulated and in doubt as to
portrayal of General Gordon is the most the essential nature of the person portrayed
controversial of all. Certainly he was a gifted and
C) trick the reader into disliking the person
gallant soldier, but was he also an unbalanced
portrayed
mystic and a self opinionated eccentric? His portrait
of Dr Arnold is also disturbing. Was he a wise and D) give the reader a great deal of unsupported
foreseeing educationalist and headmaster or try gossip
sternly imposing his will on the students in care?
E) the intelligent reader would do well to ignore
The questions thus raised are intensely provocative
and make reading stimulating.
13. From the passage we understand that as a 15. The main point of the passage is to ----.
biographer, Lytton Strachey was remarkable in
A) bring to our notice how unreliable Lytton
his time for ----.
Strachey is as a biographer
A) avoiding all subjects of a controversial nature
B) explain why so many people have been
B) writing biographies not of the great but of little disappointed by Lytton Strachey’s biographies
known people
C) defend Strachey’s view of Victorian attitudes
C) concentrating his attention on the bad, even
D) compare and contrast Strachey’s portrayal of
vicious people of his age
General Gordon with that of Dr Arnold
D) not giving an idealised picture of the great
E) give an idea of the content, character and
E) conforming to the established norms and approach of the book Eminent Victorians
attitudes of his society

If the key to good nutrition is consuming a variety of 17. The author points out that the kinds of vegetable
foods, then vegetables can truly stand as the at our disposal ----.
cornerstone of a health diet. Of all foods, they offer
A) are constantly increasing as new kinds are
the most diversity. There are literally hundreds of
frequently being bred
varieties available to us, and because of careful
plant breeding, today’s vegetable harvest is B) are deceptive as the nutrient content is
continually being expanded and improved. In invariably the same
addition, vegetables are replete with nutrients. They
C) are unfortunately inadequate in most parts of
supply nearly all of the vitamins and minerals
the world
required for good health, many of them – especially
starchy vegetables like potatoes and winter squash D) are not sufficient to keep anyone in really good
- contain complex carbohydrates, which furnish us health
with energy. Most also provide dietary fiber, and a
E) have a dangerously high cholesterol content
few, such as lima beans and potatoes, can
contribute significantly to our protein intake. At the
same time, vegetables contain no cholesterol, have
little or no fat, and are low in calories. In nutritional
parlance, vegetables are “nutrient dense” – that is,
their store of nutrients is relatively high for the
number of calories they supply.
18. We can understand from the passage that ----.
A) vegetables must be eaten in conjunction with

16. It is emphasised in the passage that vegetables
foods rich in fats and minerals
----.
B) only a limited range of vitamins are to be found
A) provide us with vitamins and minerals but not
in vegetables
carbohydrates or proteins
C) potatoes are among the least valuable of the
B) are a pleasant but unessential part of most
vegetables
people's diet
D) the starchy vegetables are a good source of
C) are highly nutritious and at the same time low in
energy
calories
E) only a small fraction of the nutrients we need
D) have a surprisingly high calorie content
for health can be derived from vegetables
E) cannot take the place of meat in our diet

1997 MAYIS KPDS

The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on Agriculture remains the most crucial area for
the heart have frequently been described, but the development, here it seems that the most
exact basis for these effects has not been clarified. intractable problems of resistance to change exist.
Some investigators believe nicotine to be culprit and One may argue that scientific training in agriculture
there has been some experimental work in animals by itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on
indicating that large doses of nicotine in conjunction agricultural output. Any attempt at vocational
with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could training in agriculture presupposes that a
produce a disease of the arteries resembling that meaningful structure of incentive exists for the
seen in humans. An alternative explanation has individual farmer to increase his output, improve his
been offered by other scientists who have pointed to techniques, and expand his range of activities.
the possible role of carbon monoxide being inhaled Without such incentives and opportunities,
with the cigarette smoking. agricultural education can have little impact.
1. It is pointed out in the passage that nicotine ----.

4. The author is of the opinion that improvements
A) is considered by some to be one of the reasons
in the field of agriculture ----.
why smoking has an adverse effect on the
heart A) cannot be achieved through vocational training
B) is the only harmful factor in relation to smoking B) can easily be realised
C) affects animals more seriously than humans C) have already led to good results
D) has been established as more dangerous than D) are absolutely vital for productivity
carbon monoxide for smokers
E) have largely been confined to technology
E) has an adverse effect only upon the arteries
2. According to the passage, studies into the 5. We can understand from the passage that the
adverse effects of smoking ----. agriculture community ----.
A) have ruled out any relationship between A) tends to disregard the problems of the
smoking and cholesterol levels in humans individual farmer
B) have not been able to establish for certain B) is eager for more vocational training
whether or not carbon monoxide could be a
C) is fully aware of the long-term benefits of
factor
scientific training
C) have so far not raised any controversial
D) has already begun to benefit from the improved
opinions
techniques
D) have shown that vitamin D reduces nicotine in
E) is not the one that welcomes change
the body
E) indicate that nicotine and carbon monoxide

6. The author concludes that vocational training in
may be only minor factors
agriculture ----.
A) will be an effective way of eliminating
A) describe certain experiments on animals resistance to change in society
relating to the effects of carbon monoxide
B) will provide farmers with a wide range of
B) emphasises the role nicotine and vitamin D play opportunities
in the heart diseases
C) will be futile unless it’s backed up with various
C) demonstrate that the adverse effects of incentives
smoking on the heart are still under debate
D) is regarded as a priority for social development
D) compare the effects on the heart of nicotine
E) has often been underestimated by various
and carbon monoxide
authorities
E) give an account of the research work
concerning animal diseases

Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more and can
as the economics of education. Today it is one of be bigger than the largest lion. They have immense
the most rapidly growing branches of economics. strength. They clutch their prey to them, holding on
Together with health economics, it makes up the with their claws, and depend on the crushing bite of
core of the economics of human resources, a field their powerful jaws to end the struggle. They swim
of inquiry which in the last few years has been very well and can often be seen splashing about in
silently revolutionising such traditional subjects as water on very hot days, since they apparently suffer
growth economics, labour economics, international from heat. When the air is chilly, however, they
trade, and public finance. Consequently, the avoid wet or damp vegetation. They can climb, but
economics of education with its concept of human do not approach the leopard’s ability in this. They
investment has rapidly transformed large areas of can negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally
orthodox economics. prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well
equipped with senses as one might expect. They
7. The author points out that the term ‘the apparently depend on their hearing while hunting.
economics of education’ ----. Their eyesight is not particularly good, they seem
unable to spot prey until it moves.
A) has only come into use in very recent years
B) has for decades been under discussion among 10. It is clear from the passage that tigers ----.
economists
A) rely on their huge claws alone to catch and kill
C) is of little significance in orthodox economics their prey
D) has only been accepted in educational circles B) are the most skilful climbers of all wild animals
E) is gradually disappearing from economic C) are sensitive to significant variations in

writings temperature
D) closely resemble lions as regards size, speed

8. According to the passage, the economics of and strength
education ----.
E) rely heavily upon their eyesight in locating and
A) is not connected in anyway with investment in catching prey
man
B) relates to a very narrow sphere of human 11. As is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain ----.
activity
A) is usually the favoured habitats of the tiger
C) has had no impact whatsoever on other areas
B) rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better
of orthodox economics
opportunities for hiding
D) has today come into the forefront of economic
C) provides camouflage for leopards
thinking
D) is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels
E) is one of the earliest branches of general
economics E) usually has thicker vegetation which shelters
more prey
9. The author suggests that the earlier branches of 12. From the passage we learn that, contrary to
economics ----. what is generally thought ----.
A) have grown steadily in importance A) once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely
catch it
B) have been substantially modified through the
introduction of the economics of human B) hearing is the least developed sense of the
resources tiger
C) have been virtually unaffected by health C) the leopard’s hunting ability is far behind that of
economics or the economics of human the tiger
resources
D) rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild
D) gave great importance to the idea of human animals
investment
E) the tiger’s senses are not particularly well
E) constituted the essence of the economics of developed
human resources

Scientists have long sought ways to define and The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for his
measure human intelligence. And while theories of mixing fiction with historical fact, by placing his
intelligence have grown more sophisticated since stories within the framework of public events. In fact,
the 1800s when some believed mental abilities were by integrating the front-page news of the 20th
determined by the size of a person’s head, century America with the lives of his characters,
researchers still do not agree about certain Doctorow gives readers the ‘feel’ of an era,
fundamental principles of human thought. They, combining the unusual and the commonplace. His
therefore, continue to debate such basic questions latest novel ‘World’s Fair’ shows how the events of
as whether heredity or the environment is more the turbulent 1930s helped mold the sensibilities of
important in forming intelligence. his young protagonist.
16. It is explained in the passage that Doctorow’s

13. As we learn from the passage, the age-old novel ‘World’s Fair’ ----.
controversy about whether intelligence depends
A) describes the damaging effects of the turbulent
upon heredity or the environment ----.
1930s on the sensitive young protagonist
A) is now being ignored as it is seen to be fruitless
B) is actually a full historical account of the great
B) was finally received in the 1800s changes that took place in the 1930s
C) has only recently become a subject for serious C) demonstrates his theories concerning the
research relationship between man and his society
D) does not seem to have ceased yet D) fails to give his readers a ‘feel’ of the 1930s in
America
E) was more sophisticated in the 19th century
than it is today E) gives the account of how the thoughts and
feelings of the main character are shaped by
the period in which he lived
14. According to the passage, in the early

nineteenth century, some people held the view 17. From the passage we learn that a blend of
that a person’s mental capacity ----. fiction and history ----.
A) could never be changed A) has not always been Doctorow’s primary

concern
B) depended upon the head size
B) is deliberately avoided by Doctorow in his most
C) was purely heredity
recent novels
D) was completely shaped by the environment
C) is a striking feature of Doctorow’s writing
E) was fundamental to his character
D) is commonly used by contemporary American
writers, including Doctorow himself
E) is never to be found in the traditional novel
15. One may conclude from the passage that a full

understanding of the nature and the capacity of 18. We see in the passage that Doctorow’s purpose
human intelligence ----. in bringing together in his novels the usual and
the extraordinary ----.
A) can only be achieved by exceptionally
sophisticated A) is to build up a convicting picture of a period
B) has finally been achieved by modern scientists B) did not achieve the result he aimed for in
‘World’s Fair’
C) is sure to be realised within the next few years
C) has been frequently criticised by his readers
D) is not likely to be achieved in the near future
D) has not been properly appreciated except in the
E) will emerge through theoretical rather than
case of ‘World’s Fair’
experimental studies
E) has been shared by other 20th century
American novelists

1997 KASIM KPDS

In 1964 the United Nations Conference on Trade 2. With reference to this Conference, one
and Development was held. For the first time the development mentioned in the passage was that
poorer nations of the world came together to act as ----.
a pressure group on trading matters. The A) each country was to benefit from compensation
Conference made the following recommendations. schemes.
The Developing countries should be given free
B) the idea of compensation schemes came to the
access to world markets for their manufactures and
fore.
semi manufactures by the elimination of quotas and
tariffs. International commodity agreements should C) developed countries should not benefit from
be made for each major primary commodity in world compensation schemes.
trade to stabilise commodity prices. Moreover,
D) compensation schemes were to be put into
compensation schemes, whereby the
effect as soon as possible.
underdeveloped countries are compensated for the
declining prices of their primary products, were E) the poorer countries should be compensated
recommended for consideration. The Conference for their general trade deficits.
also resolved that the developed countries should
aim to provide at least 1 per cent of their national
income as aid for the underdeveloped countries.
3. From the passage we learn that one of the

1. As can be understood from the passage, the resolutions adopted by the United Nations
1964 United nations Conference on Trade and Conference on Trade and Development ----.
Development was remarkable because ----.
A) was soon revoked due to strong pressure
A) the developing countries now had the chance, coming from underdeveloped member
for the first time, to have free access to the countries.
markets of the developed countries.
B) considerably raised the world trade tariffs on a
B) it failed to formulate a policy that would ensure variety of commodities.
the stabilisation of world commodity prices.
C) concerned the amount of aid to be given by the
C) all the demands of the underdeveloped developed countries to the underdeveloped.
countries were accepted without reservation by
D) envisaged a step-by-step lifting of the world’s
the developed countries.
trade barriers.
D) a number of deadlines were set for the signing
E) made it imperative for the developed countries
of international commodity agreements.
to open up their markets to the manufactured
E) the world’s poorer countries participating in the goods of the underdeveloped countries.
Conference took joint action to influence the
resolutions on trading matters.

In earlier centuries it was thought that a great 5. It is pointed out in the passage that it was only
continent must exist in the southern hemisphere, with Captain Cook’s voyage in the 18th century
around the South Pole, to balance the known land that ----.
masses in the north. Its real extent was better
A) the first serious expedition into the interior of
understood in the 18th century, particularly when
the Antarctic was launched
Captain Cook sailed for the first time south of the
Antarctic Circle and reached the edge of the B) a partially accurate assessment of the size of
icepack. A portion of the ice-covered continent was the Antarctic could be made.
first sighted by Edward Bransfield in 1820. Explorers
C) people began to realise just how small the land
of several other nations also sighted portions of the
mass here was.
coast-line in other quarters and wrote detailed
accounts of their observations. However, in the light D) multi-national projects for the exploration of the
of these accounts, the first extensive exploration Antarctic were put into effect.
was made by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841
E) the rich natural resources of the Antarctic
when a great part of the Antarctic was discovered.
became known to the outside world.
4. As we can understand from the passage, it was

assumed many centuries ago that the large land
mass around the North Pole ----.
A) seemed to be impenetrable and, hence,

inexplorable.
6. It is clear from the passage that, following
B) could not have a counterpart in the southern various earlier reports concerning the Antarctic,
hemisphere. ----.
C) had a regular and unchanging coastline. A) Edward Bransfield joined the international
project to study the ice-pack of the continent.
D) must have been balanced by a similar extent of
land mass around the South Pole. B) many explorers were discouraged from
undertaking any serious exploration there.
E) would be reduced in size once the edge of the
ice-pack began to melt. C) explorers from various countries began to
compete with each other for the conquest of the
continent.
D) Captain Cook decided to undertake a second

voyage of discovery in the area.
E) the first major, large-scale discovery of the

continent was undertaken by James Clarke
Ross in 1841.

Oceanography is the scientific study of the world’s 8. It is clear from the passage that, due to the
oceans which cover over 70 percent of the earth’s complexity and variety of its research activities,
surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography oceanography ----.
go back to the 1870s when, for the first time, wide
A) cooperates with some of the other sciences
ranging scientific observations and studies of the
oceans were undertaken by British. Since then, B) focuses only on the discovery of the new
oceanography has developed into a highly technical energy resources in the oceans
and interdisciplinary science which is now divided
C) benefits extensively from the findings of
into several fields of study. These are biological
biology.
oceanography, which deals with the study of the
marine organisms and marine ecology, chemical D) is rarely concerned with the problems of the
oceanography, which is concerned with the ocean environment.
composition of sea water, and physical
E) has developed into a separate and independent
oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides,
discipline with no relationship with other
waves, and the role played by the oceans in climate
sciences.
and weather. Geological oceanography is also
another branch of oceanography and is mainly
concerned with the formation, composition and
evaluation of the ocean basins. Oceanographic
knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the
enormous food, mineral and energy resources of
the oceans wi
9. We understood from the passage that over the

last hundred years or so ----.
A) many wide ranging studies have been made of

ocean currents and their effects on climate.
B) the oceans have been extensively exploited for

7. In the passage the writer does not dwell on ----. food and mineral deposits.
A) the purpose and research concerns of C) British scientists have carried out extensive
biological oceanography. studies of the ocean basis.
B) the history of oceanography studies, and the D) scientists have been much concerned with the
range of these studies pollution of the ocean environment.
C) how oceanographic studies can contribute to E) much progress has been made in the
the improvement of shipping. development of oceanography as a science.
D) the uses for us of the information provided by

oceanographic studies about the oceans.
E) what geological oceanography and chemical

oceanography deal with.

In 1945, following the Second World War, the allies 11. According to the passage, one of the major
that is, the United States, the Soviet Union, and provisions made in the Postdam Agreement was
Britain drew up and signed the Potsdam Agreement. that ----.
The main points of this agreement were that
A) the necessary measures should be taken to
militarism and Hitlerism should be destroyed; that
prevent Germany from any future renewal of
industrial power should be so reduced that Germany
aggression.
would never again be in a position to wage
aggressive war; that surplus equipment should be B) the rearmament of Germany should be under
destroyed or transferred to replace wrecked plants allied supervision.
in allied territories; that Germany should be treated
C) the military, but not the domestic, policies of
as an economic whole, and that local self-
Hitler should be discontinued.
government should be restored on democratic lines
as rapidly as was consistent with military security. D) Germany’s industrial production should be
reduced to a pre-Hitler level.
E) local administrations in Germany should

concern themselves only with social welfare.
10. As we learn from the passage, the Postdam

Agreement ----.
A) was originally proposed by the United States.
B) was the first treaty of its kind to be signed with

the Soviet Union.
C) was a treaty, which was signed by the allies,

with the principle aim of ensuring peace and
security in Europe. 12. It is pointed out in the passage that the Postdam
Agreement envisaged ----.
D) improved the relations between the Soviet
Unions and the West. A) a European political institution to safeguard
peace.
E) was drafted by the allies in consultation with
Germany. B) a step-by-step reduction of Germany’s
economic efficiency.
C) the restoration of democracy throughout

Europe.
D) the transfer of surplus equipment from

Germany to the allied countries to help the
recovery of industry there.
E) the maintenance of military security through a

new alliance with Germany.

The police are a regular force established for the 14. We understand from the passage that the
preservation of law and order and the prevention powers of the police ----.
and detection of crime. The powers they have vary
A) are much stronger in country areas than in
from country to country and with the type of
cities.
government; the more civilised and democratic the
state is, the less police intervention there is. B) cannot be limited in democratic countries.
England, compared with other countries, was slow
C) have been strongly criticised in England.
to develop a police force, and it was not until 1829
that Sir Robert Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act D) were first defined by the British government in
established a regular force for the metropolis. Later 1829.
legislation established county and borough forces
E) are closely related to the political regime of a
maintained by local police authorities throughout
country.
England and Wales.
13. It is clear from the passage that one of the major

concerns of the police is ----.
A) to uphold the law and maintain order in society.
B) to put on trial those guilty of criminal behaviour.
C) the enlargement of their own powers as far as

15. The writer tells us that, before England set up a
is compatible with democracy.
police force, ----.
D) to uphold the universal principles of democracy.
A) various countries had already established one
E) to intervene, when necessary, in matters of of their own.
legislation.
B) the preservation of law and order was being
maintained by local authorities.
C) Sir Robert Peel showed little interest in the

preservation of law and order.
D) the prevention and detection of crime in the

boroughs was almost impossible.
E) Wales had the highest crime rate in Britain.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and 17. We can understand from the passage that the
Development (IBRD) known as “the International World Bank will usually not provide loans for
Bank” or as “the World Bank” is an agency of the investment projects in developing countries
United Nations established in 1945. It has the unless ----.
primary function of making loans available to assist
A) it is absolutely certain that the money lent will
developing countries. Usually, loans are made to
be returned in full and with interest.
finance specific projects of investment in
underdeveloped countries; and the Bank will B) it has been unanimously approved by the
normally make a loan only if it is satisfied that the United Nations.
investment will yield a revenue sufficient to enable
C) these countries are in a position to finance a
the payment of interest on the loan, and repayment
good part of these projects.
of the sum lent. In 1983 the Bank made loans to the
value of $3.300 million. Thus a sizeable amount of D) these projects are indeed of vital importance for
lending is channelled through the Bank, but it is the industrialisation of these countries.
clear that some projects of great value to
E) these countries are prepared to pay a sizeable
underdeveloped countries cannot be financed in this
interest rate on the money lent.
way, because they would not yield returns quickly
enough or large enough to meet the Bank’s
requirements for interest and repayment.
16. It is pointed out in the passage that the World

Bank was founded in order to ----.
18. The passage gives a general account of ----.
A) provide the nations with a constant source of
A) why the World Bank has relaxed its traditionally
income for its various projects.
strict loan policies in favour of developing
B) bring all developing countries up to the same countries.
level of economic prosperity.
B) how the World Bank was founded and has
C) provide underdeveloped countries in particular, been financed by the United Nations.
with the necessary financial support for the
C) the ways and means by which the World Bank
realisation of their major development projects.
has influenced developing countries.
D) give loans to all the countries in the world on an
D) how the financial policies of the World Bank are
equal basis, regardless of their economic
controlled by the United Nations.
position.
E) the main funding policy followed by the World
E) make loans available to those countries not
Bank in relation to underdeveloped countries.
receiving support from the developed countries.

1998 MAYIS KPDS
Paper has been known in one form or another from

2. It is obvious from the passage that today the
very early times. The papyrus reeds of the Nile
wood-pulp needed for the manufacture of paper
swamps served the ancient Egyptians for sheets
----.
upon which to inscribe their records. The Chinese
and Japanese, centuries later, were using A) is largely provided by the countries which
something more akin to modern paper in substance, produce a great deal of timber
an Asiatic paper-mulberry, yielding a smooth fibrous
B) is produced from a variety of substances other
material, being utilised. With the spread of learning
than timber
in Western Europe the necessity of a readier
medium made itself felt, and paper began to be C) can only be produced economically with the aid
manufactured from pulped rags and other of sophisticated technology
substances. Other papermaking staples were later
D) is normally made from raw materials locally
introduced, such as linen cotton and wood-pulp. The
available
chief raw material in the world paper industry now is
wood-pulp, the main exporters being the timber- E) can most readily be prepared from timber with a
growing countries of Canada, Sweden and Finland. high fibrous content
1. We can understand from the passage that, A) explain why there has been so little change in
throughout history, paper ----. the development of papermaking
A) has played a vital role in the advancement of B) describe how the West learned the techniques
learning of papermaking
B) has been a major export item for Asian C) account for the economic implications of the
countries, and for China in particular paper industry
C) has been produced from a wide range of D) give a historical account of papermaking with
materials emphasis on the main raw materials used
D) has been valued as a means of communication E) alert the reader to the fact that very large
more in the West than in the East amounts of timber are consumed in
papermaking
E) has largely been used for documentation rather
than for learning

The great expansion in energy demand over recent 5. One can understand from the passage that
years has been met to a large extent by petroleum further oil explorations ----.
oil. The total world reserves of petroleum oil are still
A) would inevitably result in a drop in oil prices
uncertain since large parts of the world are still not
fully prospected. The cutback in oil production and B) are unlikely to produce any positive results
the rise in the price of Middle Eastern oil following
C) should be carried out both in the Middle East
the 1973 Arab-Israeli war unleashed a worldwide
and in the North Sea
energy crisis which affected the economies of
consumer countries. One result of this crisis has D) may cause new tensions in the Middle East
been that Britain has increased its North Sea oil
E) could lead to the discovery of rich reserves of
production and become the fifth largest oil
petroleum as yet untapped
producing country in the world.
4. It is pointed out in the passage that, to meet its

increasing energy needs, the world ----.
6. According to the passage, one result of the oil
A) will have to develop new sources of energy in
crisis caused by the Arab-Israeli war has been
addition to petroleum oil
that ----.
B) has had to face a recurrent energy crisis
A) the world has learned to reduce its energy
C) has, in recent years, relied heavily on consumption
petroleum oil
B) Britain has become one of the leading oil
D) has had to rely more and more on British oil producers
E) is learning to depend upon a larger variety of C) many new oil fields throughout the world have
energy sources been prospected and brought into production
D) Britain has emerged as the largest exporter of

petroleum oil in the world
E) consumer countries have had to redefine their

economic priorities

In 1903 the United States signed a treaty with 8. We understand from the passage that the locks
Panama, which gave the United States rights in in the Panama Canal are essential ----.
perpetuity ever a 16 km wide strip of land extending
A) as, for a canal, 80 kilometres is a very long
across the narrowest part of Panama for the
stretch of waterway
purpose of building and running a canal. The canal
built, now known as the Panama Canal, connects B) since the canal authorities need to be supervise
the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and is just over shipping in the canal
80 km long. Its depth varies from 12 to 26 meters. It
C) lest enemy ships attempt to enter the Canal
is constructed above sea-level, with locks and has
been available for commercial shipping since 3 D) even though the United States would have
August 1914. An agreement was reached in 1978 preferred not to build them
for the waterway to be turned over Panama by the
E) because there is a difference between the level
end of the century.
of the Canal and that of the sea
7. According to the passage, with the 1978

agreement concerning the Panama Canal it was
agreed that ----.
9. As it is pointed out in the passage, the Panama
A) shipping through the Canal would be jointly Canal ----.
supervised by Panama and the United States
A) will continue to be run jointly by Panama and
B) the right to operate the Canal would rest with the United States
the United States for ever
B) has continuously caused friction between the
C) the Canal would revert to Panama at the end of United States and Panama
the century
C) has had an increasing volume of shipping since
D) the costs would be shared equally between it was first opened
Panama and the United States
D) was constructed to connect the Atlantic and
E) the Canal had to accept commercial shipping Pacific Oceans at their closest point
from all countries
E) has become the world’s busiest waterway for
commercial shipping

When there has been a serious disaster such as an 11. We can understand from the passage that, in the
earthquake or flooding, various relief efforts are main, in the aftermath of a disaster, ----.
rapidly put into effect. However, experience has
A) it is not often possible to have access to
shown that it is usually impractical to attempt mass
adequate communication facilities
immunisation immediately following a disaster and
that, when attempted, it detracts from the overall B) the transport of relief workers to the area
relief effort without producing a discernible benefit. should be carefully planned
Effective immunisation requires prior planning good
C) untold benefits are to be derived from mass
systems of communication and transport and
immunisation
access to the population at risk. These requirements
cannot be met in the immediate postdisaster period. D) the distribution of food and medicine is the
Efforts to achieve mass vaccination in the relief main activity of the relief phase
phase also drain whatever limited manpower,
E) conditions are not favourable for the
communication facilities, and transportation exist.
implementation of an efficient immunisation
programme
10. It is pointed out in the passage that, as part of

the relief work following a disaster, ----.
12. We can understand from the passage that, if
A) the most difficult to organise is the fair transport and communication facilities are
distribution of supplies inadequate, ----.
B) mass immunisation is not usually to be A) then relief efforts will be adversely affected
recommended
B) the population at risk has to be removed to a
C) communication facilities are among the most safer place
urgent measures to be taken
C) the problems facing relief workers will not be so
D) it is important to plan comprehensively the obvious
evacuation of the badly wounded
D) relief efforts have to be doubled to improve the
E) one of the priorities must be the resettlement of situation
the displaced population
E) the amount of man power has to be increased
by every means available

Universities are institutions of higher education 14. According to the passage, one of the primary
whose principal objects are the increase of goals of a university is to ----.
knowledge over a wide field through original thought
A) encourage the establishment of higher
and research and its extensions by the teaching of
education institutions
students. Such societies existed in the ancient
world, notably in Greece and India, but the origin of B) undertake the furthering of knowledge, teaching
the University as we know it today lies in medieval and research in a wide variety of fields
Europe, the word “universitas” being a contraction of
C) provide students with professional training
the Latin term for corporations of teachers and
students organised for the promotion of higher D) supervise the research undertaken by other
learning. The earliest bodies to become recognised institutions in society
under this description were at Bologna and Paris in
E) make arrangements for the exchange of
the first half of the 12th century. Oxford was
students and scholars in the world
founded by an early migration of scholars from
Paris, and Cambridge began with a further migration
from Oxford. Other universities sprang up all over
Europe from the 14th century onwards.
15. The writer points out that, although the origins

13. The main concern of the passage is ----. of universities can be traced to antiquity, the
history of the modern university ----.
A) the comparison of different types of university
A) is closely linked to the history of Oxford and
B) the development of the European universities
Cambridge universities
from the Middle Ages to the present
B) begins with the use, in the Renaissance, of the
C) to describe the aims and the early history of
word “universitas”
universities
C) centres around the migration of scholars in
D) to explain how and why the medieval university
Europe
came into being
D) really dates from the Middle Ages
E) to emphasise the need for research in
universities E) largely depends on the studies carried out at
Bologna and Paris

Romanticism is a term for a movement in the arts, 17. It is suggested in the passage that as an
that is, in music, painting, sculpture or literature, approach to life, the Romantic view ----.
which seeks to give expression to the artist’s
A) is constantly recurrent in the human
feelings about his subject rather than to be
temperament
concerned with form and reality. The romantic view
is that art is nature seen through a temperament; B) has often been subordinate to Classicism
the realist view, on the other hand, is that art is a
C) is out of favour in the contemporary world
slice of life. In painting Delacroix (1789-1863) is the
romantic artist par excellence with his uncontrolled D) is best expressed in music, not in other forms of
expression of the passions and love of the exotic. In art
literature the Romantic movement reached its finest
E) came into being as a reaction against Realism
form in the works of Goethe, Schiller and Heine; in
the poetry of Byron, Keats, Wordsworth, Shelly and
Blake; and in the writings of Victor Hugo. Since
Romanticism is partly a matter of temperament in
the artist just as Classicism is, it may be found at all
times and places, although whether or not it
becomes predominant depends on contemporary
taste.
18. The passage quite simply describes ----.
A) the influence of Romanticism in art upon

16. The writer explains that the most distinctive
Romanticism in literature
characteristic of Romanticism is ----.
B) the romantic quality of Delacroix’s painting and
A) an accurate description of the natural world
its counterpart in literature
B) its dedicated concern with the issues of actual
C) the similarities and differences between
life
Romanticism and other literary movements
C) the expression of individual’s emotions
D) the revival of Romanticism as an artistic
D) the importance it attaches to form rather than to temperament in the contemporary world
content
E) what Romanticism is and who its major
E) its avoidance of the pictorial and the exotic exponents have been

1998 KASIM KPDS

Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping 2. According to the writer, if poverty is to be
children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once overcome, ----.
families escape from poverty they do not fall back
A) the only effective means for this would be to
into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor. The
provide better education.
primary reason poor children do not escape from
poverty is that they do not acquire basic mental B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the
skills. They cannot read, write, calculate or poor.
articulate. Lacking these skills, they cannot get or
C) all children, regardless of their social class,
keep a well-paid job. The best mechanism for
should receive the same formal education.
breaking this vicious circle is to provide the poor
with better educational opportunities. Since children D) middle-class children should be given better
born into poor homes do not acquire the skills they educational opportunities.
need from their parents, they must be taught these
E) the education of children should be based on
skills in school.
mental skills alone.
1. The writer makes the point that, once people

have overcome poverty, ----. 3. The main argument of the passage is that ----.
A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be A) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved
important for them. if the poor and the rich attend the same school.
B) they cease to mix socially with the poor. B) middle-class children do not need to learn basic
mental skills at school, since they learn them at
C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners
home.
and ways.
C) the children of the poor must learn basic mental
D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become
skills at school so that they can escape from
poor again.
poverty.
E) they become eligible for well-paid employment
D) Since basic mental skills are not being taught
in industry.
efficiently at schools, educational reform is
essential.
E) a child born into a poor family will inevitably

stay poor all through his life.

Not just in substance but in manner too, Robin Work is central in British culture. When someone
Trevelyan, who is the Prime Minister’s new asks one ‘What do you do?’, they really mean ‘What
righthand man, is a politician in the old style. He work do you do?’. When a woman is asked ‘Do you
avoids the flourish which characterises modern work?’, what is meant is ‘Are you doing a paid job?’.
politicians. His speeches are at best unemotional, at Yet many people without a paid job work at other
worst dull. He is all but incapable of inspiring an kinds of productive activities. Women, notably,
audience. His face is inexpressive, solid almost. He perform an unpaid ‘double shift’ in the home as
evades making promises and is completely lacking housekeepers and mothers. To confine the term
in vision. He is a politician whose talent has never ‘work’ to paid employment, therefore, restricts it far
been to inspire the mob. too narrowly. There are many other kinds of work,
some of which can take more time and energy than
4. We can understand from the passage that Robin we put into our paid employment from the voluntary
Trevelyan ----. working in the garden to repairs to the house or the
car. In other cultures, work is not as highly valued
A) cannot keep his real feelings from the public
as this; some people value leisure more, and work
eye.
only as much as they need in order to provide basic
B) has, with his speech, always been able to sway necessities.
public feeling.
7. The writer suggests that people tend to regard
C) is, with his dramatic speeches, a typical
the word ‘work’ as ----.
politician of our time.
A) referring only to paid employment.
D) is trusted and valued by the prime minister.
B) being limited only to voluntary work.
E) is one of those rare politicians who really
understands the psychology of the people. C) relating only to physical effort.
D) interchangeable with “leisure”.
E) an activity with an end-product.

5. With regard to the Prime Minister’s new
righthand man, it is pointed out in the passage
that one of his shortcomings as a politician is 8. The writer points out that, unlike the case in
----. Britain, in some cultures ----.
A) his lack of any genuine belief in his own party. A) work in any form is highly respected.
B) his inability to follow someone else’s lead. B) unpaid activities such as housework make up
virtually the whole of a woman’s day.
C) his reluctance to commit himself or articulate a
vision. C) voluntary work is held in high respect.
D) his tendency to scorn public opinion. D) it is leisure, not work, that is of primary
importance.
E) his fondness for modern political manners.
E) people are unwilling to work to meet even their
basic necessities.
6. In this passage, the writer has set out to ----.
A) highlight the rare political qualities of the

present Prime Minister.
9. According to the passage, unpaid jobs ----.
B) criticise modern British politics in the person of
A) are invariably more pleasurable than paid ones.
the Prime Minister.
B) can be quite as time-consuming as paid ones.
C) portray the ideal type of a politician in our time.
C) are always assigned to women rather than to
D) account for the failure of the Prime Minister’s
men.
previous adviser
D) are not readily available in Britain.
E) present a concise study of the political
personality of the Prime Minister’s new adviser. E) are rarely taken on by people who go out to
work.

Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive 11. According to the author, the consumption of
drugs that are freely available in our society. Their alcohol in the world ----.
wide spread use shows that they provide a common
A) is particularly widespread among members of
solution to the problems of vast numbers of
sub-cultures
individuals. The extent and the nature of their use is
not , however, uniform but varies with the particular B) is directly related to the economic prosperity of
sub-culture involved. To take alcohol, for example, each sub-group
there are wide differences between the drinking
C) varies from race to race, culture to culture and
habits and rituals of merchant, seamen and
class to class
businessmen, between Italians and Jews. Each
sub-group in society will have a conception of what D) is closely linked with the increase of deviant
the permissible and desirable effects of alcohol are, drinking behaviour
how much it is necessary to drink to achieve this
E) made the practices and behaviour of sub-
desired state; what is normal and what is deviant
cultures in society more uniform
drinking behaviour.
10. It is pointed out in the passage that

psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, nicotine
and caffeine are widely used because ----.
12. The writer points out that there is little
A) sub-groups in society identify themselves with agreement among sub-groups ----.
them.
A) about the extent to which psychoactive drugs
B) people with problems find them helpful should be produced
C) their effects have been proved to be harmless B) about the benefits of psychoactive drugs
D) they are much cheaper than many other drugs C) as regards why businessman drink so much
and legally obtainable
D) as to why Italians and Jews have different
E) society at large regards them as harmful drinking habits
E) as to how much alcohol can be properly

consumed

In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of 14. According to the author, legislation against
optimism about improving women’s position, ending gender discrimination ----.
male privilege and doing away with gender divisions
A) has contributed surprisingly little towards the
and even gender difference. Equal opportunities
improvement of women’s position in society
legislation was enacted in many countries, and the
voice of the women’s movement was heard B) has been grossly neglected especially in less
criticising discrimination between the sexes in every prosperous countries
sphere of working life. Now it is clear that legislation
C) has, in many countries, already made the
can make only a marginal difference to entrenched
position of women fully equal to that of men
patterns of job segregation and inequality. The
voices of feminism, too, are varied; some demand D) has brought about balance in society that
equality with men while others pursue the satisfies the women’s movement everywhere
revaluation of women’s skills and ‘womanly’ virtues.
E) has been fully successful in eradicating job
segregation in industrial countries
13. It is pointed out in the passage that many people

in the early 1970s ----.
15. According to the passage, there are people in
A) realised that a majority of women were not
the feminist movement who ----.
genuinely interested in job segregation
A) argue that women don’t deserve equal
B) were doubtful as to whether legislation could
opportunities with men in working life
improve the position of women in society
B) believe that women’s qualities have been
C) actively took part in women’s demonstrations
undervalued and should be reassessed
against male aggression and dominance in the
workplace C) are convinced that women would have a
stronger position if they kept their femininity
D) confidently expected the elimination of the
inequality existing between the sexes D) believe that the movement is far from achieving
any of its original objectives
E) were scarcely aware of there being any
discrimination between the sexes E) are concerned that the legislation against sex
discrimination in working life may be revoked in
the near future

All of us are born, all of us will die; but there is 17. The writer points out that, though most people
infinite variety in the nature and circumstances of expect life to be free of care and death easy, ----.
these two events themselves and in what happens
A) this is not likely to happen either in
to our bodies and our minds in between. Some
adolescence or in adulthood
individuals, for example, are born without difficulty
and grow uninterruptedly during childhood and B) they have to strive hard to attain this idealised
adolescence, suffering at worst only minor infectious condition
diseases and accidents. As adults, they reproduce
C) this is, in fact, very rarely the case
their kind. They age gradually until, in extreme old
age, they die peacefully without pain or discomfort. D) for many people a worthwhile life has more to it
This is an idealised picture of how we would like than this
things to be, rather than the reality that most people
E) this is seldom the case except in old age
experience. Death comes to many of us, not when
we are old, but during or before birth, in infancy, in
adolescence, in early adulthood or in middle age.
18. In this passage the writer points out the

disparity between ----.
A) the basically fortunate lives of the majority and

16. One point made by the author in this passage is the tragic experience of a small minority
that we, as human beings, ----.
B) what everyone expects of life and what he
A) must face the fact that accidents in old age are actually achieves in life
inevitable
C) the early happy years of our lives, and the later
B) have all similar opportunities but use them tragic ones
differently
D) the near ideal life experience of the few and the
C) all enjoy a happy childhood and a healthy actual life experience of the majority
adolescence
E) the happier middle years of a person’s life and
D) ought to take certain measures to avoid the more trying later years
infections diseases in childhood
E) have widely differing experiences of birth, life

and death

1999 MAYIS KPDS

The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It 2. It is pointed out in the passage that the waters
carries about a quarter of the world's running water of the Amazon ----.
and is the second longest after the Nile. Much of it is
A) shelter many species of exotic fish
brown, brackish, piranha-infested and bitterly cold.
Ranging from narrow tributaries and raging rapids to B) are in parts muddy and not fresh
stretches of prodigious width and calm, the river's
C) form a chain of spectacular waterfalls
banks can take half a day to reach. In parts, it can
drop up to 40 metres in less than a kilometre D) are not suitable for the survival of piranha
Furthermore, it runs through deep canyons and
E) flow calmly throughout its course
steep gorges that have been carved out by its
turbulent waters.
1. We learn from the passage that, though the

Amazon has the largest volume of water of any
river in the world, ----.
A) it is not the longest
B) it is in no parts particularly wide

3. The passage largely deals with ----.
C) there is very little topographical variety in its
course A) the differences and the similarities between the
Amazon and the Nile
D) it is seldom used for the transportation of goods
B) the varying problems of navigation along the
E) it is in most parts congested with mud and
Amazon
slime, hence slow-moving
C) the geological formation of the course of the
Amazon
D) the number and the size of the Amazon's many

tributaries
E) The size of the Amazon and its topographical

end aquatic features

The great window-dresser Gene Moore seems to 5. It is suggested in the passage that Gene Moore
have been self-taught. As a young man his main spent his early years ----.
idea was to get away from Birmingham, Alabama,
A) preparing for the career of his choice which was
then a town of steel and pollution. It was, he said,
window-dressing
the wrong place to be born in for anyone with
dreams. He dreamt of being a concert pianist and B) in New York where he made his dreams come
then of being a painter. But he decided that he did true
not play very well, and presently gave up painting.
C) in an environment that he felt was hostile to his
In New York in the 1930s he got various casual
creative development
jobs. One was with a store that decided he had flair
and put him in its display department, and that was D) in Alabama where he got his professional
the start of his career. He worked for a number of training
shops promoting their wares, and built a reputation
E) painting industrial landscapes in Alabama
for innovative ideas.
4. One understands from the passage that it took

Gene Moore very many years to ----.
A) find out what he was really good at
B) return to his native town of Birmingham,

6. It is clear from the passage that Gene Moore
Alabama
become a window-dresser ----.
C) realise that he hated living in an industrial city
A) in order to make a name for himself in New
D) accept the fact that he wasn't a gifted artist York's fashion circles
E) get a department store of his own in New York B) more by accident than by design
C) only after he had established himself as a

musician and a painter
D) almost as soon as he arrived in New York
E) even though he lacked any form of creative

talent as his employers knew well

Pollution is no respecter of national boundaries 8. It is pointed out In the passage that one of the
today. But environmental scientists can still be issues the chemists from the University of
surprised by the distances that large quantities of Washington are seriously concerned with ----.
industrial pollutants can sometimes be carried by
A) is how to clean up the Pacific Ocean and save
winds. For instance, a group of chemists at the
it from industrial pollutants
University of Washington in Seattle have been
involved in a case study of such pollutants which B) is whether it may be possible to foretell the
reached the West Coast of America all the way from movements of pollutants from Asia
Asia. They are keen to understand how such an
C) is whether it might be possible to change the
event could take place and to what extent it could
course of industrial pollutants along the West
have been forecast. In fact, back in March 1997,
Coast
pollutants such as carbon-monoxide from Asia had
been spotted as far across the Pacific Ocean as D) has been the measurement of carbon
Hawaii. Thus, it seems increasingly likely that the monoxide levels around Hawaii
West Coast of America is particularly exposed to
E) should be the prevention of the emission of
pollution from Asia.
pollutants along the West Coast of America
7. It is suggested in the passage that industrial

pollution in our world today ----.
A) is largely concentrated in the Pacific Ocean
B) is gradually being brought under full control

9. One can conclude from the passage that Asian
C) has been the main concern of scientists from
industry appears to ----.
the University of Washington
A) be in desperate need of reconstruction and
D) can be predicted and the necessary measures
relocation
taken
B) be doing all it can to prevent environmental
E) can travel amazing distances
pollution
C) be emitting more carbon-monoxide than any

other industrial pollutant
D) pose a serious environmental threat to the

West Coast of America
E) be a major competitor for the American

industrial enterprises along the West Coast

Most poetry anthologies are assembled by poets. 11. According to the passage, a major concern of
This is not necessarily a good thing. They are in fact some poetry anthologies is to ----.
assembled for many different reasons. Some
A) introduce readers to the works of poets who
resemble star charts, trying to define the scope of
have generally been overlooked
the new and show us what direction poetry is
heading. Others turn their gaze on the past, seeking B) emphasise the vital importance of poetry in our
to define poetries of earlier centuries or to identify everyday life
influential currents of thinking and feeling. Yet other
C) help people to understand and appreciate the
anthologies strive to present enduring images of the
art of the past
beautiful for the reader's pleasure, as if poems were
bunches of flowers. D) offer guidance to aspiring young poets
E) illustrate certain major intellectual and literary

movements of the past
10. From the passage we understand that the writer

----.
A) considers the main role of poetry anthologies to

be the cultivation of a sense of beauty 12. The writer compares some anthologies of
modern poetry to "star charts' because ----.
B) is in favour of poets' compilation of poetry
anthologies A) they attempt to foresee forthcoming trends in
poetry
C) is rather critical of the way that most poetry
anthologies are compiled B) he is himself a representative of this type of
poetry
D) is himself compiling an anthology of modem
poetry C) his own predictions have rarely been accurate
E) seems to favour anthologies that give priority to D) he doesn’t believe the future can be interpreted
the poetry of the past by reference to the past
E) they provide a comprehensive perspective of

various poetical movements

Everybody needs vitamins and minerals to remain 14. In the passage it is claimed that XXX ----.
healthy. The questions are, which ones, how much
A) is the easiest way of getting an adequate
and when? And the answer is surprisingly simple:
supply of vitamins and other micro-nutrients
take XXX. Actually, the Department of Health has
daily
recognised 18 essential vitamins and mineral that
we need on a daily basis. The daily amount required B) has been strongly recommended by the
of these vitamins and minerals is termed the Department of Health
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). XXX meet
C) is the only multimineral-multivitamin complex
this requirement and more. As a new vitamin
currently on sale
complex, it contains these 18 essential vitamins and
minerals, plus a total of no less than 31 other micro- D) is particularly effective if it is taken after meals
nutrients, including the complete antioxidant group
E) is an aid to better eating habits
and folic acid. There is no more complete a
multimineral-multivitamin on the market. So,
because you don’t always eat as you should, it
makes sense to take XXX.
15. It is clear from the passage that, in taking

vitamins and minerals, the basic problem one
faces is to ----.
A) decide the quantity required in any given

13. One essential point made in the passage is that situation
---- .
B) keep the correct balance between the two
A) vitamins and minerals must always be taken in
C) avoid an excessive intake of the anti-oxidant
conjunction with other micro-nutrients
group
B) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins
D) determine the kind and the amount to be taken
and minerals is actually not adequate
daily
C) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins
E) follow a strict diet that includes them all
and minerals should not be exceeded by a
supplementary intake of other nutrients
D) micro-nutrients, such as folic acid, are an

adequate substitute for the 18 basic vitamins
and minerals
E) a daily intake of vitamins and minerals is vital

for good health

In Japan, there is a government investment and 17. It is pointed out in the passage that the
loan programme, known as zaito. Unlike normal resources of zaito were once used to ----.
government spending, zaito relies not on tax
A) strengthen the financial position of pension
revenues but on people's savings. These are drawn
funds in the country
from the publicly-owned postal-savings system,
which by law must place all deposits with zaito, and B) provide houses for the care of the elderly in
from the postal life-insurance schemes and various Japan
pension funds. The finance ministry, which has run
C) improve the efficiency and performance of the
zaito for more than 100 years, then lends the money
Japanese postal-services
out. During the second World War, zaito financed
Japan’s military build-up. Afterwards, it paid for D) revive Japan's industrial potential
reconstruction and helped to channel low-cost funds
E) provide a supplementary source of income for
into such strategic industries as steel and car-
the needs of the ministry of finance
making. More recently, it has turned to “social”
investments, such as infrastructure projects and
housing.
16. According to the writer, the most distinctive

feature of zaito is that ----.
18. One can easily conclude from the passage that
A) it has continued to be in use for longer than the implementation of zaito has ----.
was originally envisaged
A) changed over the years in accordance with the
B) its revenues are invariably directed towards pressing needs of the country
military rearmament
B) always been strictly confined to housing
C) it provides the government with a revenue projects
raised not through taxation but by way of
C) greatly increased the operational capacity of
personnel savings
the Japanese army today
D) it does not come under the mandate of the
D) always had in adverse impact upon the saving
ministry of finance
habits of the Japanese people
E) it has aroused a great deal of resentment
E) given a boost to the governments insurance
among Japanese savers
and pension policies

1999 KASIM KPDS

Edison, one of the pioneers of modern technology, 2. It is stressed in the passage that. with his
lacked formal education. His understanding of creative talent, Edison ---- .
literature, art, history and philosophy was
A) became a favorite model for the scientists in the
superficial. Also, despite the fact that he had
universities
invented the phonograph and founded a recording
company, his musical taste was abominable. He is, B) achieved great success in many disciplines
therefore, sometimes regarded with disdain by
C) was able to contribute enormously to the
academic scientists, who often forget that his
progress of modern technology
ingenuity, inquiring spirit and tireless efforts
contributed significantly to the development of D) exercised a lasting influence in the music world
modern technology.
E) was able to put his formal education to
pragmatic uses
1. We can understand from the passage that some

scientists in the universities ----.
A) are oblivious of Edison's achievements and

3. This passage, while admitting some deficiencies
look down on him
in Edison, ----.
B) argue that modern technology owes everything
A) seeks to establish his moral integrity
to Edison
B) in fact stresses his achievements in the
C) have followed closely in Edison's footsteps and
humanities
upgraded his inventions
C) finds nothing to criticize in his academic abilities
D) possess the same inquiring spirit as Edison did
D) suggests that he has been unjustly criticized by
E) have no greater an appreciation of literature
non-scientists
than did Edison
E) actually focuses on the value of his work in
technology

Under increasing social pressure in the late 5. To start with, as the writer suggests women's
nineteenth century, some universities opened their access to higher education ----.
doors to a small number of women. More significant,
A) was confined to certain professions
however, was the founding of many women's
colleges, frequently run by women. These colleges B) was greatly eased when radical social reforms
strove over the years to maintain a curriculum were introduced in the nineteenth century.
equivalent to that of the largely male universities.
C) reached its highest peak in the late nineteenth
Therefore, many leaders of the women's college
century
movement saw themselves as social reformers.
Although women entered universities in large D) began to decline in the early decades of this
numbers in the first half of the twentieth century, century
their participation was limited by their professional
E) has still not reached the anticipated goal
objectives: teaching, social work, nursing, home
economics and the like were "women's fields".
6. It is explained in the passage that the early

4. It is clear from the passage that higher
colleges founded for women ----.
education for women ----.
A) offered training in a very wide range of
A) received very little public attention prior to the
disciplines
twentieth century
B) were largely governed by male administrators
B) had always been a primary concern for
governments throughout the nineteenth C) made a great effort to keep their educational
century. standards on a level with those of men's
universities
C) became feasible only after the establishment of
women's colleges D) acted as pioneers for social reforms in all
aspects of the community
D) only became available in the closing years of
the last century E) avoided any interaction with men's colleges
E) was soon on a level with that for men

Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the earth, 8. As we learn from the passage, it is the plants of
and consists of a mixture of gases and water the earth that ----.
vapour. The variability of the latter is
A) are most obviously affected by the
meteorologically of great importance. The ozone
meteorological changes in the atmosphere
layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation,
especially lethal to plant life, lies between 12 and 50 B) benefit most from the water vapour in the
kilometres above the earth. The lower level of the atmosphere
atmosphere, up to a height of about 12 kilometres,
C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiation
is known as the troposphere, and it is in this region
that nearly all weather phenomena occur. This is the D) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of the
region of most interest to the forecaster studying sun
temperature, humidity, wind-speed and the
E) contribute to the elimination of toxic gases in
movement of air masses.
the atmosphere
7. According to the passage, the earth ----.
A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the

dangerous gases and water vapour that
surround it.
B) is surrounded by gases in combination with

water vapour 9. We understand from the passage that the
troposphere is of vital importance as regards
C) has an atmosphere which is comprised of
the weather, ----.
extremely harmful gaseous substances
A) even though wind-speeds cannot be accurately
D) has a constant climate in spite of
measured here
meteorological variations in the atmospheric
gases B) as it accommodates the ozone layer
E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into C) even though the atmospheric variability is not
the atmosphere predictable
D) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching

the earth
E) because all the meteorological phenomena

take place in this region

Edger Lawrence Doctorow is 55, and on almost William Saroyan’s parents and relatives were
anyone’s list he is counted among the leading Armenian immigrants who settled in the farming
serious American novelists today. Although he is not area around Fresno, California. Saroyan left school
simply a writer of comedies, his books sell widely, at fifteen and went to work, doing odd jobs. During
and three have been made into movies. Readers, this time he read widely and began writing in his
some critics excepted, have come to relish the distinctive natural style. By the late 1930s his many
blending of the fact and fiction that marks his odd short stories, novels and plays had established him
scrutiny of the American past. In his recently as a writer. Many of his stories have grown out of
published book, World’s Fair, he turns his his experiences in the Armenian community around
historically inventive method on himself drawing Fresno.
heavily on material taken from his 1930s boyhood.
13. It is pointed out in the passage that Saroyan ----.

10. We understand from the passage that, in his
A) was already an established writer when he
works, Doctorow ----.
emigrated to America
A) uses both true and imaginary material in order
B) based most of his stories on the life of the
to depict the past of his country
Armenian community that he knew so well
B) deals with not only the comic but also the tragic
C) expected that one day he would be recognised
aspects of his own life
as a great writer
C) concentrates on grotesque situations largely
D) began his career by writing short stories but
pertaining to American history
later he became primarily a playwright
D) constantly reiterates the events of his childhood
E) portrayed in his writings not only Armenian
in the 1930s
types but also other ethnicities
E) draws on the American past so as to instruct
the present
14. One point made in the passage is that Saroyan
11. It is pointed out in the passage that Doctorow’s began his writing career ----.
works ----.
A) with the aim of helping the Armenian
A) turn historical facts and events into comic fiction community to be better understood
B) have nearly all been made into films B) before he reached the age of fifteen
C) are rarely representative of the American way C) after he arrived in America

of life
D) as a self-taught man
D) have received relatively little criticism in literary
E) with the encouragement and support of his
journals
parents
E) have a wide appeal for American readers
15. According to the passage, what made Saroyan’s
12. According to the passage, Doctorow’s latest writing so special was ----.
work ----.
A) that he was influenced by a wide variety of
A) has turned out to be the most popular of all his other literatures
works
B) that they all dealt solely with Armenian
B) is already attracting the attention of the film immigrants
makers
C) the fact that he was the first writer to present
C) is a historical account of American life in the the Armenian community in literature
1930s
D) that the setting was in all cases Fresno in
D) is autobiographical, but employs the same California
method used in his earlier works
E) the simple yet striking manner in which he
E) can be considered to be a political analysis of wrote them
the years of his childhood

For many years after Mt. Everest had been shown 17. We learn from the passage that the first Everest
to be the highest mountain in the world, political expedition ----.
conditions in Nepal, lying south of the summit, and
A) was sponsored and encouraged by the
in Tibet to the North, prevented mountaineers from
Tibetan government
attending an ascent. At last in 1921 the Tibetan
authorities gave permission and the first expedition B) established that high altitudes have a negative
organised, as were all subsequent expeditions by impact on the human body
international joint committee, was sent out. This
C) aimed to explore the terrain and chart out a
was primarily a reconnaissance. Besides mapping
feasible route to the peak
the Northern flank, it found a practicable route up to
the mountain. By 1939, six further expeditions had D) was greatly hampered by the adverse political
climbed on the northern face. Some were conditions prevailing in Nepal and Tibet
hampered by bad weather, others by problems
E) undertaken by an international team failed to
previously little known, such as the effect of high
achieve its objectives
altitudes on the human body and spirit.
Nevertheless, notable climbs were accomplished,
though the summit was never reached.
16. It is pointed out in the passage that during the

1920s and 1930s ----.
18. According to the passage, several expeditions
A) the governments in the Everest area were had, by the end of the 1930s, attempted to
invariably suspicious of the purpose of the climb Mt. Everest but ----.
climbing expeditions
A) none of them succeeded in reaching the top
B) several attempts were made to climb Mt.
B) none of them achieved any measure of
Everest and learn more about it
success at all
C) it was Nepal that made possible the various
C) no suitable routes to the top could be found
efforts to climb
D) unfavourable weather conditions meant that
D) it was finally established that Mt. Everest was
no progress could be made at all
indeed the world’s highest peak
E) only one or two of them were in any way
E) climbers heading for Mt. Everest encountered
successful
almost no problems

2000 MAYIS KPDS

Heat-waves, if the temperature is high enough, 2. It is pointed out in the passage that the death of
above 40°0 for instance, lead to wilting, and even a plant in a heat-wave is due to ----.
death in plant, because of structural damage to
A) a sudden loss of proteins which can occur
essential proteins. The problem is that plants react
within half an hour
by closing their pores when, due to a serious heat-
wave, they are subjected to water stress, so B) excessive transpiration in an effort to keep its
shutting down on transpiration and conserving temperature down
water. Just as the body would overheat
C) overheating in the plant following the closing of
dangerously if it shut its pores to prevent sweating,
the little holes in its surface
so, in a plant, the shutting of the pores will cause
permanent damage. if not death. Temperatures D) a structural deformation which cannot be
above -5°0 can damage most plants if lasting for detected easily
half an hour or more. High soil temperatures will
E) the plant's inability to conserve water in its
also damage roots and prevent nutrient uptake.
cells
1. As we learn from the passage, a heat-wave can

3. It is understood from the passage that, in
cause serious damage to plant life ----.
extremely high temperatures, the roots of a
A) even if the essential proteins remain plant ----.
unharmed
A) fail to supply the plant with adequate nutrients
B) even when the temperature remains below
B) dry out well before the leaves begin to wilt
40°C
C) store an adequate amount of nutrients to
C) unless the soil temperature remains stable
prolong plant life
D) through harming the plant's essential proteins
D) increase their nutrient intake in order to protect
E) especially if the soil is fertile the plant
E) maintain their vitality so that they can function

normally

A conspicuous feature of cities in many countries, 5. According to the passage, unlike the
in particular those of Western Europe, is that Europeans, the Japanese ----.
buildings and streets devastated during the war
A) take every opportunity to promote their
are, once peace is reinstated, rebuilt in exactly the
traditions and culture
same manner as they existed before. Enormous
efforts are taken to recreate the environment with B) reconstructed their cities in accordance with
total fidelity. This reflects the extent to which their cultural traditions
ordinary people value the traditions and culture of
C) were reluctant to introduce any novelties into
the past. In Japanese cities, however, one sees
city planning
little evidence of such respect for tradition. Tokyo
presents an extreme example: it is quite common D) paid considerable attention to environmental
these days for the appearance of a street or matters in rebuilding their cities
quarter to change almost beyond recognition every
E) are, on the whole, indifferent to their past
year. In provincial cities as well, one often finds that
an absence of several years has rendered a city
almost unrecognisable.
6. With reference to Japanese writer points out

that ----.
A) the cities are constantly undergoing massive

4. It is emphasized in the passage that in Western changes In appearance
Europe, in the post-war period ----.
B) Tokyo is an extreme example of traditional
A) people relished the chance to break with designs in architecture
tradition and create a new style of city
C) provincial cities have imitated Tokyo as
B) new style of architecture were favoured in the regards city planning
bigger cities
D) in major cities, the streets invariably follow a
C) every effort was made to rebuild the cities in similar design
the pre-war style
E) there is a strong European Influence in city
D) environmental concerns were usually planning
disregarded in the reconstruction of cities
E) many countries were still doubtful about the

permanence of the peace

Modern education is almost exclusively focused on 8. The author argues that the young are
preparing children for an urban future, as everywhere being educated to ----.
consumers in a global 'free" market. This makes a
A) be aware of the drawbacks of a global "free"
return to any sort of rural existence almost an
market
impossibility for those tutored by the Western
education system in the 21st century. The fact is B) appreciate equally both the rural and the urban
that, for all the fashionable talk about cultural ways of life
diversity, schools, colleges and universities today
C) appreciate the joys of rural life
prepare their graduates poorly for anything other
than a uniform urban existence. We educate the D) feel comfortable only in a purely urban way of
young from country to city alike, to be urban with life
urban appetites, skills, minds, dependencies and
E) play a creative role in the intellectual life of the
expectations. And as globalised future will
21st century
overwhelmingly mean an urban future, our
graduates of tomorrow will be trained, above all, to
keep the wheels of the global economy running,
with all the Implications that has for nature and
society.
9. In the passage the author seems to ----.
A) deplore any effort in education to revive rural

values
B) be confident of the future of the global

7. In this passage one feels that the author ----. economy
A) greatly values the educational system current C) favour free market policies throughout the
in the West today world
B) is not happy with the kind of education the D) expect that the young will create a better world
young in the West are receiving today in the 21st century
C) admires the enormous contribution modern E) discount the idea that there is any cultural
education is making to the global economy diversity In modern life
D) look forward to the time when the world's

population will all be urban
E) emphasises the high quality of modern

education presently being offered to the young

People in other European countries have been 11. It is pointed out in the passage that De Gaulle
wondering for some time why and how Norway has ----.
stayed out of the European Union. Austria, Finland,
A) personally urged Norway. but not England to
Sweden joined in 1994, almost without any public
join the EEC
debate, just a few months after the their
governments had proposed the joining. By then, B) was the statesman largely responsible for the
the Norwegians had been debating the issue for 33 establishment of the EEC
years, ever since their government had started the
C) was anxious to keep both England and
drive towards unionisation. One reason for the
Norway out of the EEC
success of Norwegian resistance is that in both
1952 and 1987, when the Norwegian government D) was disillusioned by the unwillingness of the
sent off applications for joining the EEC, President Norwegian government to join the EEC
De Gaulle of France rejected the proposals. He
E) was determined to keep the EEC solely for the
feared that the inclusion of Norway, as of England,
countries of Continental Europe
would complicate and slow down EEC integration.
12. According to the passage, Austria, Finland and

Sweden ----.
A) had, in the 19S0s, been designated by De

Gaulle as future EEC members
10. We learn from the passage that the government
of Norway ----. B) entered the European Union with very little
opposition from their own people
A) deliberated for over three decades whether or
not to become a member of the European C) worked together to persuade Norway to join
Union them in applying for European Union
membership
B) openly disagreed with De Gaulle on many
issues concerning the future of Europe D) had all applied for EEC membership in the
19S0s but they were only admitted in the
C) has generally collaborated with England on
1990s
matters concerning the European Union
E) were among the few European Union
D) never showed any desire to join what was
countries to favour England's membership
known in the 1980s as the EEC
E) was exceedingly disappointed when Finland

and Sweden decided to join the European
Union

In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins in the 14. As we understood from the passage, one of the
Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a depth of up great benefits of the Gulf Stream is that it ----.
to 100 meters at rates of up to 8 kilometres an
A) causes an average ten percent rise in
hour, and penetrates right up into the Arctic Circle
temperature in Northern Europe throughout
to the north of Scandinavia, bearing with it a
the winter
climate that makes life just about tolerable, even in
the thick of the winter. The energy it carries in the B) provides a huge amount of electricity for the
form of heat is equivalent to 100 times the entire Northern Europe countries
use of energy in human societies across the world
C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia and
or put another way, more than 27,000 times
Siberia in winter
Britain's electricity generating capacity. In terms of
temperature the Gulf Stream heats the surface D) circles around Britain and then moves into the
over a wide area by at least 5°C. Were the-Gulf northern waters
Stream to fail, temperatures over northern Europe
E) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic
would fall by more than 10 centigrade degree
Circle
during the winter months. Northern Europe would
have a climate comparable to that of Siberia: just
how it would support its current population is
difficult to imagine.
15. It is clear from the passage that ----.
A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf Stream

would theoretically barely meet the needs of
13. This passage mainly deals with ----. the whole world
A) the adverse effects that Gulf Stream has on B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far more
the wild life in Scandinavia noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the
shores of Northern Europe
B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the climate in
the Arctic Circle C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost
impossible for Northern Europe to support its
C) the question of whether man can benefit from
population
the energy latent in the Gulf Stream
D) the Gulf Stream brings with it disadvantages
D) the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia
as well as advantages for the people of
differs from that of Siberia
Northern Europe
E) the course, climatic effects and energy
E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the people
capacity of the Gulf Stream
of Siberia are to survive

Within a short time after the outbreak of the 17. It is vividly described in the passage how,
Second World War, Britain was without imports of during World War II, the British government ----.
many vital pharmaceuticals that had formerly come
A) banned the import of all kinds of
from Japan, Germany and the Far East. As a
pharmaceuticals from Germany, Japan and
result, the first wartime government set up
the Far East
systematic research into the cultivation and
medical use of herbs, By 1940, women's voluntary B) gave priority to the import of medicines
organisations had been drawn into a national
C) encouraged scientific research into improving
campaign to gather wild herbs, Up and down the
the efficiency and variety of vital
country, County Herb Committees were organised
pharmaceuticals
to oversee the gathering, drying, distillation and
distribution of the medicinal herbs. Lay people were D) only gave subsidies to those farmers who were
given brief locally-based training in how to interested in growing herbs
recognise herbs, store and dry them. Farmers were
E) took serious measures to ensure that the
given subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to-
country should not be short of medicines
find herbs, By 1943, every county had its herb
committee and during the five years of the Second
World War, over 750 tons of dried herbs were
gathered and turned into medicines.
18. It is clear from the passage that, of the special

arrangements made in Britain during the war,
one was ----.
16. We learn from the passage that before World
A) the reduction of imports from Germany and
War 11, Britain ----.
Japan
A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far East
B) the Getting up of local and national
B) traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the organisations to produce medicinal herbs
Far East
C) the introduction of new agricultural policies to
C) imported raw materials from Japan, Germany increase production in every sphere
and the Far East and exported
D) the launching of a national women's campaign
pharmaceuticals to them
for the distribution of medicines throughout the
D) was largely dependent on Germany, Japan country
and the Far East for its pharmaceuticals
E) the training of local people in the production of
E) thought of exporting dried herbs for herb-based medicines
pharmaceutical purposes

2000 KASIM KPDS

Restorative justice does not ask 'how do we 2. According to the writer, such a traditional
punish?', but instead asks 'how do we get people to punishment as fining ----.
take responsibility for what they have done?'.
A) helps to keep the crime-rate down
Paying a fine, or even going to prison are easy
options for some people. They are all ways that B) actually helps offenders to avoid facing the
offenders can avoid taking responsibility, because fact that they have hurt society
in this way they never have to face the human
C) has been shown to be far more effective than
reality of what they have done. Prisons have been
imprisonment
called "universities for criminals". Young people go
in for unpaid fines, often for victimless crimes, and D) is highly effective if the offenders are young
they come out with a degree in burglary or worse. I
E) is regarded as a harder option than
am not saying that the answer is to tear down all
imprisonment
prisons. Far from it. There are people who are
dangerous to society, who the community will want
to keep locked up. Prison can also be part of a
sentencing package under restorative justice. But
the vast majority of people in prison are not violent,
and do not need to be there. What they do need is
to be brought face to face with the human reality of
the harm they have caused, and they must be
given an opportunity to rectify 3. According to the passage, restorative justice ---
-.
A) regards most criminals as not being

responsible for the crimes they have
committed
B) is only concerned with punishment when the

criminal has proved violent
C) concentrates on criminal acts in which there is

1. In the opinion of the author, prisons ----.
no victim
A) teach people to become better citizens
D) is too idealised and has little chance of
B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever working successfully
C) should be remodelled on the lines of E) is less concerned with punishment than with
universities and polytechnics helping the offender to become a better citizen
D) should largely be reserved for violent people

who constitute a threat to society
E) are essential as more and more violence

occurs in society

In the coming weeks, wine makers north of the 5. In the opinion of the writer, most of the wine
equator will oversee the harvesting and fermenting journalists ----.
of the first vintage of the millennium. But long
A) dislike the practice of awarding wines
before the finished product reaches the shelves -
numerical grades
before it even makes it out of the barrel, in some
cases - samples will be offered to exporters and B) generally use too many exotic words and
distributors. A select group of wine critics will also literary expressions
be given a taste. Most will record their impressions
C) have very little influence on the public's choice
in the extravagant prose that wine journalists
of wine
unfortunately love to use. Others will go one step
further and assign numerical grades. These days a D) are less influential than distributors in the
high score is more effective than mere praise. it business of buying and selling of wines
can make a comparatively unknown wine into a
E) should be consulted at all stages of the wine-
highly desirable one that everyone is seeking to
making process
buy.
4. According to the passage, before the new 6. It is pointed out in the passage that the practice
season's wines even reach the shops, wine of awarding numerical grades to wines ----.
critics will have ----.
A) is not as reliable or satisfactory as the practice
A) tasted samples and described or graded them of describing wines
B) suggested suitable prices for each type B) is not at all popular among exporters and
distributors
C) bought up large quantities of what they think
will sell well C) has had a truly amazing effect on wine sales
D) advised producers on the fermenting process D) means that little known wines never get a
for the next year's vintage chance to be known
E) compared their impressions with those of other E) is rapidly giving way to the system of verbal
wine critics description

One never finishes learning about art. There are 8. The writer feels that, if we are to enjoy works of
always new things to discover. Great works of art art, we must ----.
seem to look different each time one stands before
A) concentrate on the ones that appeal to us and
them. They seem to be as inexhaustible and
ignore those that don't
unpredictable as real human beings. It is an
exciting world of its own with its own strange laws B) learn everything there is to learn about art
and its own adventures. Nobody should think he
C) keep finding new works of art to look at and
knows all about it, for nobody does. Nothing,
compare them with our old favourites
perhaps, is more important than just this: that to
enjoy these works we must have a fresh mind, one D) look at them again and again until we have
which is ready to catch every hint and to respond to seen and understood everything about them
every hidden harmony: a mind, most of all that has
E) come to them without preconceived ideas and
not been dulled by the terminology and ready-
with a readiness to respond to whatever they
made phrases of art appreciation. it is infinitely
have to offer
better not to know anything about art than to have
the kind of half-knowledge which makes for
snobbishness. The danger is very real.
9. In the opinion of the writer ----.
A) the world of art is more exciting than the real

world
B) the clichés of art appreciation are extremely

7. According to the passage, great works of art dangerous and likely to stand in the way of
are, in a way, like real people ----. genuine appreciation
A) and we can expect to like them for some C) it is easy for everyone to appreciate great art
reasons, dislike them for others
D) everyone can and should acquire some kind of
B) because there is a lot to learn about them half-knowledge of art
before we finally know them
E) it is not advisable to keep going back to a work
C) and one needs a special vocabulary if one is of art until we have exhausted all it has to say
to discuss them effectively to us
D) because they can surprise us and give us

something new each time we face them
E) though, naturally, they are incapable of

change

In theory, the multimedia age should be killing off 11. in the passage, we are given a great deal of
bookshops. Who still has time to read books, what information about the new Waterstone's
with surfing the Internet, viewing scores of new bookshop, ----.
digital television channels, and putting in ever-
A) together with the number and quality of the
longer hours at work? And presumably those few
staff employed there
people who do still read books will be buying them
on the Internet. After all, Amazon, a bookseller, is B) including the exact postal address
the most cited example of a successful online
C) and the incredible variety of second hand
retailer. So much for the theory. What about the
books to be found there is given special
practice? This week the largest bookshop in Britain
emphasis
opened up in the old Simpson's of Piccadilly in
London. With 265,000 titles and 1.5 million books, D) but it is the original use of floor space that
the new branch of Waterstone's stretches over receives special attention
seven floors. A department store, which once sold
E) including the fact that the premises once
everything from sushi to plus-fours, is now devoted
belonged to a department store that sold
entirely to one product - books. The new
literally every type of goods
Waterstone's is almost next door to Hatchards, a
mere five-storey bookshop, with a well-established
clientele, and two smaller bookshops. It is also less
than a mile from Borders, another huge bookstore
in Oxford Street.
12. As if to emphasise his own surprise, the writer

makes the point that the new Waterstone's
bookshop ----.
10. The passage suggests that, in this world of
A) is designed and run like a department store
technological advance one might, in theory,
expect that ----. B) has deprived neighbouring bookshops of a lot
of their trade
A) Internet, among other things, would make
book shops obsolete C) plans to open yet another branch in Oxford
Street
B) Internet would prove a serious rival to
television D) is situated in a neighbourhood of well--
established bookstores
C) smaller bookshops would be brought up by
larger ones E) is not likely to attract many customers
D) Internet book retailers like Amazon would find

few customers
E) new digital television channels have little

chance of success

The seventeenth-century scientist Francis Bacon 14. It is argued in the passage that though Bacon
was the first to insist that science be methodically was determined to make science objective and
separated from values so as to make it truly value-free, ----.
'neutral', or objective. In reality, he did nothing of
A) he know he was setting himself an impossible
the sort. His 'scientific knowledge', instead of being
task
value-free, set out explicitly and purposefully to
give humanity power over nature. 'Truth and utility B) this was impossible as truth and utility are
are perfectly identical,' he wrote in his “Novum inseparable
Organum”, and 'that which is most useful in
C) he did not want man to have dominion over
practice is most correct in theory'. In effect, he
nature
merely replaced the old 'subjective' values of 'good'
and 'evil' with the values of 'useful' and 'useless', or D) he was himself greatly influenced by the
more precisely 'of contributing or not contributing to concepts of right and wrong
man's domination over or transformation of the
E) he actually simply substituted one set of
natural world'. There were to be no limits to this
values for another
transformation. His goal was explicitly stated. It
was to 'achieve all things achievable'. At least he
was honest enough to admit the fact. Modern
science has followed Bacon's lead exactly, but
does not admit it.
15. We understand from the passage that Bacon

13. According to the author, the broad goals of
regarded science as a means to ----.
modern scientists are identical with those of
Bacon, ----. A) establish what was useful and what true
A) except that they regard nothing as 'useless' B) overcome such subjective values as 'good'
and 'evil'
B) only they avoid saying so
C) protect the natural world and so preserve it
C) although Bacon never actually discussed
goals D) give man power over nature so he could
benefit from it
D) and even more ambitious
E) keep the natural world unchanged and unspoilt
E) but they consider him too subjective in his
outlook

If a greater proportion of the food people eat were 17. According to the author, farms are growing
to be locally produced, this would be of great larger and more highly mechanised ----.
benefit to the farmer. A mix of local, regional,
A) as this is the only sure way to make money out
national, and international production would still be
of farming
available; indeed, the goal would not be to put an
end to the international trade in food, but to avoid B) as this is what the rural community wants
transporting food thousands of miles when it could
C) since no one is willing to work on the land
instead be produced next door. Such a shift would
help revitalise rural economies ruined by the global D) because imported foodstuffs are so much
economy. Less money would go into the hands of cheaper
corporate middlemen, and far more would remain
E) because farmers feel obliged to concentrate
in the hands of farmers, This would especially be
on a very few products for global markets
the case with the direct marketing of food via
farmers' markets and farm stands and other forms
of community supported agriculture. If farmers
were not impelled to specialise their production in a
few global commodities, the trend towards ever
larger and more highly mechanised farms would
slow down. Moreover, since small farms use a
proportionally higher amount of human labour than
mechanised inputs, a return to smaller farms would
help bring back some of the 700.000 farm jobs the
UK has lost during the last half-century of
agricultural progress.
16. It is pointed out in the passage that it would be

to the advantage of the farmer and the rural
economy at large if ----. 18. The author is opposed to the trend towards
larger and mere highly mechanised farms ----.
A) people were to eat locally produced food more
often A) as they result in unnecessarily high food prices
B) the sale of farm products were in the hands of B) since the quality of food they produce is poor
corporate middlemen
C) because it has resulted in a great many farm
C) the advantages of a global economy were labourers losing their jobs
better appreciated
D) though he admits the quality of food they
D) the practice of direct marketing of food at produce is high
farmers' markets were forbidden
E) though this is what the owners of small farms
E) the marketing of all food products were at a want
national or international level

2001 MAYIS KPDS

In the case of shallow tunnels or in urban areas it is 2. We understand from the passage that before
often possible. by means of carefully sited any tunnel is opened ----.
boreholes, to gain an idea as to the nature of the
A) an exact understanding of the nature of the
ground and water conditions. Under high mountains
rock strata around it must be gained
boring becomes expensive so reliance has to be
placed upon geological interpretations. As strata B) samples of the ground through which It is to
can vary so much, surprises are often met with and pass must always be taken
techniques sometimes have to change in a single
C) it is desirable to get an idea of the nature of the
tunnel. In the Severn railway tunnel (4 mls 628 yd
ground that is being tunnelled
long, completed in 1886) great quantities of water
were unexpectedly encountered and are still being D) the area surrounding it should be drained of
pumped out. any underground water
E) the suitability of the site has to be test-blasted
1. The writer explains that when a tunnel does not

go deep underground, ----.
A) one can learn about the type of ground it is to

3. It is pointed out in the passage that the
pass through by means of strategically placed
geological interpretations made of the strata
boreholes
through which a tunnel is to go ----.
B) the type of strata it is to pass through is
A) are based on samples of the ground taken from
unimportant
boreholes
C) it may prove unsuitable in urban areas
B) cannot detect underground waterways
D) the geological nature of the terrain does not, in
C) are particularly relevant in urban areas
general. have to be taken into consideration
D) are not always reliable
E) the techniques used to excavate it vary very
little E) are especially useful if underground water is
suspected

As with all revolutions, the causes of the American 5. According to the passage, by the time the
Revolution which separated the original thirteen American Revolution took place, ----.
American colonies from Great Britain were social,
A) generations of the colonists in America had
economic and political and so inextricably
dreamed of gaining their independence
interwoven that it is difficult to appraise them. First
there was the distance from Great Britain and the B) the non-British immigrants had demographically
environment of a new country which, whether they far exceeded the British ones
willed it or not, had gradually over a period of 150
C) many of the British colonists were still trying to
years turned Englishmen into Americans. The older
maintain their ties with the mother country
stock was largely English but the bulk of them, as a
contemporary historian commented. "knew little of D) the colonists living in America felt they no
the mother country, having only heard of her as a longer had any ties with Britain
distant kingdom, the rulers of which had in the
E) the number of the Irish in America had more
preceding century persecuted and banished their
than doubled
ancestors to the woods of America". With each
generation and with each move westward old
contacts were broken. Furthermore large groups of
colonists had come from Germany, Ireland and
other parts of Europe and had no ties with England
and, in the case of the Irish, no affection.
6. The writer points out that, among the non-

British colonists in America, it was the Irish who
----.
4. The writer makes the point that it is very hard to
A) had suffered most at the hands of the British
----.
B) were the least friendly towards Britain
A) assess the separate causes of the American
Revolution because they are so complex C) united with the German colonists to oppose
Britain
B) justify the American Revolution historically
D) were among the first ones to settle there
C) relate the American Revolution to the economic
circumstances ollt1e lime E) felt they had been unjustly banished to these
parts
D) account for the political causes of the American
Revolution
E) explain the social implications of the American

Revolution on Britain

Translation renders knowledge mobile. The task of 8. The writer stresses that the job of a scientific
the scientific translator, no less than the literary translator ----.
translator, has been to create new texts, to multiply
A) requires more technical knowledge than
sources into new languages, and thereby to
linguistic
produce new "originals". Over time, translation itself
has built a great scientific library, ever more B) is far easier than that of the translation of
enriched, and accessible. Although we may think of literary texts
scientific translation as literal, mechanical work, this
C) has been made much easier with the
has never been the case. The reasons for this are
introduction of machine translation
complex, but have much to do with the lack of exact
one-to-one correspondence among languages. D) is actually far more creative than has generally
Translating science always involves interpretation, been assumed
the remaking of an original. If it did not, machine
E) goes back farther in history than does that of
translation would have long ago rendered the
the literary translator
scientific translator extinct.
7. According to the passage scientific translation,

just like literary translation, ----.
9. As the writer suggests, an important obstacle
A) requires a kind of rewriting of the original text that a scientific translator faces, is that ----.
B) should avoid the temptation of trying to interpret A) new scientific texts are growing more and more
the original text complex in content
C) is becoming increasingly mechanised and B) very few people are interested in the
making translators themselves redundant translations of scienti1ic works
D) has actually played a very small part in the C) the machine translation of scientific texts has
spread of knowledge reached a high level of efficiency
E) is presently being carried out into fewer and D) the work is mechanical and tedious that it offers
fewer languages almost no satisfaction
E) the exact translation of one language into

another can almost never be achieved

The ideal of a family life shared by all in 19th 11. According to the author, one of the damaging
century England survived into the early 20th effects in England of World War I, was that ----.
century, until home life was seriously dislocated in
A) more and more people began to leave urban
1914 by World War I, which was a war on the
areas and move to the countryside
largest scale the world had ever known. But since
the last decade of the 19th century new B) the manufacturing industry experienced a
developments and inventions had been rapidly severe recession
affecting the home life of an increasing number of
C) technological progress was adversely affected
people. Town and country were knit more closely
together by easier railway travel, cheap and efficient D) the traditionally close family life was badly
postal services, the popularity of the bicycle, the disrupted
development of the petrol engine and the cheap
E) everybody began to take an interest in political
popular newspaper; such things as these helped to
and economic affairs
break down social formalities and to place women
again on a more equal footing with men.
10. It is pointed out in the passage that, as a result

of a variety of changes in the way of life in
England at the turn of century, ----. 12. The author points out that World War I ----.
A) travel by rail became the most popular form of A) helped to bring town life and country life closer
transport together
B) living conditions in the country couldn't keep up B) showed people how important family life was
with those in the towns
C) was a greater magnitude than any previous war
C) the position of women in society improved had been
significantly
D) was an important factor in the break down of
D) country people were for the first time able to social formalities
benefit from postal services
E) had been expected as far back as the last
E) the urban people had the unique opportunity of decade of the 19th century
exploring to countryside on their bicycles

Most people take it for granted prices will always 14. We understand from the passage that the
nice and understandably so. A 60-year-old experience of average Americans over the last
American has seen them go up by more than 1.000 60 years or so, ----.
% in his life time. Yet prolonged inflation is a
A) has made them one of the most economy-
comparatively recent phenomenon. Until about 60
conscious nations in the world
years ago prices in general were as likely to fall as
to rise. On the of the First World War, for B) has taught them to expect continual price
example, prices in Britain, over all, were almost increases
exactly the same as they had been at the time of
C) has impressed on them the need to produce
London in 1666. Now the world may be reverting to
more and more goods
that earlier normality. The prices of many things
have fallen over the past 12 months or so. Not only D) has encouraged them to cut down on
computers and video players, but a wide range of expenditure
goods- from cars and clothes to coffee and petrol -
E) has made them fear deflation more than
are in many countries, cheaper than they were a
inflation
year ago.
13. It is emphasized in the passage that, up to the

last half century or so, ----.
A) a period of prolonged inflation was a rare

15. The writer of this passage suggests that,
occurrence
economic trends, worldwide, ----.
B) prices were rigidly controlled to avoid inflation
A) can rarely be accurately predicted
C) Britain was one of the few countries to suffer
B) have been characterised by ever-increasing
from inflation
inflation
D) people were more disturbed by a fall in prices
C) have not been affected by a drop in prices in a
than by a rise in prices
few countries
E) it was extremely unusual for prices either to rise
D) have been affected by the danger of deflation
or to fall
E) seem to be changing as the prices of many
goods are falling

Water of doubtful purity for drinking can be rendered 17. We learn from the passage that, when
safe by boiling and then can be cooled in water sterilisation of water is to be carried out by
bags or in earthenware containers, which must be means of chlorination, ----.
protected from dust and flies when boiling is not
A) It is important to make sure that the water is not
possible, drinking water can in many areas be
affected
adequately sterilised by chlorination; one tablet of
halazone is added to one litre of water and allowed B) it must be preceded by filtration
to stand for 30 minutes. Water containing
C) great care must be taken that no dust be
suspended matter should be filtered first. There is,
allowed to get into the water
however the danger of a particularly serious
infectious disease in many regions of Africa, the D) the best containers for the job are earthenware
Middle and Far East and South America. In these one
regions the water of rivers, lakes and canal may be
E) the process should be followed by the boiling of
infected, and the disease is acquired when the
the water
water comes in contact with the skin.
18. We understand from the passage that, in certain

16. In this passage the writer points out that boiling
regions of the world, such as parts of Africa and
----.
Asia ----.
A) is the only safe method of producing drinking
A) filtration is vital for the removal of suspended
water
matter from the water
B) is commonly used in Africa and the less
B) river water may be so infected that boiling
developed countries to purify water
cannot purify it
C) is a reliable method of making impure water
C) people are cautioned not to use canal water
safe to drink
because it is always infected
D) will purify water but must not continue for more
D) Halazone tablets are frequently used to sterilise
than 30 minutes
infected water
E) is one method of combating infectious diseases
E) skin contact with infected water can cause the
in third world countries
development of a highly infectious disease

2001 KASIM KPDS

Angling is the art of catching fish with very basic The parachute was used for certain kinds of
equipment, in fact just a rod, a line and a hook, or military operation in World War I, but it was not until
even just a line and a hook, the special feature of about 1925 that a conception of airborne forces,
the pursuit being the attraction of the prey by a that is to say, large numbers of troops moved about
suitable bait. The requisites for a successful angler by aircraft and deposited at or near the field of
are knowledge of the haunts and habits of fish, skill battle, by glider, parachute or aeroplane, came into
in the use of tackle and a patience much in excess being. Russia was the first to develop the idea on a
of that required for most out-of-door sports. Skill in large scale, and in army manoeuvres in 1930 she
the use of rod and line depends more upon actual conducted practical trials. The Italians were also
experience by the waterside than on acquisition of early in the field with the idea of parachute troops.
theories published in books and magazines. The French had created an airborne battalion, but it
was disbanded before the war, Great Britain had
done almost nothing to develop airborne forces up
1. The passage emphasizes the fact that, for an
to the outbreak of war in 1939.
angler to succeed, ----.
A) it is essential for him to know a lot about the 4. The author points out that the idea of airborne
ways of fish, and have great patience forces ----.
B) he must have read a great deal of theoretical A) first emerged in the mid 1920s
material about fish B) was a closely guarded secret for many years
C) it is of vital importance that he has all the right C) was slow to gain approval as it was felt to be
equipment dangerous
D) was first developed by the Italians during
D) he must have a wide variety of bait for each
World War I
species of fish
E) was immediately recognized as of vital
E) he needs to train in the various methods of importance during World War I
angling
5. We understand from the passage that Britain ---
2. It is emphasized in the passage that angling ----. -.
A) is a very intricate art that has to be learned A) vehemently disapproved of the use of airborne
from books forces
B) is a sport similar to many other outdoor sports B) was extremely slow to recognize the
importance of airborne forces in time of war
C) is a kind of fishing in which a very simple and
C) and France cooperated in manoeuvres of their
limited type of tackle is used
airborne forces
D) requires not so much actual experience as D) was very concerned when Russia began
theoretical knowledge military manoeuvres with airborne forces
E) depends more on the tackle and bait than on E) 'Has one of the first to build aircraft for airborne
the angler's skilful use of them forces
6. It is clear from the passage that one of the
3. The passage is mainly concerned with ----. benefits of airborne forces is that ----.
A) the different methods of attracting fish to the A) it gives army and airforce the opportunity to
bait compete with each other
B) they can be trained in a very short period of
B) the art of angling and the requirements of
time
success in angling
C) their main equipment is the parachute which is
C) the pleasure and satisfaction the angler gets cheap and easy to supply
out of this activity
D) troops can be transported rapidly by air to a
D) the theoretical aspects of the art of angling position close to the scene of battle
E) the importance and variety of the tackle used E) they can easily be mobilized and just as easily
in angling be disbanded

Letters are often autobiographical records of great Literature in Australia is a branch of English
importance and some collections of literature in general, as one might expect from the
correspondence are practically autobiographies. fact that the population is very largely of British
The preservation and publication of the letters of stock and that in education Australia followed
famous persons is a practice that goes back to English and Scottish traditions as it did in its other
antiquity .Thirteen letters ascribed to Plato are still institutions. Unlike Canada or South Africa,
in existence at least some of these are considered Australia never had two cultures and two literary
by modern scholars to be genuine. Genuine letters traditions, and its isolation during the 19th century
of Epicurus and Socrates have also been meant that its cultural links were almost entirely
preserved. Cicero's letters to his friend Atticus, to with Britain. Australians read English books and
his daughter and to other, correspondents are English magazines for the most part, and 19th-
among the most intimate and interesting century Australian writers hoped or expected to
autobiographical documents of antiquity. have their books published in England and wrote
mainly with an eye to English readers.
7. According to the passage, it is believed that
Plato ---. 10. In the passage it is stressed that Australians ----
A) preferred letter writing to other forms of A) avoided the example of Canada and South
autobiographical writing Africa in establishing their own cultural identity
B) was the first of the ancients to write B) were trying to create their own genuine
autobiographical letters literature as early as the 19 In century
C) wrote only thirteen letters which contain a C) were for a long time culturally and
great many details about his private life educationally closely affiliated with Britain
D) started the tradition of letter writing and this D) were extremely prejudiced against books and
was taken up by Epicurus and others magazines published in 19th-century Britain
E) may have left behind over a dozen letters E) in the 19th century felt so isolated that they
turned to Britain for support
8. The writer points out that letter writing ----. 11. We understand from the passage that the
people of Australia ----.
A) requires both a great deal of insight and
precision of expression to be effective A) have closer ties with Scotland than with
England
B) was considered by Cicero to be a form of art
which should be cultivated B) are, to a great extent, of British origin
C) are similar to the people of Canada and South
C) is a practice that only celebrated people are
Africa in their literary cultural traditions
interested in
D) set up educational institutions unlike those in
D) has been traced back to ancient times and England
frequently reflects the personality of the letter
E) Like the people of South Africa have never
writer
had any interest in the indigenous population
E) has furnished scholars with more factual and of their country
historical material than official documents have 12. It is pointed out in the passage that England
done and Scotland provided models, for ----.
9. As the author suggests, Cicero ----. A) the establishment of cultural institutions in
A) expected that his letters would be preserved Australia as well as in Canada
as records of his age B) Canada and South Africa as they developed
their cultural and literary traditions
B) was extremely fond of his daughter and wrote
most of his letters to her C) Australian institutions only during the early
19th century
C) wrote letters to Atticus which are not nearly as
D) Australia not only in education but also in other
personal as those to his daughter
respects
D) followed the lead of Plato in the art of letter E) cultural activities in Australia, but gave no
writing support to Australian writers
E) reflected his own self and life in his letters with
remarkable sincerity

An insecticide is a substance employed to destroy Stockholm this year celebrates the centenary of the
insects. It is significant that the word dates from the Nobel Prize, an event that has already been
mid-19th century; only since then has any real marked by a major exhibition in the city's old Stock
progress been made in preventing the attacks and Exchange building. The exhibit, "Cultures of
subsequent damage of insects, formerly regarded Creativity", explores the life and work of Alfred
as unavoidable. Most of the earlier methods were Nobel, inventor of dynamite and one of
based on the recommendations of such writers as Stockholm's most illustrious citizens. The prize he
the Roman author Pliny or upon folklore. A few established, first awarded in 1901, has
were soundly based on observation and subsequently gone to more than 700 scientists,
experience, but most were fanciful stories of writers and peacemakers for their contributions to
doubtful logic. The evolution of modern insecticides humanity. The exhibit also examines the qualities
owes much to gradually improving methods of needed to foster creativity and courage, and it
testing. In early times natural plant products and explains how nominees and winners are selected.
minerals were used; later a great variety of
industrial by-products and synthetic substances 16. It is pointed out in the passage that the Nobel
became available. Prize ----.
A) has contributed enormously to the

13. We understand from the passage that, up to the
international fame of Stockholm
19 century, ----.
B) is generally awarded to scientists rather than
A) most of the insecticides were industrial by- to writers and peacemakers
products
C) is awarded to celebrate the invention of
B) insecticides had been used in accordance with dynamite
the advice of Pliny
D) has been awarded to very many people over
C) methods used to combat insects had little the last hundred years
scientific basis
E) is the primary reason for the fame of Alfred
D) the harmful effects of insects were not Nobel
widespread enough to require the use of
17. According to the passage, Alfred Nobel ----.
insecticides
E) Pliny was the only author to dwell on the A) will always be remembered for his contribution
subject of insect control to the prosperity of humanity
14. The writer points out that in recent times B) had been involved in various creative projects
synthetic substances ----. before he invented dynamite
C) was a much admired and respected member
A) are no longer used in the making of
of the Stockholm community
insecticides
D) was known for his scientific creativity and
B) rather than natural ones have been used in the
political courage
production of insecticides
E) gathered around him many scientists who
C) are small in number and not easily available
were working on explosives
D) are proving more efficient than industrial by-
18. We understand from the passage that one of
products in insect control
the major aims of the exhibit "Cultures of
E) have fallen out of favour for various reasons Creativity" is to ----.
A) demonstrate the procedures whereby

15. We understand from the passage that progress
candidates for the Nobel Prize and its winners
in methods of testing ----.
are chosen
A) has revealed the value of natural products in B) publicize and honour the achievements of the
the production of insecticides Nobel Prize winners
B) dates back 10 the Roman author, Pliny C) celebrate a hundred years of scientific
C) has led to an increase in the manufacturing of advance
synthetic materials D) inform people of the main qualifications
D) has developed alongside improved methods of required for application for Nobel Prize
extraction candidacy
E) has facilitated improvements in the E) demonstrate how scientific and humanitarian
development of insecticides in our time progress can be achieved simultaneously

2002 MAYIS KPDS

Does advertising encourage waste by persuading 2. According to the passage, one of the ultimate
consumers to buy goods that they do not need? In benefits of advertising is to -----.
reply to this, it has been pointed out that all the
A) make working life more competitive and
consumer really needs, is a bare minimum of
sociable
clothing, food and shelter, and that one of the
distinguishing marks of any civilized community is B) encourage people to attain a higher and better
that it lives well above the minimum subsistence standard of living
level. Most advertising is designed to influence the
C) help banks and insurance companies to extend
consumer's spending power. In western countries,
their activities to all sections of society
advertising has played a great part in bringing
laboursaving equipment, and so a degree of leisure, D) make the public better informed about how to
and even luxury, to millions. Advertising that manage their savings
encourages the public to want more is also claimed
E) advise working people on how to avoid
to act as an incentive making people want to earn
excessive spending on luxury goods
more in order to buy the goods advertised, and
therefore making them work harder. For this reason
advertising has been defended as having an
essential part to play in the move towards higher
standards of living. The defenders of advertising
also point out that it is not solely concerned with
encouraging the public to spend. Banks, insurance
companies and building societies are amongst the
commercial advertisers who encourage saving.
3. One of the points made in the passage is that ----

-.
A) advertising does not always aim at making

people spend
1. The basic aim of this passage is to -----. B) advertising is most effectively practised in
western countries
A) emphasize the vital importance of advertising
for banks and insurance companies C) luxury goods are more extensively advertised
than other goods
B) initiate a controversy as regards the
advantages and disadvantages of advertising D) the consumer can easily be deceived by the
clever advertising of very ordinary goods
C) enlighten the public as to the misleading
aspects of advertising E) those who attack advertising are the very
people most affected by advertising
D) draw attention to the large amounts of money
wasted as a result of advertisements
E) present a positive attitude towards advertising

and its benefits

Though Italy's national boundaries have altered 5. The passage puts considerable emphasis on the
relatively little since unification in the 1860s, national fact that -----.
identity is qualified by sharp internal differentiation.
A) there is a great deal of variety, in virtually every
Economic and occupational structures, standards of
respect, among the regions of Italy
living, political loyalties, cultural traditions and even
language vary substantially between parts of the B) the vast regional differences in Italy threaten
country. Only since the 1970s has there existed a the political unity of the country
comprehensive system of regional government with
C) the traditional cultural, economic and linguistic
financial and legislative authority. However, the
differences in Italy have now almost
division of powers between central and regional
disappeared
governments is imprecise, and in practice the latter
depend on substantial resources from the former. In D) federalism is a system of government that is
the absence of clear and effective rules, relations unsuitable to Italy
between the regions and the central government are
E) the central government exercises excessive
determined by a process of political bargaining. In
authority on the affairs of local
this process, political alliances and personal
administrations
linkages play a vital role. In this respect, the Italian
system may be defined as a kind of federalism.
6. It is clear from the passage that local

administrations in Italy today ----.
A) are hardly at all concerned about the

preservation of national unity
4. It is clear from the passage that in Italy, during B) are trying hard to get rid of the local differences
the past 25 years or so, regional government ---- of the country
-.
C) are, to a large extent, dependent upon the
A) has slowly become more powerful while central central government for financial and other
government has grown less support
B) has enjoyed considerable power though this is D) are far stronger and better organized that they
not very specific in nature were in the 1860s
C) has frequently been on bad terms with central E) change whenever there is a change in the
government central government
D) has become financially independent of central
government
E) has resisted all efforts on the part of the central

government to bring uniformity to the
country

Sir Philip Sidney was a 16th-century English poet 8. It is pointed out in the passage that Sidney's
and critic. His Defence of Poesy is the only major Defence of Poesy -----.
work of literary criticism in sixteenth-century
A) is still the most highly-regarded work of
England, a period during which Italy and France
criticism in English literature
produced large numbers of critical treatises, heavily
influenced by Aristotle's Poetics. By contrast, B) is essentially a mere imitation of Aristotle's
Sidney's text is highly eclectic, drawing together Poetics
aesthetic principles from several traditions and
C) enjoyed much popularity in 16th-century Italy
emphasizing especially those principles that are of
and France
primary importance to the Elizabethans: ideal
imitation, moral teaching and decorum. Looking D) was entirely original since it drew on no other
back to Aristotle, Sidney defines poetry as an critical source or literary tradition
imitation of nature, but links that imitation to his view
E) is the single important work of English
of the poet as maker. The poet imitates not the real
criticism in its time
nature we see but rather he imitates an ideal nature.
Sidney also makes large claims for the didactic role
of poetry, following Horace's idea that poetry
teaches by delighting.
9. As we understand from the passage, in Sidney's

7. According to the passage, Sidney believed that - view, the poet -----.
----.
A) should make Horace his guide and instructor
A) poetry's chief function was to give pleasure
B) must make pleasure the sole purpose of his
rather than to convey a moral message
poetry
B) Horace was the most didactic of the classical
C) should be fully familiar with the principles of
poets
Aristotle's Poetics
C) Aristotle's Poetics had been unfairly neglected
D) presents not an actual but a perfected view of
up to the Renaissance
nature
D) poetry combines moral instruction with pleasure
E) must first be instructed in aesthetic
E) literary criticism in 16th-century England was principles
far more advanced than it was in Italy and
France

Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern, the 11. We understand from the passage that the
inclination to build upward is not. The Great construction of skyscrapers only became
Pyramids, with their broad bases, reached heights structurally feasible -----.
unapproached for the next four millennia. But even
A) after such new building materials as reinforced
the great Gothic cathedrals, crafted of bulky stone
concrete came into use
into an aesthetic of lightness and slenderness are
dwarfed by the steel and reinforced concrete B) once the technique of broad foundations had
structures of the 20th century. It was modern been perfected
building materials that made the true skyscraper
C) after people had realized how much space
structurally possible, but it was the mechanical
could be gained by them
device of the elevator that made the skyscraper truly
practical. Ironically, it is also the elevator that has D) for heights of 70 or 80 floors
had so much to do with limiting the height of most
E) if aesthetic considerations were disregarded
tall buildings to about 70 or 80 stories. Above that,
elevator shafts occupy more than 25 percent of the
volume of a tall building, and so the economics of
renting out space argues against investing in
greater height.
10. It is clear from the passage that the Great

12. It is explained in the passage that skyscrapers
Pyramids -----.
of above 70 or 80 floors are generally
A) are at least as spacious as the average uneconomic -----.
modern skyscraper
A) as the price of installing fast elevators is
B) inspired the building of the great Gothic excessive
cathedrals
B) as elevator shafts have then to occupy too
C) were as tall as they were wide large a proportion of the volume of the building
D) were designed on similar principles to the C) since the majority of people feel insecure above
modern skyscraper that height
E) had no rival, as regards height, for four D) though in appearance they are most attractive
thousand years
E) even though the lower floors no longer need to
be built on broad bases

Land cleared of trees is exposed to erosion, which 14. We understand from the passage that once a
can be severe in deforested areas having slopes forest has been removed from a slope, the rate
greater than 15 to 17 percent. If land is not of water runoff -----.
disturbed any further and new growth becomes
A) may be in itself enough to prevent the
established, erosion may gradually subside. If,
establishment of new growth there
however, vegetation on the cutover land is
continually removed by man or livestock, erosion B) will increase irrespective of the amount of
will intensify, and environmental problems can be rainfall
severe. When a forest is removed from a slope, the
C) will steadily increase even after new vegetation
rate of water runoff is increased two to tenfold or
starts to establish
more, depending on the degree of clearing, slope,
and rainfall. All too often this leads to flooding of D) will depend almost wholly on the gradient of the
agricultural land in the lowlands. In Pakistan, for slope
example, almost 2 million hectares of standing
E) will increase and this is likely to cause
crops on the lowlands were destroyed by floodwater
flooding
in 1973, and about 10,000 villages were wiped out.
Since valuable soil is lost in floods, the quantity of
the arable lands decreases. Alluvial silt deposited
elsewhere is rarely usable enough to compensate
for such losses.
15. According to the passage, flooding-----.
A) occurs in Pakistan regularly every year
B) results in silt deposits which compensate for

earth losses elsewhere
C) is only a temporary disaster
13. It is pointed out in the passage that
deforestation -----. D) leads to a reduction in the amount of land that
can be farmed
A) and erosion are only very loosely connected
E) is a natural disaster that until recently has been
B) is a matter that man can do nothing about
largely overlooked
C) is particularly serious when it occurs on a slope
D) will stop once man has realized how serious its

effects can be
E) has been practised more in Pakistan than

elsewhere

Trade unions, that is, workers' unions, are usually

17. We understand from the passage that skilled /
concerned to some extent with mutual benefit
manual workers enjoy more benefits than
activities as well as with collective bargaining and
unskilled ones -----.
the endeavour to establish standard rates and
conditions. The mutual benefit activities have been A) though their contribution rates are about the
greatest among the skilled manual workers, whose same
craft unions have in most cases maintained high
B) because they can afford higher contributions
rates of contributions and benefits, covering not only
dispute benefit but also unemployment, sickness, C) since there are so many more of them
funeral and often superannuation benefits. The less-
D) but they have not won as many law suits
skilled workers have not been able to afford the high
contributions necessary for such benefits - E) which gives rise to the bad relations that
particularly superannuation - and have usually exist between the two groups
provided few mutual benefits (except funeral benefit
and of course dispute benefit), though some have
provided optional benefits in return for higher
contributions. In addition to providing cash benefits,
most trade unions provide free legal assistance to
their members in cases arising out of their
employment, and fight important cases affecting
their several trades in the courts of law.
18. As it is pointed out in the passage, most trade

union members are entitled to -----.
A) free legal assistance in law cases in any way

pertaining to their work
16. We clearly understand from the passage that
B) equal superannuation benefits regardless of
one of the main aims of trade unions -----.
their contribution rates
A) has always been to oppose management
C) take part in collective bargaining activities
B) is to ensure that skilled and unskilled manual
D) dispute benefit but not funeral benefit
workers enjoy the same benefits
E) invest in state insurance schemes and usually
C) is to keep rates of pay and working conditions
do so
equitable
D) is no longer to fight for full employment

E) is to keep contribution rates to a minimum

2002 KASIM KPDS
In modern times, it was perhaps the "gentleman 3. The writer of the passage argues that
scientists" of the nineteenth century who came contemporary scientific research -----.
closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific
A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the interests
research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a
of industry
financial independence which most scientists today
cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy B) finds its best milieu within the universities
their scientific curiosity without the need to please
C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate
patrons. With the growth of scientific research after
World War II, science has become an expensive D) offers one of the most exciting and stimulating
occupation. Many scientists today look back upon of careers
the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science,
E) is far more concerned with theory than
when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer,
with any practical application
and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to
be part of the public good, and worth paying for.
Today, the situation is very different. "Academic
freedom" is now often little more than an illusion for
most scientists working at universities or in
4. The writer of the passage regards the
publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover,
"gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth
science is now largely dominated by the interests
century as privileged because -----.
of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves
the name "science". A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding
B) there were plenty of patrons willing to finance

them
1. According to the passage, the major difference
between the "gentleman scientists" and C) they were unrestricted by financial pressures
present-day ones -----.
D) scientific research was still in its early stages
A) has frequently been ignored by governments and it was easy to discover something new
and universities
E) they were always well-rewarded for their
B) is that the former were free to research as they efforts
chose, while the latter are not
C) has become a highly controversial issue in

university circles
D) is not nearly so obvious as some people 5. The phrase "part of the public good" (lines 13-
believe it to be 14) in effect means -----.
E) the former were less objective in their A) deserving of a good public

research methods than the latter are
B) setting good standards for society
C) ensuring a better future for society
D) beneficial to society
2. The writer points out that in the 1960s -----.
E) recognized by the general public as being
A) research activities were largely carried out good
under the sponsorship of industry
B) scientists believed that they were entering

upon a golden age
C) academic freedom was already a thing of the

past
D) scientists carried out their research activities at

the public expense
E) scientific research largely concentrated on

meeting the needs of war
96
Some people believe that meat consumption 8. Contrary to what is often argued, the passage
contributes to famine and depletes the Earth's points out that -----.
natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that
A) synthetic hormones can be used to improve
cows and sheep require pasturage that could be
the quality of meat
better used to grow grain for starving millions in
poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that B) underdeveloped countries need to adopt
raising livestock requires more water than raising modern farming methods in order to overcome
plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. famine
As for the pasturage argument, this ignores the fact
C) grazing for sheep and cows needs to be
that a large portion of the Earth's dry land is
upgraded so as to increase meat production
unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and
mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, D) the famine in the world is not directly related to
but are suitable for animal grazing. However, the consumption of meat
modern commercial farming methods prefer to
E) a very extensive part of the earth's surface
raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them
is ideally suitable for the cultivation of
on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of
crops
commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed.
Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs
(like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of
grains and soybeans - which could be eaten by
humans. The argument here, then, is not that
9. The writer attacks present day commercial
eating meat depletes the Earth's resources, but
farming methods -----.
that commercial farming methods do. Such
methods subject livestock to deplorable living A) but admits that there is a higher production
conditions where infections, antibiotics, and rate than there was with earlier methods
synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to
B) though the end product is extremely healthy
an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an
unhealthy food product. C) and claims that they are responsible for
depleting the natural resources of the world
6. One important point made in this passage is
D) though it ensures that there is sufficient food
that -----.
for everyone
A) desert and mountainous regions should be
E) because, among other things, it makes no
developed as arable land for cultivation
effort to cultivate dry, mountainous
B) the way livestock is raised on modern farms regions
involves various health hazards
C) more encouragement should be given to the

application of modern farming technologies
D) meat production in the developed world needs 10. By the "pasturage argument" (line 9) is meant
to be increased to combat famine the argument that -----.
E) every measure must be taken to conserve A) the land used for animal grazing ought to be
the Earth's natural resources cultivated and used to grow grain
B) livestock should be stall-fed on grains and not

7. One argument that is clearly opposed in the allowed to graze freely
passage -----.
C) cultivated land ought to be turned into
A) concerns the value of antibiotics in the raising pasturage
of healthy livestock
D) only cattle that are allowed to graze freely
B) concerns the introduction of soybeans as the produce good meat
basic feed for livestock
E) dry mountainous areas could be watered
C) is related to the inadequate methods employed and turned into good pasturage
in the prevention of famine
D) is that livestock need water as much as plants

do
E) is that land used for pasturage should be

utilized for the cultivation of crops
97
The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of 13. It is clear from the passage that the book under
Wellington. He is not simply the famous British review differs from traditional biographies of
general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He
Wellington -----.
remains a great general but he is also shown to
have had feet of clay inside his splendid boots. A) as his great enemy Napoleon receives more
For example, the writer dwells on Wellington's than his share of praise
vanity and his unattractive lack of generosity in
sharing the credit for his victories. This is a B) as it questions his skills as a leader
splendid book. Never less than interesting, but
always trenchant. It redefines Wellington without C) because it shows up his human weaknesses
diminishing his achievements and ends by
D) in attitude, but not in content
reminding us that it was Napoleon who so
forcefully articulated a wish that there should be E) by putting the emphasis on his vices, not on
"a European code of laws, a European judiciary
his virtues
... one people in Europe". The ogre's dream is
coming true.
14. We understand from the passage that in the

book under review, Napoleon -.
11. From this passage, we get the impression that
A) is simply presented as the big enemy
the book being reviewed -----.
B) receives acclaim for envisaging a united
A) makes fun of both Napoleon and Wellington
Europe
B) overlooks the fact that Wellington was a great
C) is shown to have had greater military skills
general
than Wellington
C) pays more attention to Napoleon than to
D) and Wellington each admired the military skills
Wellington
of the other
D) is unnecessarily critical of Wellington
E) knew from the beginning that he would
E) is well-written and gives a balanced never conquer Britain
picture of Wellington
15. In line 5, "feet of clay" stands for -----.

12. In the book under review, Wellington is A) disgraceful impulses
criticized for -----.
B) unmilitary feelings
A) not recognizing the role played by others in
his victories C) desires that have to be suppressed
B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo D) basic human weakness or faults
C) trying to buy people's affection and support E) an overwhelming desire to deceive
D) underestimating Napoleon's strength

E) failing to consult his subordinates
98
Fast-food is such a pervasive part of American 18. One point that receives a lot of attention in the
life that it has become synonymous with passage is -----.
American culture. Fast-food was born in America
and it has now swollen into a $106-billion A) the fact that fast-food is now more popular
industry. America exports fast-food worldwide outside the US than it is inside
and its attendant corporate culture, has probably
been more influential and done more to destroy B) the fact that fast-food meets our dietary needs
local food economies and cultural diversity than
any government propaganda programme could C) the consideration the fast-food companies
hope to accomplish. No corner of the earth is show to their employees
safe from its presence and no aspect of life is
D) the far-reaching effects of the fast-food
unaffected. Fast-food is now found in shopping
malls, airports, hospitals, gas stations, stadiums, industry
on trains, and increasingly, in schools. There are
E) the idea that in such places as gas stations
23,000 restaurants in one chain alone, and
another 2,000 are being opened every year. Its and trains fast-food is actually the only
effect has been the same on the millions of practical kind of food
people it feeds daily and on the people it
employs. Fast-food culture has changed how we
work, from its assembly-line kitchens filled with
robotic frying machines to the trite phrases
spoken to customers by its poorly paid part-time 19. The writer of the passage clearly regrets the
workforce. In the United States, more than 57 per fact that -----.
cent of the population eat meals away from home
on any given day and they spend more money on A) the fast-food companies cannot afford to pay
fast-food than they do on higher education, even their part-time workers adequate salaries
personal computers, or even on new cars.
B) the growth of the fast-food industry has now
come to a halt
C) there are still more traditional restaurants than

16. This passage on American's fast-food industry fast-food ones
-----.
D) the fast-food industry cannot retain the high
A) shows convincingly that it is falling into standards with which it started
disfavour
E) local and traditional styles of food are being
B) is clearly written by someone who loves good pushed off the market
food
C) concentrates on negative aspects
D) gives a rational account of why it grew so fast
E) reveals the support it received from 20. The assertion at the end of the passage that
government propaganda
Americans spend more money on fast-food
than they do on higher education -----.
A) is a criticism of the amount of money spent on

17. The word "swollen" in line 3 -----. fast-food by Americans
A) emphasizes the speed at which the industry B) suggests that Americans are greedy for good
has grown food
B) suggests that the growth is excessive and C) means that 57 percent of the American
unhealthy population has very little money left over when
it has paid for its food
C) has very positive connotations
D) is an indication that higher education in the US
D) draws attention to the inevitability of the growth
is not expensive
of the industry
E) is, in the light of the rest of the passage, a
E) implies that the industry will continue to
gross exaggeration
grow on steadily
99
Even though there have been truly significant 23. The writer of this passage draws our attention
advances in modern medicine, health problems to -----.
still abound and cause untold misery. Although
heart disease and cancer were rare at the A) the fact that it is young people who are the
beginning of the 20th century, today these two most affected by degenerative diseases
diseases strike with increasing frequency, in spite
of billions of dollars in research to combat them, B) the paradox that medicine today has improved
and in spite of tremendous advances in remarkably, but more and more people are
diagnostic and surgical techniques. In America, suffering from various diseases
one person in three suffers from allergies, one in
ten has ulcers and one in five is mentally ill. C) the commonly-held view that cancer will, in a
Every year, a quarter of a million infants are born few decades, be completely eradicated
with a birth defect and undergo expensive
surgery, or are hidden away in institutions. Other D) the argument that good health depends upon a
degenerative diseases such as arthritis, multiple healthy diet and early diagnosis
sclerosis, diabetes, and chronic fatigue afflict a
significant majority of Americans. Further learning E) the possibility that it is mental rather than
disabilities make life miserable for seven million physical health that is going to be the major
young people and their parents. These diseases problem of the future in the US
were extremely rare only a generation or two
ago. Today, chronic illness afflicts nearly half of
all Americans and causes three out of four
deaths in the United States.
24. The passage stresses that ill-health gives rise

21. One point that is stressed in the passage about to a great deal of misery ----.
the American people is that -----.
A) which is not confined to the patient alone
A) they are less liable to degenerative diseases B) which is largely associated with pain
than most other peoples
C) especially in the case of chronic illness
B) the rate of infant mortality among them is rising
rapidly D) even before an accurate diagnosis has been
made
C) there is an alarming lack of communication
between parents and their children E) especially when the symptoms are severe
D) the incidence of cancer among them is slowly

being reduced due to medical advances
E) in one way or another, a very large

proportion of them have health problems
25. In line 15 of the passage the term "significant

majority" refers to -----.
22. According to the passage, cancer and heart
diseases are on the increase ----. A) an articulate majority
A) and most of the cures have serious side- B) a statistically small majority
effects
C) a large and important majority
B) due to problems of diagnosis which for the
D) a rapidly increasing majority
present seem insurmountable
C) since research so far carried out in these fields

E) an unexpected but continuing majority
has been quite inadequate
D) even though a great deal of money is being

spent on research into them
E) but very little is being done by the authorities

to combat them
100
2003 MAYIS KPDS

It may be that golf originated in Holland but 3. It is pointed out in the passage that golf ---.
certainly Scotland fostered the game and is A) was to some extent practised in colonial
famous for it. In fact, in 1457 the Scottish America
Parliament, disturbed because football and golf
B) has been overshadowed by football in
had lured young Scots from the more soldierly
recent times
exercise of archery, passed an ordinance that
banned football and golf. James I and Charles I C) requires a great deal of expensive
of the royal line of Stuarts were golf enthusiasts, equipment
whereby the game came to be known as "the
D) receives less newspaper coverage than
royal and ancient game of golf". The golf balls
football
used in the early games were leather-covered
and stuffed with feathers. Clubs of all kinds were E) didn't arouse as much enthusiasm as archery
fashioned by hand to suit individual-players. The did in medieval Scotland
great step in spreading the game came with the
change from the feather ball to the present-day
ball introduced in about 1850. In 1860, formal
competitions began with the establishment of an
annual tournament for the British Open
4. The point is made in the passage that golf has
championship. There are records of "golf clubs"
been described as a "royal" game ---.
in the United States as far back as colonial days.
A) though for the last two centuries no kings
However, it remained a rather sedate and almost
have participated in the game
aristocratic pastime until a 20-year-old Francis
Ouimet of Boston defeated two great British B) since the professionals of the game are
professionals, Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, in the treated with so much respect
United States Open championship at Brookline,
C) as golf clubs are particular about who they
Mass., in 1913. This feat put the game and
accept as members
Francis Ouimet on the front pages of the
newspapers and stirred a wave of enthuslasm for D) because two British kings were
the sport. passionately
1. As we understand from the passage, golf E) which Americans find very annoying
only became a popular game ----.
A) after an unknown American beat two
famous British golf players in a US
tournament.
5. As we learn from the passage, it was around
B) following the annual tournament the mid-19th century that ----.
organized in 1860.
A) the old golf ordinance of the Scottish
C) in the time of James.
Parliament was repealed
D) after the introduction of annual formal
competitions in both England and B) the first formal golf competitions between
America. America and Britain were held
E) after golf clubs were set up in colonial C) the newspapers began to cover major golf
America. championships
2. According to the passage, it was at one time D) Scotland became the world's leading
believed in Scotland that ----. country in golf
A) football was a better game than golf for
young people. E) important changes were introduced into
golf
B) annual tournaments made the game too
competitive.
C) golf was having an adverse effect on
young people's military skills
D) young people should be encouraged to
take up either golf or archery
E) the origins of archery were in some way
associated with Holland
101
The economic news from Europe was particularly 8. The passage points out that Germany's current
disappointing in the second half of 2002. Moreover, economic problems ----.
recent surveys from the region imply little prospect
of improvement in the near future. Perhaps the A) have left the stock markets of Europe
most worrying aspect has been the sharp decline in unaffected
conditions in Germany-the area's largest and most
important economy. Domestic demand in Germany B) have led to a worrying decline in the world
is very weak and, with the global economy also economy
struggling, Germany's manufacturers have not
been able to export their way out of trouble as they C) are far serious than those of any other country
have done in the past. With the economy in such a in Europe
weak state, it is no surprise then that European
stock markets have followed the US stock markets' D) stem in part from a drop in domestic sales
downturn over the past 6 months. While individual
E) are in fact not as alarming as they were once
share pries may be lower and market valuations
look attractive, the economy does not. Recovery thought to be
seems some way off and strong equity
performance from Europe's markets seems unlikely
in 2003.
6. We understand from the passage that the 9. According to the passage, the trend in
economic prospects in the current year for the European stock markets ----.
European stock markets ----.
A) does not reflect the economic situation in
A) are not foreseeable Germany
B) are certainly promising B) has been roughly the same as that in the US
stock markets
C) are constantly under discussion
C) improved greatly during the last six months of
D) seem most encouraging 2002
E) don't look hopeful D) is related to the level of domestic demand in
Germany
E) seems to change every six months
7. It is pointed out in the passage that the present

economic recession in Germany ----.
A) is actually not as serious as is being 10. The phrase "to export their way out of trouble"
experienced in several other European means ----.
countries
A) to expand their market capacity through more
B) is being overcome by means of increased exports
exports
B) to find trouble-free markets for exports
C) is more persistent than previous ones
have been C) to work extremely hard to increase their
exports
D) should have been foreseen much earlier
D) to put and end to the slump
E) has been exaggerated in several surveys
recently E) to get out of the recession through increased
exports
102
Scientist who study earth's moon have two big 13. According to the passage, even through there
regrets about the six Apollo missions that landed a were six Apollo missions to the moon roughly
dozen astronauts on the lunar surface between thirty years ago, ----.
1969 and 1972. The biggest regret, of course, is
A) none of them could claim to be successful
that the emissions ended so abruptly, with so much
of the moon still unexplored. But researchers also B) man's knowledge of the moon has not
lament that the great triumph of Apollo led to a increased at all
popular misconception: because astronauts have
C) a very large proportion of the lunar surface
visited the moon, there is no compelling reason to
remains to date unexamined
go back. In the 1990s, however, two probes that
orbited the moon raised new questions about D) it was only the lunar poles that were explored
Earth's airless satellite. One stunning discovery fully
was strong evidence of water ice in the perpetually
E) the idea of sending astronauts back to the
shadowed areas near the moon's poles. Because
moon seems even more far-fetched than
scientists believe that comets deposited water and
formerly
organic compounds on both Earth and its moon,
well-preserved ice at the lunar poles could yield
clues to the origins of life.
14. As we understand from the passage, a great
many people ----.
11. The point made in the passage is that it may be A) believe lunar missions should continue
possible to ----. indefinitely
A) come to a better understanding of comets B) regard the Apollo missions as a scientific

through the study of the moon breakthrough
B) learn more about the beginnings of life from C) are sure the moon cannot support life
the ice at the moon's poles D) feel that the very fact that man has landed on
C) resume Apollo missions as there is evidence the moon is enough
of water on the moon E) regard scientific investigations of the moon as
D) identify the origin of the organic compounds unfeasible
found on the moon
E) have a full knowledge of the moon without

sending anymore astronauts there
12. As is pointed out in the passage, one 15. A major point made in the passage is that ----.
significant outcome of the lunar probes in the A) comets hold the secrets of the origins of life in
1990s was ----. the universe
A) the staggering finding of evidence of water on B) the six Apollo missions to the moon were a
the moon great scientific success
B) the focussing of scientific attention on the C) the chances of finding water on the moon are
comets very slim
C) the resumption of lunar missions D) the probes of the 1990s demonstrated that the
D) the realization that life is possible on the moon lunar landings should have continued
E) the realization that there were great E) scientists are agreed that there is nothing
similarities between earth and moon further to learn about the moon
103
The US National Institute of Standards and 18. As we learn from the passage, a specialist in
Technology (NITS) will soon be testing a fire safety ----.
controversial theory about the collapse of the World
A) puts the blame for the collapse of the towers
Trade Center towers. According to an analysis by a
on the thin fire-proofing insulation
leading fire-safety expert, had the fire-proofing
insulation on the towers' steel structures been B) is to blame for negligence as regards the
thicker, the towers would have survived longer and buming of the twin towers
might even have remained standing after they were
C) has been cooperating with the victims' lawyers
hit by the hijacked planes. The work is being seized
to start legal procedures
on by lawyers representing victims' families and
insurance companies. If confirmed, it could also D) has been commissioned to prepare a report on
lead to changes in building codes. NIST is the collapse of the towers
responsible for drawing up the final report on the
E) should have been aware of the structural
towers' collapses and recommending if any
weakness of the towers and given due warning
changes are needed. It is widely accepted that the
collapses were caused by the failure of the
buildings' steel structure as it was weakened by the
heat of the fires.
19. As is pointed out in the passage, the

inadequacy of the fire-proofing insulation of the
16. As it is pointed out in the passage, it is towers ----.
commonly recognized that the main cause for
A) has been accepted by NIST as the main cause
the collapse of the twin towers ----.
of the collapse
A) will only be understood after the release of a
B) has aroused a great deal of legal attention
detailed report by NITS
C) is less important than the weakness of the
B) can never be established beyond doubt
steel structure as the cause f the collapse
C) was the weakening of the steel structure due
D) had long been recognized by fire-safety
to the heat of the fire
experts as the weakest point in their
D) was not so much due to the heat of the fires as construction
to the force of the impact of the hijacked
E) has never been considered by any serious
planes
body
E) is of special interest to insurance companies
20. According to the passage, if the tower collapse

theory concerning the fire-proofing insulation
proves to be true, ----.
17. It is clear from the passage that ----.
A) this will have, even so, no direct bearing on the
A) the strength of the steel structure of the towers
fight against terrorism
had been questioned when the designs were
drawn up B) the victims' families will get no compensation
B) NIST has already made a through study of the C) this will free NITS from all blame
collapse of the towers
D) then lawyers will have no grounds for
C) the reason for the sudden collapse of the two objections
towers is still under debate
E) then NITS will probably introduce new building
D) the structure of the twin towers was in many regulations
respects well below standard
E) the hijacked planes hit the weakest parts of the

twin towers
104
The long-expected decline in the dollar is now well 23. According to the passage, what has brought
under way. For years economists have predicted about the fall of the American dollar, ---.
that America's huge current-account deficit would
A) is the erratic global fluctuations in exchange
eventually cause its currency to plunge. So far the
rates
dollar's slide has been fairly gradual: it is down by
13% in trade-weighted terms over the past year, B) is the enormous deficit experienced by the
though it has dropped by almost twice as much American economy
against the euro since its 2001 peak. As the
C) as been a persistent recession in the global
decline seemed to pick up speed this week, John
economy
Snow, George Bush's Treasury Secretary, declared
that he favours a "strong dollar policy". That was D) is the wrong economic policies introduced by
surely the wrong answer, even leaving aside the John Snow, Treasury Secretary
debatable issue of whether cabinet secretaries can
E) is the unexpected rise in the value of the euro
influence the level of exchange rates. A weaker,
not a stronger dollar, is what the world needs now-
so long as policymakers elsewhere respond
appropriately. America promoted a strong dollar
throughout the 1990s, when inflation was still
thought to be the main enemy. Today it makes less 24. As we understand from the passage, the
sense. Even after its recent slide, the dollar seems decline in the value of the American dollar has,
overvalued. Moreover, with ample space capacity ---.
in America, deflation looks a bigger risk than
A) had an adverse effect upon the value of the
inflation.
euro
B) bolstered American trade
21. It is pointed out in the passage that the C) been foreseen by economists over a long
American policy, in the 1990s, for a strong period of time
dollar ---.
D) been a major headache for policy makers
A) seems less rational now than it did than
E) followed an unpredictable pattern
B) has proved successful in boosting the
economy
C) has been reversed by the Treasury Secretary,

John Snow
D) has frequently been disregarded by American

25. In the passage, with the phrase "the wrong
economists
answer" is meant ---.
E) has been a major reason for the decline of the
A) the American government's indifference to the
euro
decline of the dollar
22. It is stressed in the passage that for the B) the policy of keeping the dollar in the line with
American economy, ---. the euro
A) John Snow's policies promise a great deal of C) keeping the dollar strong through trade
hope
D) permitting the current-account deficit to
B) it is not inflation but deflation that in fact may continue
pose the more serious problem
E) the Treasury Secretary's preference for a
C) the global level of exchange rates constitutes a
strong dollar policy
major threat
D) and for the world economy, a strong dollar is of
vital importance
105
2003 KASIM KPDS

During the past few decades four East Asian 3. We learn from the passage that, in just over two
economies - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and decades, Taiwan ----.
Hong Kong - have achieved the fastest rates of
A) became the economic model for the other
economic growth the world has ever seen. In 1962
"dragons" on account of its economic success
Taiwan stood between Zaire and the Congo on the
global ranking of income per head: by 1986 its B) achieved the fastest rate of economic growth
neighbors were Greece and Malta. In 1962 South among the four East Asian "dragons"
Korea was poorer than Sudan: by 1986 it was
C) rose from a low-level per capita income similar
richer than Argentina. Today the four "dragons"
to that of Zaire, to a relatively high one
account for 10 per cent of manufactured exports
worldwide, not far short of America's 12 per cent. D) attached far more importance to private
Understanding this miracle is the most urgent task enterprise than any other Asian country
in development economics. But most economists
E) was the only one among the "dragons" to
are content to cite the dragons as proof of their
exploit its resources to the full
favorite theories - whatever those theories may be.
Free marketers point to the dragons' reliance on
private enterprise, markets and relatively
undistorted trade regimes. Interventionists point 4. According to the passage, there is no
with equal assurance to clever bureaucracies, non- unanimous agreement among economists as
market allocation of resources and highly distorted to ----.
trade regimes.
A) how far distorted trade regimes contributed to
the economic success of the four “dragons"
1. According to the passage, the so-called four
"dragons" of East Asia ----. B) why Taiwan and Hong Kong got ahead of
Singapore and South Korea in economic
A) are hoping shortly to outpace Greece and
efficiency
Malta in economic growth
C) whether the growth rate of the four "dragons"
B) have definitely benefited greatly from a free-
will continue steadily
trade policy
D) when the four East Asian "dragons" will catch
C) are presently developing their own free-market
up with the US regarding manufactured
strategies
exports
D) have experienced a staggering and
E) how the four East Asian "dragons" achieved
unprecedented economic growth rate over
their miraculous growth rate
recent decades
E) have finally managed to throw off bureaucratic

obstacles and disprove the theories of many
economists 5. It is clear from the passage that the factors
leading to the amazing economic growth of the
2. It is pointed out in the passage that South East Asian "dragons" ----.
Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong ----. A) have not yet been determined by economists
A) export more to the US than to any other B) are closely related to distorted trade regimes
country in the world
C) are in line with the theories of development
B) have been in fierce competition with each economics
other in the export of manufactured goods
D) should have contributed to the rise of Sudan
C) have developed their economies in
accordance with the theory of development E) have confirmed the importance of political
economics stability
D) admit openly that they have made use of

various distorted trade regimes
E) export almost as many manufactured goods

between them, as does the US
106
Although women have made huge strides in 8. We understand from the passage that, when a
catching up with men in the workplace, a gender choice has to be made between work and
gap still persists both in wages and levels of
family---.
advancement. Commonly cited explanations for
this gap range from charges of sex discrimination A) men are less likely, than women to risk their
to claims that women are more sensitive than men careers
to work versus family conflicts and thus less
inclined to make sacrifices for their careers. Now, B) most career women naturally give precedence
however, two new studies suggest that another to work
factor may be at work: a deeply ingrained
difference in the way men and women react to C) women expect men to give the priority to the
competition that manifests itself even at an early family
age. Apparently, females tend to be far less
responsive to competition than males - a tendency D) it is the women, rather than the men, who find
with important implications for women and making that choice hard
business. It may hurt women in highly competitive
labor markets, for example, and hamper efficient E) neither the men nor the women can readily
job placement - especially for positions in which makeup their minds
competitiveness is not a useful trait.
9. According to the passage, in working life today-

6. On the whole, according to the passage, --.
women in the workplace ----.
A) women are preferred for certain jobs that
A) are content to let the men compete among require sensitivity
themselves
B) there still exists considerable discrimination
B) inspire a competitive spirit in men against women
C) receive the treatment they naturally deserve C) men feel they have a right to higher wages and
quicker advancement
D) have rapidly attained a position approaching
that of men D) family concerns are what drive men to work
harder and earn more
E) keep themselves up-to-date with
developments in the labor market E) fair competition is to be encouraged while sex
discrimination is to be banned
10. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that the

7. As we learn from the passage, it seems likely reluctance of women to be competitive ----.
that women ----.
A) is regarded by men as a desirable trait
A) are about to rally against the gender gap in the
workplace B) is the major factor contributing to the
persistence of sex discrimination in the
B) become seriously concerned, at a very early workplace
age, about their future careers
C) is clearly seen in the way they care for their
C) will fight determinedly for their rights in the families
workplace
D) only becomes apparent when they reach
D) will, due to their passive nature, find it hard to maturity
get the promotion they deserve
E) may prevent them from being appointed to the
E) have less of the competitive spirit than men do positions they deserve
107
The Sahara desert takes up most of Egypt's land, 13. We can conclude from the passage that the
so overcrowding is a huge problem. Sixty-two New Valley project, which has been underway
million people live squeezed together into the six
for roughly two decades,----.
million fertile acres along the Nile delta and narrow
river valley - just five per cent of the total area of A) was originally proposed by Sheikh Zayed al
Egypt. Between 12 and 15 million people live in Nahya of the United Arab Emirates
Cairo alone. Until recently, it was impractical and
dangerous to even consider moving into the B) has already started to transform the economic
southern desert, where temperatures regularly rise potential of Egypt
above 50 C and water is scarce and can only be
reached using carefully placed irrigation wells. But C) is primarily an agricultural one, and industrial
in the last 20 years a "New Valley" has slowly activity is not provided for
been taking shape. Towns with industrial centres,
tourist areas and spacious apartment blocks are D) is very near to completion and large numbers
being constructed, factories are springing up. The of people have already moved in
main development making this possible is the
construction of the vast Sheikh Zayed canal, also E) is proving far more problematic than was
known as the Toshka canal. Named for Sheikh originally foreseen
Zayed al Nahya, president of the United Arab
Emirates, which is financially backing the project,
the canal is part of the irrigation scheme dreamed
up by the Egyptian government to make it possible 14. It is clearly stated in the passage that almost
for people to move away from the traffic, pollution
and bustle of Cairo. If a "second Nile" cuts through the whole of Egypt's population ----,
the desert and water is distributed to surrounding A) lives along the Nile Valley and its delta
land, people and crops can thrive there as they do
around the existing Nile. The area is becoming B) wants to move into the New Valley
known as the New Valley.
C) is engaged in agricultural activities rather than
in industrial ones
11. We understand from the passage that the canal D) holds Sheikh Zayed al Nahya in great esteem
under construction ----. E) is dubious about the outcome of the New
A) is designed to meet the water needs of Cairo Valley project
and other cities
B) constitutes just a portion of a massive irrigation

project 15. It is pointed out in the passage that the
C) will bring fertility to the whole of the Sahara irrigation project for the New Valley ----.
D) will irrigate only 5% of the total area of Egypt A) has received a mixed reaction from the general
public
E) passes through an overcrowded part of the
country B) is going to cost the Egyptian government vast
sums of money
12. As it is pointed out in the passage, one of the C) has primarily been designed to case the
benefits of the New Valley will be that ----. overcrowding in Cairo
A) Egypt will change from an agricultural country D) will enable Egypt to recover from its chronic
into a fully industrial one economic recession
B) Egypt can at last start a tourist industry E) will make the inhospitable desert far more
C) the overcrowding in Cairo and the Nile delta easily accessible
area will be reduced
D) the hot, dry desert climate of Egypt will be

rapidly modified
E) it will set an example for the developed world

to invest in desert projects
108
When Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency, 18. It is clear from the passage that initially
after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in Johnson intended to continue the Kennedy
November of 1963, he knew that in order to
policies ----.
accrue political capital he would initially need to
champion goals and policies that Kennedy had A) as far as they were in keeping with the national
already been pursuing. Not long before his death ideal of a "Great Society"
Kennedy had scrawled the word "poverty" on a
piece of paper and circled it multiple times; this B) although in essence they clashed with his own
note fell into the hands of his brother Robert and
became a symbolic justification for Johnson's C) since he hadn't formulated any of his own
declaration of the War on Poverty, early in 1964.
D) because he sensed this would make him
Similarly, many of the things that Johnson pushed
through Congress in his first two years as politically popular
President, can readily be seen as extensions of
E) but he soon found that they were inapplicable
the avowed policies of the Kennedy
Administration. The details might have been
different, but historians generally agree that if
Kennedy had lived out his first term and won a
second, America would have witnessed something 19. According to the passage, Johnson's pursuit of
similar to the early years of Johnson's Great the Kennedy goals and policies ----.
Society. On foreign policy, too, Johnson at first
strove consciously to follow his predecessor. And A) has been condemned by several recent
some historians have argued that in this realm as historians
well, Johnson indeed pursued a course that
Kennedy had already introduced. If Kennedy had B) largely occurred during the first two years of
lived, according to this line of thinking, he would his presidency
have continued a policy of antagonism towards
Cuba and steady escalation of US involvement in C) actually undermined his image as president
Vietnam. Johnson certainly believed that this was D) brought him into conflict with Congress
what Kennedy intended to do.
E) hindered his own desire to wage a War on
16. It's clear from the passage that, on assuming Poverty
the presidency, Johnson ----.
A) maintained amiable relations with the

Kennedys 20. The passage makes the point that Johnson
B) was determined to put his own policies into became the president of the US ----.
effect, and leave his own mark A) because Kennedy was assassinated
C) took great care not to antagonize Congress B) since his policy as regards the War on Poverty
D) was careful not to deviate from Kennedy's was extremely popular
policies in international relations C) because he supported the war in Vietnam
E) chose to concentrate on foreign policy and D) even though he disagreed with Kennedy on
ignore domestic issues many national and international issues
E) as he had the support of the Kennedy brothers
17. As we understand from the passage, one of the

issues Kennedy was planning to tackle ----.
A) concerned the improvement of relations

between his administration and Congress
B) concerned bringing to an end the antagonism

towards Cuba
C) related to the ending of the war in Vietnam
D) was the redefinition of the aims of US foreign

policy
E) was the elimination of poverty in the US
109
The space shuttle and its rockets are huge - some 23. As the passage points out, a space shuttle
4.5 million pounds at lift-off. About 85 per cent of requires oxygen ----.
that weight is fuel. Since it is designed to work in a
vacuum, the shuttle must carry not only fuel but A) only when it is travelling within the atmosphere
the oxygen to burn it. Because this is an inefficient
way to go, NASA engineers have recently tested B) if it is to attain very high speeds
an engine that gets some of its oxygen on the run.
C) but only in its liquid form
This should reduce takeoff weights by half. A
spacecraft equipped with this engine would take D) in order to burn the fuel
off like a rocket. But within minutes, incoming air
would begin to supplement liquid oxygen. Once E) in quite small quantities except at lift-off
the spacecraft reaches a speed of 1,500 miles per
hour - twice the speed of sound - the liquid oxygen
would shut off completely and the engine would
burn fuel mixed with air. Consequently the craft
would accelerate to about ten times the speed of
sound. When the air got too thin for the engine to
breathe, the ship would shift back to rocket mode 24 The point is made in the passage that the
to punch its way into space. reason for developing the new engine is to ----.
A) reduce the time it takes the shuttle to exceed
the speed of sound
B) double the speed at which the shuttle travels

21. According to the passage, a new rocket engine
C) economize on the use of liquid oxygen
is presently being developed to ----.
D) eliminate the need for liquid oxygen and thus
A) reach previously unimagined speeds
cut down on the shuttle's weight
B) make space travel more comfortable and
E) allow the shuttle to function in a vacuum
feasible
C) halve the weight of a space shuttle at lift-off
D) enable NASA to remain in the forefront of

space exploration
E) reduce the physical effects of the atmosphere

on the shuttle
25. It is clear from the passage that, - once there is
not sufficient air to burn the fuel, then ----.
A) the speed of the shuttle increases to over ten

22. We learn from the passage that in the usual times the speed of sound
space shuttle, the weight ----.
B) the engine reverts back to using the liquid
A) makes high speeds impossible oxygen aboard the shuttle
B) consists very largely of fuel C) the engine starts to increase the speed of the
C) does not pose any serious problem shuttle
D) of the liquid oxygen is enormous D) it is impossible for the shuttle to accelerate any
further
E) of the rockets is insignificant
E) the rocket can no longer function efficiently
110
2004 MAYIS KPDS
Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and her 3. According to the passage, when one crow
colleagues have been studying the subtleties of plans to steal food from another one, ----
how crows steal food from one another. Atkinson
had been watching the birds at the beach as they A) this is really a means of establishing its
fed on fish, clams and other small animals in the superiority
intertidal zone. She noticed that if a crow had
B) it will invariably try to do so in the first place
found a particularly large meal that couldn't be
eaten in a single gulp, another crow would often without being seen
come by and try to steal the food away. Food theft C) there will inevitably be a fight between the two
is fairly common in the bird world, so the crows'
thievery wasn't unexpected. What really intrigued D) this is a sure sign that both crows are really
Atkinson was that the birds employed two different hungry
tactics to take the food. In some instances, the
thieving bird would take an aggressive approach - E) it will sometimes approach quite openly and
typically involving some chasing or physical boldly
contact, such as pecking in other exchanges,
however, the thief would use a more passive
method: merely approaching the other bird
secretively and stealing the food without any
commotion at all. What the team wanted to know
was: how did these tactics fit into the group 4. We understand from the passage that so long
foraging practices of the crows? as a crow ----.
A) can swallow its food at one gulp, it will

encounter no challenge
1. According to the passage, the question that
B) can find food easily, it will not steal from
interested the research team was----.
another crow
A) whether the crows' stealing practices were
C) can get food by stealing, it won't look
instinctive or acquired
elsewhere for it
B) wry the crows chose to steal
D) has eaten well, it is unlikely to try to steal food
C) related to the crows' foraging practices
E) is able to steal food without fighting, this is the
D) whether the nature of the food affected the method it will favour
degree of attempted theft
E) whether the stealing practices of crows

differed from those of other birds
5. It is clear from the passage that Jane Atkinson
and her colleagues ----
A) knew much more about crows than about any

2. It is clear from the passage that the research other type of bird.
team was not surprised that the crows were
B) are specialist in bird behaviour
trying to steal from each other common ----
C) are only interested in the eating habits of birds
A) because this is a practice among birds
D) are particularly interested in the different types
B) since there was a scarcity of food at the time
of food that crows like to eat
C) though crows don't steal food as often as other
E) are impressed by the similarity between
birds do
stealing practices of ail bird species
D) but it was surprised at their rate of success
E) but the bitterness of the fight came as a

surprise
111
In many ways, Hollywood seems to exemplify the 8- As we understand from the passage, the writer -
most joyless aspects of capitalism. The "industry", ---.
as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic
ideas and images as commodities and then values A) is a great admirer of Hollywood's film-making
those commodities according to how they
"penetrate" markets. The system's worrying B) seems reluctant to call film-making an industry
inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know
C) is sympathetic towards the film-industry and
what the public at large will want to buy. So films
are tested in front of preview audiences, revised wants it to be more successful
according to the audience's suggestions, tested D) attaches great importance to the suggestions
again, and then marketed with a vigour directly
of preview audiences
proportionate to the test scores. There are two
problems with this approach. The first is that the E) thinks that the amount spent on a film is
test-sample size is minimal but can determine a
usually in proportion to its success
film's fate. The second is that by the time the test
audience sees a film it's too late to change it very
much anyway, particularly when twenty, fifty or a
hundred million dollars has already been spent.
9. It is clear from the passage that Hollywood

regards its films as ----.
A) commodities to be selectively marketed to

6. One point made in the passage about test
suitable audiences
audiences is that they----.
B) artistic creations designed for sophisticated
A) seldom have any real understanding of artistic
audiences
values
C) goods to be dynamically marketed
B) add to the expenses of film-making
D) the most creative products of capitalism
C) rarely have any constructive criticism to make
E) financial investments which are sure to make a
D) are ignorant of the Hollywood techniques of
profit
film making
E) are too small to be truly representative of the

general public
10- We understand from the passage that the

making of a film----.
A) is far more important than the marketing of it

7. According to the passage, film-makers find it
difficult to ----. B) usually involves a very large financial
investment
A) carry out any market research to find out about
the wishes of film-goers C) is a strictly secret process until it finally goes
on show
B) find volunteers for their preview audiences
D) usually follows the norms established by
C) raise the money needed for film- making
Hollywood
D) guess what sort of films will be popular and so
E) is guided by a whole series o representative
profitable
preview audiences
E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of their
audiences
112
Reading presents a real paradox to 13. A recent view neurophysiologists, the brain, is
neurobiologists. It was only invented a few that ----.
thousand years ago, so there really has not been
enough time for our brain to evolve specialized A) it is extremely flexible as it is not affected by
ways to do it. How do brain circuits produced by genetic heritage
millions of years of evolution in a world without
written words adapt to the specific challenges of B) its structure is largely shaped by genetic traits
reading? We know we have to learn the skill but
how does our brain learn to read? in the social C) it has developed various specialized skills over
sciences, the majority of researchers do not see a the last thousand years or so
problem. There is a widespread view that the brain
D) its circuits have remained constant for millions
is a completely adaptable organ, capable of
absorbing any form of culture. Yet recent findings of years
from brain imaging studies and neurophysiology
E) its creative powers are more apparent in some
throw new light on the organization of the reading
circuits in the brain. The findings contradict this fields of learning
simplistic model of a brain that merely absorbs
everything from its cultural environment. And they
suggest that the architecture of our brain is limited
by strong genetic constraints though it seems that
it has still some degree of flexibility. 14. According to the passage, although people
have had the skill of reading for several
thousand years, ----.
A) the actual process of learning how to read has

11. The passage makes the point that, until only just been discovered by
recently, ----. neurophysiologists
A) it was only the abnormal brain that attracted B) there has been no improvement in the speed
any attention at when people can read
B) researchers in social sciences ignored the C) the brain remains inflexible and cannot cope
views of neurophysiologists concerning the with different cultures
brain
D) from the angle of evolution, this has been
C) the brain was generally thought to adapt itself insufficient for the brain to develop
easily to new cultural environments particularized reading skills
D) the structure of the brain did not attract much E) it is only in the social sciences that this skill
attention except from neurobiologists has been seriously studied
E) neurophysiologists were not aware of the

structural complexity of the brain
15. The purpose of the passage is to ----.

12. The writer is intrigued by the fact that the brain, A) explain how the brain has evolved towards
which evolved long before the written word creativity over thousands of years
came into use, ----.
B) raise questions about, rather than explain, the
A) had already had the genetic capacity to form reading abilities of the brain
words
C) highlight recent developments and
B) had been able to communicate through controversies in the field of neurophysiology
images
D) emphasize the adverse effects of different
C) had already developed certain reading circuits cultural environments on the human brain way
D) managed to adapt itself to the very distinct skill from
of reading E) draw attention to the neurobiology differs
E) had already achieved full flexibility to adapt neurophysiology
itself to new forms of culture
113
Throughout history, eyewitnesses have reported 18. We understand from the passage that the
orange glows, fireballs or flashes in the days sighting of earthquake lights ----.
before and during an earthquake. It was in 1968,
however, that the first photographs of “earthquake A) has led to a great deal of confused and
lights" were taken during a series of earthquakes contradictory reporting among seismologists
in Japan. Some showed red streaks across the
sky. Others looked like a low blue dawn from a B) first occurred in Japan
distance. in 1999, floating bails of light in the sky
were broadcast on Turkish television, reportedly C) is a fairly recent phenomenon in Japan
filmed the night before the devastating earthquake D) has attracted virtually no scientific attention
of 7.4 on the Richter scale that killed many
from seismologists
thousand people in the Marmara region of Turkey.
Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of E) goes back a very long way in time
earthquake lights confirm their existence. it has to
be said that earthquake lights are a fairly well-
known phenomenon, but we don't know what they
mean, or what causes them. Seismologists have 19. It is pointed out in the passage that the
struggled far years to find a reliable earthquake photographic recording of earthquake lights ----
predictor. Could the lights hold the key?
.
A) was made for the first time less than half a

century ago
16. In the passage, the writer wonders whether ----. B) was only done with great success during the
Marmara earthquake
A) earthquakes lights might help in the prediction
of earthquakes C) is what finally convinced people of their
existence
B) the orange glows supposedly sighted before
an earthquake were actually seen D) is widely regarded as a visual deception
C) the photographs taken of earthquake lights in E) E-has always been a major concern for
Japan are of any scientific use seismologists
D) earthquakes cause the lights, or whether the

lights cause the earthquakes
20- The writer of the passage seems to be
E) the devastation caused by the Marmara confident that ----.
earthquake could have been prevented
A) seismology is advancing rapidly through the
study of earthquakes lights
B) future earthquakes will be reliably predicted by
means of earthquake lights
17. The passage emphasizes the fact that the
Marmara earthquake ----. C) C)earthquake lights have frequently been
observed and even filmed
A) was televised as it was happening
D) the mystery of earthquake lights can never be
B) was followed by strange lights in the sky
resolved
C) was indeed a catastrophic one
E) the appearance of fireballs and flashes in the
D) greatly puzzled seismologists sky are a sure sign of an approaching
earthquake
E) took everyone, seismologists included, by
surprise
114
Much has been said and written about the 23- The writer recognizes the fact that engineering -
declining numbers of and disappointing lack of ---.
diversity among American college students
majoring in engineering. Among the factors cited A) is becoming less and less popular as a field of
to explain this phenomenon are the lack of study among university students
exposure of high school students to the very idea
of engineering and the fact that many have B) is only suitable for highly intelligent students
insufficient mathematics and science background
to gain entrance to engineering school, even if C) is a complicated subject only suitable for really
they do identify the profession as a possible mature students
career. This is unfortunate, for the ideas of
D) has become one of the most popular fields of
engineering should be integrated into the curricula
not only of high schools but also of middle and study at American universities
primary schools. Our children are being done a
E) requires many years of training prior to
disservice by not being exposed properly
throughout their education to engineering activities qualification
identified as such. After all, even pre-school
children have the prerequisites in their play for
appreciating exactly what engineering is: design.
Indeed, design is everywhere around them
throughout their school day, even in their before- 24- Among the reasons given in the passage for the
school and after-school activities. It need only be decline in the numbers of engineering students
pointed out to them that they are designing is that ----.
something, and therefore being engineers of sorts,
in virtually everything that they do. A) the American schools still follow out-dated
curricula
B) university entrance requirements are far too

21. The writer of the passage feels strongly that ---- demanding
.
C) it is generally recognized as one of the most
A) children should be involved in engineering difficult of all the courses
activities at an early age
D) engineering in the US is not considered to be a
B) many children are being unfairly directed into a competitive field of study
career in engineering
E) many of them fail to acquire an adequate
C) the mathematics and science courses in knowledge of mathematics and science at high
schools need to be modernized schools
D) university engineering courses ought to be
upgraded
E) the education of pre-school children is being

given too much importance 25. According to the passage, all school
programmes ----.
A) should be designed to make students aware of

22. The writer points out chat children can, at a the engineering practices and principles
very early age ----.
B) ought to give priority to the sciences
A) be encouraged to take part in after-school
activities C) must encourage children to make creative
designs
B) develop an interest in scientific matters
C) make up their minds to study engineering at D) seem to put the emphasis on the need to
university diversify learning
D) learn something about the basis of E) overlook the fact that all children are different
engineering, which is design
E) be influenced by their school environment
115
2004 KASIM KPDS
Why are people prejudiced? Not surprisingly, 3. One theory referred to in the passage, suggests
theories of prejudice have tended to focus on the that man's innate fear of what is rarely
more extreme forms of prejudice, in particular
encountered or little known----.
when there is aggression and violence. At the turn
of the last century, it was popular to consider A) may play a role in creating prejudices
prejudice to be an innate and instinctive reaction
to certain categories of person (e.g certain races) B) prevents him from developing his social
much as animals would react in instinctive ways to possibilities
one another. This sport of approach is no longer
popular, as it doesn't stand up well to scientific C) is an aspect of his character that relates him
scrutiny However there may be an innate very closely to the rest of the animal world
component to prejudice. There is some evidence
that higher anirnals, including humans, haye an D) is far less strong now than formerly
inherent fear of the unfamilier and unusual, which
E) has helped to make society more uniform
might set the' mould for negative attitudes towards
groups that are considered different in certain
ways. There is also evidence for a mere exposure
effect, in which, people's attitudes towards various
stimuli (e.g. other people) ,lmprove as a direct
function of repeated. exposure ör familiarity with
the stimulus, provided, that initial reactions to the
stimuli are not negâtive. Another perspective rests 4. We learn from the passage that the "mere
on the belief that prejudices are leamed Indeed, it exposure effect" occurs when----.
has been argued that hatre and suspicion of
certain groups are learned.early in life, before.the A) opposing groups agree to meet each other half
child even knows anything about the target group way
and that this provides an emotional framework
B) individuals start to copy the behaviour pattems
that colours all subsequent information about, and
experience with, the group. of the people they are with
C) people learn to face the fact that their

prejudices are without foundation
D) repeated contact with a particular group leads

to a better understanding of that group
1. According to the passage, at the beginning of E) people can admit that their first reactions were
the 20th century, Prejudice was generally f too extreme
regarded ---.
A) in very much the same way as it is now
B) as a natural and intuitive response
C) as something that had to be corrected
D) as inevitable and therefore acceptable 5. According to the passage, certain studies

suggest that prejudice against various groups
E) as an outcome of parental conditioning of society----.
A) is on the increase simply because it is

receiving too much attention
2. it is clear from the passage that studies on B) develops early in life, even before any real
prejudice---. contact has been made with them
A) often spring from animal behaviour C) could best be overcome by keeping children
unaware of it
B) suggest that most children adopt the
prejudices of their parents D) is largely racial in character
C) have finally established that it is innate E) has only resulted in violence on very rare
occasions
D) aim to discover how they can be overcome
E) have usually concentrated on the more

destructive expressions of it
116
By the earty 19th century the eminent French 8. it is clear from the passage that Cuvier----.
zoologist Georges Cuvier believed he had found
rock-solid evidence for the biblical great flood. A) adopted an indifferent attitude towards the
While studying the geological strata around Paris, attacks of his critics
Cuvier foundthat fossils of sea creatures in one
ancient layer of chalk were overlaid by those of B) was greatly influenced by Hutton's theory
land creatures. Then just as abruptly the layer conceming the Earth's formation
above contained sea creatures again, with the top
layer showing evidence of a vast and rapid C) was particularly interested in marine fossils
inundation around present-day Paris. Cuvier and concentrated on them for research
regarded these sudden changes in the fossil purposes
record as evidence for sudden Catastrophes
which devastated life on Earth, of which the great D) interpreted his fossil discoveries as indications
flood was just the most recent example. Cuvier's of major catastrophes similar to the great flood
discoverie's, published in 1812 won support from
a large number of eminent scientists such as the E) had devoted years of research to establishing
geologist Sir James Hall However there were a that the biblical great flood had actually
few who were deeply sceptical, pointing out that occurred
the evidence of a global flood was far from
conclusive. Most sceptical of all were the followers
of the Scottish geologist James Hutton. In 1795 he
had published atwo-volume text based on the
view that the slow steady processes that shape 9. According to the passage, Cuvier's critics-----.
our planet today,such as erosion,werw also
crucially important in the distant past. A) were extremely jealous of his discoveries near
Paris
B) felt that there was insufficient geological

evidence to confırm that the biblical great flood
6. We learn from the passage that many
ever had occurred
scientists----.
C) regarded erosion as only a minor geological
A) gave full support to Çuvier's view that the great
process
flood had actually laken place
D) were also equally opposed to the views
B) were not at all impressed by Cuvier's
expressed by Hutton
discoveries in the Paris area
E) certainly believed there had been a global
C) followed up Cuvier's excavations of marine
flood but did not regard his discoveries as
fossils
scientifically important
D) were, like Cuvier, engaged in a search for
evidence of the great flood
E) ceased to be sceptical of the great flood once

Sir James Hail had given his support to Cuvier 10. As we learn from the passage, Hutton's theory
was that---.
A) long-term geological change, such as erosion,

had been of paramount importance in the
7. it is pointed.out in the passage, that in the Earth's history
course of excavations near Paris Cuvier----.
B) erosion was the single most important cause of
A) slowly came to recognize the geological geological change on Earth
significance of the biblical great flood
C) some geological processes, such as erosion,
B) was particularly surprised that there were were relatively recent in the history of the Earth
chalk formations in the area
D) our planet had been subjected to countless
C) was slow to recognize the geological catastrophies in the distant past
importance of marine fossils
E) the formation of our planet was the outcome of
D) grew interested in the fossils of sea creatures different processes in different places
only after he came across a second layer
E) discovered altemating layers of fossils relating

to sea and land creatures
117
No child is too young to play and therefore to 13. As wecan see from the passage, the writer is
engage in engineering, even though it is of a careful---.
primitive kind. We all did so as children ourselves
when we devised our own toys and games and A) not to exaggerate the importance of creative
sometimes even imaginary friends to enjoy them play to a child
with us. the idea of playfulness is embedded in
engineering through the concepts of invention and B) to list all areas that are of concem to an
design. Not that engineering is trivial; rather, the engineer
heart of the activity is to give imagination its
freedom to dream and turn those dreams into C) to show how slowly a child's mental capacity
reality. Children do experience the essence of develops
engineering in their earliest activities, yet there is
seldom any recognition that this is the case. They D) not to offend engineers by his comparison
may hear the word "engineer" only in connection
E) to avoid using technical terminology in the
with railroad locomotives and have no idea that
their playful activity coul become a lifelong passage
profession. Engineers themselves are
understandably reluctant to equate their
professional activity with meer child's play. After all,
they studied long and hard to master comlicated
knowledge of atoms and molekules, stresses and
strains, heat and power, current and voltages, bits
and bytes. they use computers for serious 14. it is suggested in the passage that children ----.
modelling and calculation, not for fun and games,
They design and build real towers and bridges that A) are not aware of the fact that in their games
test the limits of reliability and safety, not toy ones they are involved in some kind of engineering
that totter and fall down with little consequence. activity
B) should be constantly encouraged to play

games that involve engineering techniques
11. The main point the wrîter is making in this C) love to imitate the activities that go on around
passage is that ----. them
A) man has practised engineering ever since D) are incapable of imaginative thinking
primitive times
E) have a primitive perception of life
B) some children are born to be engineers
C) children and engineers both have the capacity

to imagine and create
D) reliability and safety are minor details for the
professional engineer
15. According to the passage, what children and
E) any engineering fault in design ör calculation engineers have in common are----.
does have serious conseguences
A) reliability and safety
B) experience and knowledge
C) invention and design

12. One point stressed in the passage is that D) modelling and calculation
professional engineering ----.
E) recognition and reallty
A) is very different from all other scientific
activities
B) reguires more imagination than technical

knowledge and calculation
C) makes little use of theoretical knowledge
D) gives priority to design rather than to invention
E) covers a vast field of involved or intricate

subjects of wide scope
118
Europe and Japan do not use fuel economy 18. According to the passage, the combined federal
standards to any significant degree, but instead and state taxes on gas in the US ----.
rely principally on high taxes to reduce gas
consumption. Their average tax i is more than $2 A) have exceeded those currently in use in
per gallon, while in the US, federal gas taxes are Europe
only 18 EURO per gallon and average state taxes
22 euro per gallon. Higher prices at the pump B) Are so high that they have forced Japanese
rusulting from higher taxes increase consumer car manufacturers to change their production
demand for cars with better fuel economy. They strategies
aslo encouarege consumers to reduce their driving.
Research shows that federal taxes on gasoline C) have become a major public concern
would have to increase by a bit less than 50 euro
per gallon to cut gasoline consumptin in the US. D) have suddenly caused fuel prices to rise
Although a 50 euro incerase is a lot compared with sharply
the present average total tax of 40 euro, it would
raise retail gas prices to only a little more than $2 E) amount to much less than the tax paid in
per gallon, tax included. This is far below prices in Japan
europe and Jaan. even if federal taxes on gas were
doubled, US retail gas prices would still be much
below those in other developed natşions.
19. We learn from the passage that one effect of
higher taxes on fuel----.
16. According to the passage, efforts have been A) has been a great deal of uneasiness and even
made ----. anger among consumers
A) to compare the levels of fuel consumption as B) has been a noticeable drop in car sales
well as fuel prices in Europe everywhere
B) to assess what price increases would lead to a C) has been to draw attention to a much wider
significant reduction in fuel consumption in the range of energy sources
US D) is an increased demand for vehicles which
C) to give more appeal to public transport consume less fuel
D) to establish what vehicle types consume less E) is that Europe's production of fuel-economy
fuel vehicles has increased remarkably
E) to develop fuel-efficient vehicles for sale in the

US
20. One point stressed in the passage is that fuel
prices in Jhe US, ----.
A) which inciude both federal and state taxes, are

17. It is clear from the passage that Japan's
expected to rise considerably
strategy to keep fuel consumption down ---.
B) which have been increasing steadily for quite
A) Depends largely on the high taxation of fuel
some time now, have almost equalled those in
B) has been greatly criticized by the public Japan and even Europe
C) has not been as effective as was originally C) even if the taxes were to be increased
envisaged considerably, would stili be much lower than in
other industrialized countries
D) has set an example that Europe is now
adopting D) which have not risen for a long time, seem
likely to remain stable
E) has had no effect upon the country's car
production technologies E) where consumers go for cars with better fuel
economy, have caused no change in driving
habits
119
Throughout his workinq life, Shakespeare worked 23. it is clear ,from the passage that Shakespeare,
as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little during his earty years in London, ----.
about his first years in London, For a few years
between 1585 and 1592 his name disappears A) gained experience as an actor by appearing in
altogether from the public records, and the most a huge variety of parts
likelt reason for this is that, for at least some of this
time, he was working for one of the city's acting B) was encouraged to write plays by Alleyn and
companies; as a junior member he would not be Burbage
listed among the troupe's principal playres. In the
late 1580s theatrical activity in london was largely C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of plays
concentrated in shoreditch and Southwark, districts
D) preferred living in Southwark to Shoreditch
of london. Shakespeara could have lived
anywhere, but Shoreditch, which would have been E) was little known as an actor though he was
cheap and convenient, is a likely candidate for a
probably acting
young actor. In his early career Shakespeare may
have moved from troupe to troupe in order to
survive. Whatever the case, working conditions
must have been similar. Sundays, religious
holidays and disasters aside, a company would
perform a different play each afternoon of the
week, though some plays would be repeated in the
weeks ahead. An actor usually had to keep at least 24. We understand from the passage that in the
30 parts in his memory and a leading player such late 16th century ----.
as Alleyn or Burbage must have kept in mind
nearly 5,00 lines a week. A) it was illegal to hold theatrical performances on
religious days
B) Shoreditch and Southwark were heavily

populated, commercial districts
21. According to the passage, in Shakespeare's
C) there was apparently a great deal of public
time, ----.
interest in the theatres
A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a
D) the popularity of Alleyn and Burbage was
great many roles each week
already on the decline
B) there was no theatrical activity anywhere in
E) working conditions in the theatres varied
England except for London
enormously
C) leading actors would only agree to appear in
certain roles
D) an acting company usually staged a new play

25. it was clear frorm the passage that, for
each week
Shakespeare, they years in London up to 1592 -
E) acting was regarded as an immoral occupation ----.
A) were times of hardship and uncertainty
B) were a period of widespread public recognition

22. We learn from the passage that, in
Shakespeare's London, theatres ----. C) marked a tuming point in his life
A) competed with each other to get Alleyn or D) brought many great changes and opportunities
Burbage in their troupe
E) were the period during which he established a
B) were normally öpen to the public six lifelong friendship with Alleyn and Burbage
afternoons a week
C) provided actors with a comfortable and

profıtable way of life
D) were rather like drama schools and they

trained actors
E) all had their own leading players
120
2005 MAYIS KPDS

For two decades after World War II, mass 3. By the phrase "mass customization", as it is
production reigned supreme. Mass-production used in the passage, is meant the production of
techniques pushed companies into standardized
goods ----.
products, long product life cycles, and rigid
manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency and low A) in very large quantities and for general use
cost over flexibility. Special orders cost more. But
today's consumers are very choosy. They want B) to meet standardized specifications which will
quality, value and products specially tailored to please everyone
their needs, but always at the lowest possible
price. For now mass customization has come to C) at high speed regardless of cost
the fore. Mass customization uses information
D) designed to have a long life
technology to produce and deliver products and
services designed to fit the specifications of E) designed to meet the specific needs of
individual customers. Companies can customize
individual customers
products in quantities as small as one with the
same speed and low cost as mass-production
methods. Mass-customization systems use
information taken from the customer to control the
flow of goods.
4. According to the passage, presentday

customers ----.
A) are encouraged to buy ready-made goods

available in the shops
1. We learn from the passage that mass
production ----. B) are pleased far more easily than customers
were in the past
A) has now regained its previous popularity
C) do not attach much importance to production
B) was the leading method of production in the
methods
twenty years or so that followed World War II
D) specify what they want and insist on getting it
C) can easily be adapted to meet the needs of
individual customers E) rarely distinguish between standardized and
non-standardized goods
D) can be very profitable because of the wide
appeal of its goods
E) gives priority to quality and longevity in the

goods produced but ignores aesthetic qualities
5. The point is made in the passage that mass

customization ----.
2. We learn from the passage that one of the
A) is no more costly and no more timeconsuming
characteristics of mass production is ----.
than mass production
A) the need to please every customer
B) is a system that dates back to the end of World
B) a disregard for flexibility War ll
C) a disregard for cost-effectiveness C) has actually never been as popular as mass
production
D) to take into consideration the specifications
given by individual customers D) is primarily concerned with efficiency but
overlooks quality
E) the rescheduling of production as the need
arises E) does not attach much importance to flexibility
121
Before the Polish-born French-American 8. It is clear from the passage that Mandelbrot ----.
mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his mark
on the world, scientists liked to forget about the A) only began to work on the concept of
imperfections and irregularities of nature. The study roughness at a later stage in his career
of perfect squares, triangles and planes had
dominated their field for over 2,000 years, since the B) finds the concept of roughness immensely
Greek geometer Euclid wrote maths' oldest treatise exciting, and apparent in widely different areas
"Elements" and provided us with the tools to
measure these flawlessly smooth shapes. Early C) worked on the concept of roughness because
question about how to measure the real shape of a he wanted to prove that Euclid's theories were
tree, a coastline or anything with a rough edge contradictory
could not be tackled by Euclidean geometry and
had therefore been ignored. But Mandelbrot D) didn't discover fractal geometry but worked to
changed all this when he invented fractal geometry, extend its uses
which enables us to measure roughness. "My
whole career has been one long, ardent pursuit of E) has still to convince the scientific world of the
the concept of roughness", he says. "The value of fractal geometry
roughness of clusters in the physics of disorder, of
turbulent flows, of exotic noises, of chaotic
dynamical systems, of the distribution of galaxies,
of coastlines, of stock-price charts and of
mathematical constructions."
9. One point made in the passage is that
Euclidean geometry ----.
A) has led to a better appreciation of the

6. It is clear from the passage that, before
irregularities in nature
Mandelbrot's concepts attracted the attention
of the scientific world, ----. B) has had to be modified in the light of new
discoveries
A) mathematics followed the lead of Euclid and
concentrated on regular shapes C) has been shown to be invalid
B) everyone felt that Euclidean geometry was D) is not universally applicable

inadequate
E) doesn't deserve the respect it has enjoyed for
C) scientists relied on Euclidean geometry to 2,000 years
measure trees and exotic noises
D) Mandelbrot almost lost confidence in the

concept of roughness
E) Mandelbrot was careful to limit the scope of his

studies into roughness 10. According to the passage, fractal geometry ----.
A) makes possible the measurement of anything
with a rough edge
7. According to the passage, Euclidean geometry
can, in a way, be regarded as having had a B) is actually, as regards method, very similar to
negative effect upon the development of Euclidean geometry
mathematics because it ----.
C) is merely an extension of Euclidean geometry
A) can be neither substantiated nor disproved
D) is well on the way to replacing Euclidean
B) is too involved with measurement geometry entirely
C) makes the investigation of roughness E) is just one of several remarkable innovations
impossible propounded by Mandelbrot
D) is far too comprehensive
E) put forward the concept of roughness
122
Therapists have to be very careful before they 13. We learn from the passage that, in the
make a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A great Watergate affair, US attorney general John
many complaints are founded on fact. It is possible
Mitchell ----.
that a patient is really being harassed at work, that
her husband is deceiving her, or that her business A) was criminally involved in the break-in at the
partner is cheating her. Indeed, therapists must be Democratic campaign headquarters
careful not to mislabel facts as delusions, a trap
known as "the Martha Mitchell effect". Martha B) was made to appear as the leading wrongdoer
Mitchell was the wife of former US attorney general
John Mitchell. In October 1972, he was accused of C) asked the press to interview his wife
having ordered the break-in at the Democratic
D) advised President Nixon on the legal
campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in
Washington, D.C. Mrs Mitchell repeatedly told the procedure
press that her husband was being made a
E) was anxious that his wife should not get
scapegoat to protect the real culprit - President
Richard M. Nixon. The White House spread involved with the press
disinformation about Mrs Mitchell, saying she had a
drinking problem and implying that her statements
were delusional. When the scandal was ultimately
unravelled, Mrs Mitchell's statements were proved
true and she was shown to be utterly sane and with
no drinking problem.
14. According to the passage, Mrs Mitchell's
statements about her husband ----.
A) were disregarded by the press
B) were imaginary rather than factual

11. The passage draws attention to the fact that ----.
C) were, in fact, true but deliberately denied
A) John Mitchell had indeed violated the law on
D) convinced President Nixon that his attorney
several occasions
general was innocent
B) it can sometimes be difficult for therapists to
E) were examined by therapists on a regular
distinguish between fact and delusion
basis
C) President Nixon had never trusted his attorney
general
D) Mrs Mitchell had always been subject to

delusions
15. It is clear from the passage that, by "the Martha
E) complaints always have a foundation in fact Mitchell effect" is meant ----.
A) the labelling of facts as delusions
B) Mrs Mitchell's loyal support of her husband
C) the use of a wife's evidence against her

12. We understand from the passage that Mrs
husband
Mitchell ----.
D) the unravelling of the Watergate scandal
A) was often treated by therapists on account of
her delusions E) the giving of false testimony at a trial
B) did indeed have a drinking problem
C) was indifferent to the disinformation spread by

the White House
D) was unjustly portrayed as suffering from

delusions
E) displayed little interest in the Watergate affair
123
Recent activity in several US church communities 18. According to the passage, though a fair number
has seemed almost unbelievable: churchgoers of young people have felt a vague, temporary
have gathered around huge fires and cheered as
interest in magic, ----.
they cast Harry Potter books into the flames. They
fear that the incredibly popular series about a A) it has always been easy to convince them of its
school for young wizards is spurring children and dangers
adolescents toward a life of witchcraft and onto the
dangerous path toward Satanism. For these B) few have become seriously involved
congregations, J.K. Rowling's books are none other
than the work of the devil herself. To most people, C) they have never, in any way, been harmed by
however, the Harry Potter books and films are it
merely compelling adventure stories, not a threat to
children's psyches. But what has been forgotten in D) most do not even know the meaning of
the excitement of "Pottermania" is that boys and Satanism
girls have been fascinated by magic and sorcery
for generations. Surveys about magical practices E) this never continues into adolescence
among adolescents vary widely, but some indicate
that as many as 44 per cent have shown some
slight, passing interest in it. Although satanically
motivated violence occasionally makes headlines,
research shows that less than 5 per cent of young
people take part in more extensive witchcraft, and
very few end up in the kind of organized devil 19. In the passage, though the writer does not want
worship that can lead to such acts as ritual murder. to make a big issue of the matter of witchcraft,
he --.
A) would like more surveys and studies to be

carried out on it
16. The attitude of the writer of the passage
towards the burning of the Harry Potter books B) feels it should receive more publicattention
by various church communities is -----. C) admits that it can, on occasion, lead to terrible
A) an understanding one, as many young people events
have been led astray by these books D) hopes that "Pottermania" will soon die out of its
B) one of deep anger own accord
C) sympathetic as basically he believes they are E) believes that all cases of satanically motivated
right about the ill-effects of the Harry Potter violence should make the headlines and so
books serve as warnings
D) one of amazement at their response
E) one of repulsion at their hysteria and

fanaticism
20. According to the passage, those who burn the
Harry Potter books ----.
A) have previously burned other popular books
17. One point emphasized in the passage is that B) are actually indulging in a form of witchcraft
the interest of young people in magic ----. themselves
A) is no more dangerous than their love of C) mostly do so without having first read the
adventure books
B) needs to be recognized by society and firm D) are being accused, quite unfairly, of displaying
action taken extremist attitudes
C) really is largely due to the Harry Potter stories E) do so because they believe these books
encourage young people to turn to witchcraft
D) is by no means a new development
E) should be encouraged as it is perfectly

harmless
124
Why does sea water taste salty? It is a question 23. One aim of the writer in this passage is to make
that has been asked by countless people down the people realize that ----.
ages. And the answer seems straightforward: rain
constantly erodes the surface of the Earth, washing A) it is dangerous to interfere with the balance of
a mix of natural chemicals into rivers and thence nature
into the sea. The most water-soluble and abundant
of these just happen to taste salty. All very simple. B) everything in the universe has an explanation
Or is it? After all, erosion has been taking place for
millions of years, dumping ever more of these salty C) many of the facts about various planets are
compounds into the sea, yet the concentration is exceedingly boring
still far below the saturation level. So the real
D) all the seas in the world will eventually be like
mystery is not why the sea tastes salty, but why it
isn’t utterly packed with salt, and as lifeless as the the Dead Sea
Dead Sea. Here is another curious thing about our
E) what may seem simple and straightforward
planet. Its atmosphere has existed for billions of
years, and yet it still contains a mix of highly may actually not be so
reactive gases like oxygen and methane. Why
haven’t they setlled down into a boring unreactive
atmosphere like that of Mars or Venus?
24. It is clear from the passage that writer often

21. According to the passage, the most important wonders about why ----.
and fascinating question about salt and the sea
is: ----? A) certain gases are not highly reactive
A) why do certain natural elements taste salty? B) there is no end to the chemicals that are
carried into the sea
B) how much salt is there in the sea
C) the world is as it is
C) how does the salt get to the sea
D) people are not attracted to the Dead Sea
D) when will the salt in the sea reach saturation
level E) the atmosphere of Mars is similar to that of
Venus
E) why isn’t the sea more salty
25. The phrase “just happen to” supports the

22. One point made in the passage is that writer’s view of the world as a place ----.
unanswered questions about the world and the
A) where many phenomena remain inexplicable
universe ----.
B) where everything goes according to a master
A) will, at some point in the future, be answered
plan
in a satisfactory manner
C) where most occurences have a logical
B) are now very few in number
explanation
C) are unimportant and can be ignored
D) of continuous and relentless change
D) help to highlight the mysteries of the world
E) of little interest to anyone who is interested in
E) are only of interest to scientists science
125
2005 KASIM KPDS
Family-owned companies are bad for business, a 3. We learn from the passage that the "control
new study argues - at least when they dominate a pyramids" ----.
large portion of a country's economy. Outside the
United States and Britain most major corporations A) offer smaller companies a much-needed
are in the hands of a few wealthy families, rather guidance
than, as in the US and Britain, being owned by a
wide network of shareholders. The power of these B) are in general very beneficial
small families often extends far beyond the
companies they own directly, thanks to a system C) depict the system of management within a
of "control pyramids" in which they exercise large corporation
indirect control over a large number of smaller
D) characterize all family businesses whether
companies. This concentration of corporate power
doesn't merely leave a high percentage of wealth large or small
in the hands of billionaires – it also retards growth,
E) tend to restrict growth and lower efficiency
diminishes efficiency, and limits economic
freedom. Moreover, "a tiny elite that cannot be
sacked," as the study puts it, is likely to pursue
"economic entrenchment", in which property rights
and financial openness are restricted to protect a
few families' economic and political prerogatives
or rights.
4. By the "tiny elite that cannot be sacked" of the
passage is meant ----.
A) families running small businesses at the base

1. The aim of the passage is to ----. of the "control pyramids"
A) highlight the different ways in which business B) the non-family share-holders

is carried on in the US and in Britain C) the high-ranking employees of the big
B) compare small family businesses and large corporations
corporations D) the few billionaire families who own and rule
C) present the findings of a research project into the major corporations
the nature of large, family-owned corporations E) families without economic and political
D) discredit the practices of big business, prerogatives
especially when shareholders are involved
E) contradict the conclusions of a study into the

practices of large, family-owned corporations
5. It is clear from the passage that a major aim of

2. We understand from the passage that in Britain the big family companies is to ----.
and the US, the larger companies ----.
A) preserve the status quo that is, their own
A) are constantly merging to create even larger wealth and power
companies
B) increase their political power and play a role in
B) frequently extend their control over smaller policy making
corporations
C) make the business world more competitive
C) are characterized by much financial openness
D) reduce the powers of their shareholders
D) are usually owned by shareholders who may
E) encourage the growth of economic freedom
be many in number
throughout the world
E) are highly competitive and growing fast
126
One of the greatest natural catastrophes the world 8. According to the passage, one of the
will ever see could be little more than a decade devastating consequences following a super-
away. The film Supervolcano traces the evolution
eruption would be ----.
of an enormous volcanic eruption - one that not
only wipes out several states of America but that A) the complete destruction of America and
threatens the entire planet. But is such an eruption Britain
really possible? Well, supervolcanoes certainly
aren't fiction. They're a normal part of the way the B) a very long period of excessive cold on earth
Earth works and occur perhaps every 50,000
years. Every statistic associated with a super- C) that deep layers of volcanic ash would cover
eruption is always wildly over-exaggerated. Molten the whole surface of the planet
magma is blasted out at a rate 140 times greater
than the flow of water over the Victoria-Falls. Ash D) the drying-up of all water sources on earth
and gas are thrown more than 50km upwards to
E) a dramatic increase of heat on earth, the result
the edge of space before falling over one percent
of the Earth's surface. Enough ash would pile up of burning gas
on the ground to bury Britain under a blanket 4m
thick. Further, devastating winds carrying burning
gas and red hot ash would scour the land surface
over an area of 10,000 square kilometers. Worst of
all, a super-eruption is followed by a dramatic fall in
global temperatures, leading to years and years of
bitter cold known as a volcanic winter.
9. The writer seems convinced that ----.
A) super-eruptions really do occur at long but

6. We understand from the passage that the film fairly regular intervals
Supervolcano ----.
B) no part of the US could possibly survive a
A) gives a convincing and credible account of an supereruption
imminent super-eruption
C) Britain would be the first region of the planet to
B) has attracted a great deal of attention in the be buried under the ashes of a super-eruption
scientific world
D) A volcanic winter, following a super-eruption,
C) has aroused little interest among the general would wipe out life on earth
public
E) there is no likelihood of a super-eruption
D) focuses on the horrors of a volcanic winter happening in the near future
E) presents a futuristic account of the effects of a
volcanic super-eruption
10. According to the passage, the destruction

caused by a volcanic super-eruption ----.
A) could lead to the break-up of the entire planet .

7. In this dramatic account of the film
Supervolcano, the writer ----. B) could be contained, if not prevented
A) urges the general public to go and see the film C) would be on an unimaginably huge scale
B) is primarily concerned with the measures D) would result largely from the flow of molten
needed to contain a super-eruption magma
C) essentially deals with the causes of a E) can only be guessed at as one has never
supereruption occurred
D) also includes certain specific details
E) is obsessed with the idea that the end of the

world is very near
127
We can only guess when Shakespeare wrote his 13. We understand from the passage that we have
plays. He may have had his own writing "season" no evidence ----.
perhaps in the quieter winter months, but he never
stopped acting, probably taking two or three minor A) as to what sort of parts Shakespeare played
parts instead of a major one. He seems to have
chosen for himself the more static and B) to suggest that Shakespeare was popular in
undemanding roles in his plays, such as old Adam his day
in As You Like It and the Ghost in Hamlet. His
audiences included many habitual playgoers and C) as to whether or not Shakespeare actually did
many must have known Shakespeare and he must rent out his property
have known them. We can imagine, as a recent
D) about when Shakespeare was writing his plays
biographer has said, "that there might have been a
complex, subtle communicative exchange when he E) that the destruction of the Globe had any
appeared in one of his own plays". In spring 1613,
serious impact on Shakespeare's life
he purchased his first property in London. He was
renting it out by 1616, but may originally have
entertained other intentions for the property. It
would certainly have been a handy place to stay,
being near the Globe, which was his theatre.
Perhaps the destruction of the Globe in 1613,
which probably prompted him to sell his share in
the theatre company, altered his plans for it He
may not have given up acting, but his writing career 14. It is suggested in the passage that
was over by the end of that year. In 1614, he Shakespeare, ----.
returned to his hometown, Stratford-upon-Avon,
and died there in 1616. A) as a playwright, preferred tragedies to
comedies
B) as a property owner, got a good income from

his rents
C) as an actor, was often in close contact with his

11. It is suggested in the passage that, when audiences
Shakespeare acted, ----.
D) returned to Stratford-upon-Avon almost as
A) he was always assigned the most crucial parts soon as the Globe was destroyed ,,
B) the audiences were thrilled by his acting E) though he returned to Stratford, very soon
C) the Globe Theatre was always crowded regretted leaving London
D) he could spare very little time for his writing
E) the parts he played were mostly easy,

unimportant ones
15. It is clear from the passage that the Globe

Theatre ----.
A) was partly owned by Shakespeare himself
12. It is pointed out in the passage that, although B) was built on land that Shakespeare had bought
Shakespeare had stopped writing plays by the C) was particularly spacious so as to
end of 1813, ----. accommodate large audiences
A) it seems likely that he continued to act a little D) was the most popular of the London theatres in
longer Shakespeare's time
B) he sometimes revised some of his earlier plays E) was designed and built especially for the
C) he wanted to keep his company intact staging of Shakespeare's plays
D) his company put pressure on him to continue

writing
E) he started again on his return to Stratford-

upon- Avon
128
We should care about dying languages for the 18. The author draws a strong parallel between ----.
same reason that we care when a species of
animal or plant dies. It reduces the diversity of our A) cultural and linguistic diversity
planet. In the case of language, we are talking
about intellectual and cultural diversity, not B) plant and animal species
biological diversity, but the issues are the same. As C) linguistic and biological diversity
a result of decades of environmental publicity and
activism, most people have come to accept that D) environmental and cultural publicity
biodiversity is a good thing. But linguistic diversity
has not enjoyed the same publicity. Diversity E) the uniformity of ecosystems and that of
occupies a central place in evolutionary theory cultures
because it enables a species to survive in different
environments. Increasing uniformity holds dangers
for the long-term survival of a species. The
strongest ecosystems are those which are most
diverse. It has often been said that our success in
colonizing the planet can be accounted for by our
ability to develop diverse cultures which suit
different environments. 19. It is pointed out in the passage that man ----.
A) has developed diverse cultures which are
appropriate for the environment he lives in
B) has always been very much aware of the

16. It is stressed in the passage that biological benefits of biodiversity
diversity ----.
C) has always valued cultural diversity well above
A) is not in any way related to eco-systems biodiversity
B) has received far more attention than linguistic D) has always found it very hard to adapt himself
diversity to any new environment
C) is fast being reduced E) has always felt that cultural uniformity is
D) contributes very little to the survival of plant desirable
and animal species
E) is richer in northern regions than in southern

ones
20. According to the writer, diversity on earth ----.
A) is rapidly becoming reduced owing to a lack of

public interest in it .
17. The point is made in the passage that the B) consists not only of the diversity of species and
survival of species in different environments --- plants but also of languages and cultures
-.
C) has only recently become a research concern
A) is of no real importance except to biologists among environmentalists
B) has been made possible by the continuous D) has encouraged man to exploit his
efforts of man environment
C) has aroused very little interest in the general E) can best be maintained through the
public preservation of different languages
D) has been made possible by diversity
E) bears no relation to the survival of languages

and cultures
129
The discovery of an ancient tomb in modern China 23. According to Professor Rawson in the passage,
is so commonplace that it often annoys as much as China ----.
excites, because it can delay construction for
months or even years. So when archeologists were A) has only recently emerged as an area of
called in fast May to check structures discovered interest for archeologists
during the expansion of a bonemeal factory in a
southern suburb of Beijing, they weren't expecting B) has only just started to publish art objects for
to find anything of great interest. To the the West
archeologists' surprise, the structures were the
remains of two traditional domed tombs, each over C) is noted for its ancient domed tombs with
a thousand years old. One was flooded and badly frescoes
damaged, but the other "contained beautifully-
preserved wall frescoes from the 10th century. "It's D) continues to be very secretive about its
only recently that the Chinese have been archeological finds
publishing artifacts from ancient tombs, and it's
unusual to see them in the Western press," says Dr E) has the finest frescoes anywhere in the world
Jessica Rawson, Professor of Oriental Art and
Archeology at Oxford University.
24. We understand from the passage that only one

of the tombs unearthed during extension work
21. We learn from the passage that the Chinese ----.
at a factory in Beijing ----.
A) show archeologists a great deal of respect
A) attracted the attention of Dr Rawson
B) are very proud of their ancient archeological
B) had a domed roof which was undamaged
heritage
C) could be dated back to the 10th century
C) are very skilled in the art of frescoes
D) revealed frescoes in excellent condition
D) often have mixed feelings when an ancient
tomb is discovered E) caused a delay in the project
E) used to prefer tombs without domes to those

with domes
22. It is clear from the passage that in China today

the progress of a construction work ----. 25. The passage points out that the archeologists
who were called in ----.
A) is very often hindered by the unexpected
discovery of ancient tombs A) were not impressed by the frescoes on the
walls of one of the tombs
B) is frequently supervised by archeologists
B) weren't expecting to discover tombs of such
C) is liable to be delayed for a variety of reasons great value in a suburb of Beijing
D) depends, to a certain extent, on weather C) made ancient tombs their specialty .
conditions
D) had published extensively in the western press
E) often runs parallel with archeological
excavations E) were annoyed by the discovery of two ancient
tombs in Beijing
130
2006 MAYIS KPDS

Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it is a 3. The point is made in the passage that
creative endeavor that begins in the mind’s eye and aesthetic principles ----.
proceeds into new frontiers of thought and action,
where it does not so much find as make new things. A) have no place in an engineer’s design
Just as the poet starts with a blank sheet of paper
and the artist with a blank canvas, so the engineer B) are central to the very best works of art
today begins with a blank computer screen. Until the
C) and creativity are two very different things
outlines of a design are set down, however
tentatively, there can be no appeal to science or to D) cannot be taught or learnt
critical analysis to judge or test the design. Scientific,
rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to E) can infuse life into an ill-conceived poem
inspire, refine and finish a design, but creative things
do not come of applying the principles alone.
Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a
process, scientific facts and laws are of little use to
engineers. Science may be the theater, but
engineering is the action on the stage.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that, once
a poet has achieved the basic core of his
poem, ----.
A) the creative process is complete
1. The writer’s main aim in this passage is to ----. B) he tends to lose interest in it
A) show how many different types of creativity there C) he should wait a while before transcribing it
are onto a blank sheet of paper
B) stress the creative and constructive aspects of D) aesthetic principles may help him to intensify
an engineer’s work and complete it
C) compare and contrast the way poets and E) he must start to examine it for flaws and then
painters work remove them
D) show that literary creativity is superior to the

painter’s creativity
E) establish the fact that it is the engineers’

scientific knowledge that makes him creative
5. According to the writer of the passage, each

act of creativity ----.
A) necessitates the crossing of frontiers and

entry into unknown regions
2. We understand from the passage that, for the
B) is dependent upon a storehouse of closely
engineer, scientific laws ----.
related knowledge
A) only have a role to play after a design has taken
C) arises almost equally out of thought and
some sort of form
inspiration and knowledge
B) are only relevant in details concerning safety
D) has some bearing on other acts of creativity
C) are a constant factor all through the creative
E) in one sphere of endeavour has its
process of design
counterpart in another
D) play an important role only when it comes to
finalizing certain details
E) are rarely applicable at any stage in his projects
131
Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his 8. The term “Gilded Age” as it is used in the
parents, every decade considers itself superior to the passage means ----.
one that came before. Over the past few months, we
of the 2000 decade have made it quite clear that we A) to be admired
are morally heads above those who lived in the
1990s. We’ve done it first by establishing a reigning B) golden age
cliché for that period. Just as the 1960s are known for
C) with moral principles
student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and
the Yuppies, the 1990s will henceforth be known as D) with surface shine
the second Gilded Age. They will be known as the
age when the real problems in the world were E) in bad taste
ignored while the illusions of the dotcom types were
celebrated. It was the age of effortless abundance,
cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only
went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles. Never
before had business leaders enjoyed so much
prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer
mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldn’t be on enough
business-magazine covers; tycoons like him felt free 9. We understand from the passage that, during
to assume the role of global sages, writing books with the 1990s, ----.
such weighty titles as “The Road Ahead.”
A) there was a great deal of student unrest
B) capitalism again fell into disrepute
C) technological advance took the form of

useful gadgets
6. According to the passage, the decade of the D) teenagers grew very critical of their parents
1990s was characterized by ----.
E) business tycoons received undue respect
A) capitalism, blindness and possessions and were indeed almost idolized
B) hard-work, greed and the need to communicate
C) indifference, immorality and selfishness
D) generosity, spontaneity and individuality
E) disagreements, competition and prejudice

10. One point made in the passage is that ----.
A) with each passing decade life gets easier

and more comfortable
B) any hopes of the 2000 decade are not likely

to survive the decade
7. In the opinion of the author of the passage, the
2000 decade ----. C) the business magazines of this decade differ
very little from those of earlier decades
A) differs very little from the decade of Reagan,
Thatcher and the Yuppies D) each new decade regards itself as superior
to the previous one
B) inherited a failing global economy from the
previous decade E) the real problems of each decade are
essentially the same
C) is far more moral than the preceding one
D) still admires the values of the business leaders of

the 1990s and the books they wrote
E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and

more like previous decades
132
BBC4, a comparatively new TV channel, has a 13. Before he took over the running of BBC4,
character of its own. From the start it aimed to be “a Roly Keating ----.
place to think”, and it was always designed as
something “that the commercial market would never A) was involved in commercial TV enterprises
do”, says Roly Keating, its controller and formerly
head of arts at the BBC. Its first week’s schedule B) was criticized because his programmes were
indeed verged on a parody of non-commercial TV, too intellectual and too serious
with township opera from South Africa and a
performance by a Senegalese singer in a London C) was a severe critic of the BBC1 channel
church hall. A top-rated show will typically draw some D) had taken a firm stand against the trend to
50,000 viewers – almost negligible in television
let ratings dictate programming
terms. Yet that narrow appeal makes BBC4 a model
of what a publicly financed broadcaster ought to do. It E) was arts director at the BBC
has roamed into territory where its ratings-driven
sister channel, BBC1, seldom dares to tread. Despite
a tiny 35m budget, it boasts an intelligent prime-time
talk show and a world news programme so
internationally minded that its London provenance is
barely visible. BBC4 may wear its gravity a little too
heavily at times, but it supplies a variety and
thoughtfulness unavailable on prime time BBC1. The
more the other BBC channels chase the ratings, and 14. According to the passage, the programmes
the more that BBC4 refuses to be dictated to by BBC4 has to offer ----.
them, the more the channel looks like a model for
what BBC television could look like. A) rarely come up to expectations
B) are varied, unusual and thought-provoking
C) are mostly news programmes and

11. It is clear from the passage that, since BBC4 is Londonorientated
publicly financed, it ----.
D) are attracting very large numbers of viewers
A) has to give viewers the kind of programmes they
want E) constitute a close rival for BBC1 as regards
ratings
B) has a large budget with which to work
C) is under no pressure to attract large numbers of

viewers
D) is under an obligation to offer a great variety of

programme 15. It is clear that the writer of the passage ----.
E) is often severely criticized for the subjectivity of A) feels BBC4 has not lived up to its aim to be
its news programmes “a place to think”
B) regards BBC4’s budget of £35m as

excessive
C) would like to see the BBC1 channel closed

down
12. In the passage, BBC1 is described as being
“ratings-driven”; this means ----. D) is very impressed by the performance of the
BBC4 channel
A) it is obliged to put on popular programmes
E) was full of admiration for BBC4’s choice of
B) its appeal is a very narrow one programme for the first week
C) it sees BBC4 as its greatest rival
D) it feels very secure and can take risks
E) it never experiments or tries out a new type of

programme
133
The natives of the Lewis Island know wind – 18. According to the passage, Lewis Island ----.
sometimes too well. Every winter the Atlantic gales
come blasting across the northern tip of Scotland’s A) has the climate and conditions favourable to
Outer Hebrides. The wind hardly slows down even agriculture
after striking land; in the island’s marshy interior,
gusts regularly exceed 160kph. Everyone stays B) suffers more than any other island in
indoors but the sheep. Tourists arrive in summer, Scotland’s Outer Hebrides from Atlantic
lured by mild temperatures and unspoiled gales
countryside; even so, there’s rarely a calm day. “The
weather here is changeable”, says Nigel Scott, C) will undergo many important changes unless
spokesman for the local government. “But the wind is a wind farm is established there
constant”. The brutal climate could finally be Lewis’s
salvation. The place has been growing poorer and D) may one day be home to Europe’s largest
more desolate for generations, as young people seek wind farm
sunnier prospects elsewhere. But now the energy
industry has discovered the storm-swept island. The E) has an aging population that regards the
multinationals AMEC and British Energy are talking windfarm scheme with distrust
about plans to erect some 300 outsize wind turbines
across a few thousand hectares of moorland. If the
500 million-pound project goes through, the array will
be Europe’s largest wind farm, capable of churning
out roughly 1 per cent of Britain’s total electrical
needs – and generating some badly needed jobs and
cash for the people of Lewis. 19. If the energy industry carries out the Project
described in the passage and sets up 300
wind turbines on Lewis, ----.
16. We understand from the passage that, in
A) maintenance costs due to the gale force
summer, the island of Lewis ----.
winds could cause financial failure
A) attracts visitors as nature there has remained
B) the young people will want to leave their
unspoiled
much loved island
B) enjoys a warm, wind-free climate
C) there will be a shortage of land for the sheep
C) is one of the most attractive of the islands that to graze on
make up the Outer Hebrides
D) other windswept coastlines throughout
D) has little to offer its inhabitants by way of a living Europe will probably follow suit
other than fishing
E) these will provide Britain with roughly of 1
E) can offer its inhabitants even less in the way of a per cent of her total electrical needs
livelihood than it can in the winter
20. According to the passage, if the proposed

17. It’s clear from the passage that for a long time
wind farm is set up on Lewis, ----.
now the young people of Lewis ----.
A) this could make the island unattractive to
A) have been looking forward to the establishment
summer visitors
of a wind farm on their island
B) the idea could spread rapidly to
B) have been leaving the island intent on finding a
neighbouring islands
better way of life elsewhere
C) this will open up much needed employment
C) have realized that the island’s most valuable
opportunities for the islanders
asset is its climate
D) it will only function efficiently in the winter
D) have been reluctant to leave the island on a
months
permanent basis
E) the costs will be shared equally by AMEC
E) feel no sympathy for the old traditions and ways
and British Energy
of life of the island
134
In this century, the wealth and success of nations will 23. It is clear from the passage that science and
depend like never before on the ability to produce the application of science ----.
and use knowledge. Universities have long been
instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But A) will not help to further global awareness
in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of
rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a B) is largely confined within the universities
set of new challenges and how best to prepare their
C) has grown so complex that it is beyond the
students for the coming decades. Universities will
need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global understanding of all but a very few
awareness will play an important role. They also D) cannot go on advancing at this rate
need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the
accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific E) is opening up startling new possibilities
and technological advances. We are on the brink of
once-in-human-history progress in combating
disease through the application of modern science.
Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will
tell you with substantial predictive power how long
you will live and from what diseases you are likely to
suffer. The Internet and the application of information 24. The writer of the passage seems convinced
technology may well represent the most profound that the current rapid developments in
change in the way knowledge is disseminated since science and technology ----.
the printing press. We are close to understanding the
first second of the history of the cosmos. A) will be accompanied by new problems
B) cannot go on much longer
C) will bring more harm than good

21. According to the passage, universities are
underan obligation to ensure that their students -- D) are largely concentrated in the field of
--. medicine
A) have the chance to work alongside foreign E) are beyond the grasp of most people in most
students countries
B) are equipped to deal with the changing

conditions of the coming decades
C) are introduced to international perspectives in

every area of study
D) are taught not specific facts as much as broad

ways of thinking 25. The phrase, “once-in-human-history
progress” is saying ----.
E) all have a good grounding in science and
technology A) we cannot expect or, indeed, hope for such
progress ever to happen again
22. One point that is given considerable emphasis in B) this is only the first of many spurts of
the passage is ----. progress
A) the need of all students to get acquainted with C) this is the first instance of a widespread
foreign cultures and global issues application of science
B) that the universities have a commitment to the D) there has never been such progress ever
pursuit of truth for its own sake before and there may not be again
C) that the universities are in a position to further E) this is the highest possible peak of progress
greater global integration
D) the incredible speed with which knowledge is

increasing
E) that universities must stick to the values that

have made them successful in the past
135
2006 KASIM KPDS

Unlike the older forms of occultism, such as magic 3. As we learn from the passage, occult practices
and astrology, organized occultism is a modern in our time ----.
phenomenon. Few of the various organized occult
movements have existed for more than 150 years; A) are particularly widespread among people who
some were formed as a belated countermovement follow rational schools of thought
to the Enlightenment, when people began to follow
rational schools of thought. Today’s occult views B) have mostly focused on the mysteries of
are based on the idea that there are events within telepathy and telekinesis
nature, as well as within one’s spiritual life, which
seem mysterious and cannot be explained by C) essentially stem from the occult movements of
science. Examples include extrasensory the past
perceptions such as telepathy and telekinesis, and
haunted places or people. Believers maintain that D) are concerned with phenomena which are
these phenomena stem from unknown powers thought to be scientifically inexplicable
that can often be accessed only by some people
with special abilities. E) seem to benefit from science in explaining
natural phenomena
1. We understand from the passage that

adherents of occultism claim that certain
4. It is implied in the passage that magic and
people ----.
astrology ----.
A) have extraordinary talents that allow them to
A) have failed as occult practices in explaining
have contact with the unknown
extrasensory perceptions
B) practise magic and explain events by means of
B) are forms of occultism which can be traced
astrological signs
back into the past
C) were the pioneers of the anti-enlightenment
C) lost their significance with the rise of
movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth
rationalism during the Enlightenment
centuries
D) did not exist as occult practices prior to the
D) can tell us what places are haunted and why
Enlightenment
E) can teach others what extrasensory
E) have always been used in order to
perceptions are
communicate with unknown powers
2. According to the passage, some of the

organized occult movements in the past came
5. It is obvious from the passage that occultism---.
into being----.
A) contributes enormously to a more
A) as a result of various magical and astrological
comprehensive understanding of nature
practices
B) has gained far more popularity in modern
B) since people in the past were seriously
times than in the past
concerned about their extrasensory
perceptions C) is an unscientific practice that doesn’t rely on
rationality
C) because the public was not satisfied with
scientific explanations of events in nature D) can fully explain the spiritual side of humanity
D) due to the assumption that many phenomena E) derives a great deal from magic and astrology
in nature were related to man’s spiritual life
E) in reaction to the rational thinking style that

characterized the Enlightenment
136
The assumption that a person’s attitudes 8. It is pointed out in the passage that, during
determine his or her behaviour is deeply ingrained their travels, the professor and the Chinese
in Western thinking, and in many instances the
couple ----.
assumption holds. However, research has shown
that the relationship between attitudes and A) were often harassed by the proprietors
behaviour is complex. A classic study conducted
during the 1930s was the first to question the link. B) were doing research to find out whether a
A white professor travelled across the US with a person’s behaviour affects his or her attitudes
young Chinese couple. At that time, there was
quite strong prejudice against Asians, and there C) encountered discriminatory behaviour only on
were no laws against racial discrimination. The one occasion
three travellers stopped at over 200 hotels, motels
and restaurants, and were served at all the D) were not upset at all by the proprietors’ racist
restaurants and all but one of the hotels and attitudes
motels without problem. Later, a letter was sent to
all of the establishments visited, asking them E) were extremely surprised by the proprietors’
whether or not they would accept a Chinese prejudice against them
couple as guests. Of the 128 replies received, 92
per cent said they would not. In other words, these
proprietors expressed attitudes that were much
more prejudiced than their behaviour.
9. The point has been made in the passage that
the American people ----.
A) have always been remarkably hospitable to

6. One understands from the passage that the link Asians visiting America
between attitudes and behaviour ----.
B) in the 1930s really did dislike Asians
A) had already been established before the
1930s C) have waged war against racial discrimination
since the 1930s
B) has always been a major topic of
psychological research D) and the Asians have always discriminated
against each other
C) has aroused a great deal of controversy in the
US E) always do their best to provide comfort for their
guests, no matter what their racial background
D) is an area which has been neglected and,
indeed, deserves fresh study
E) is not so definite as has been generally

assumed
10. It is clear from the passage that the replies the

professor received from the proprietors to
whom he sent letters ----.
A) revealed a strong attitude of racial

7. As one concludes from the passage, racial
discrimination against the Chinese
discrimination ----.
B) could not be regarded as an indication of
A) is the way whereby the relationship between
prevalent racism in the US
attitudes and behaviour can best be assessed
C) were not concerned with the interrelationship
B) has always been a major issue in the US and
between one’s attitudes and behaviour
cannot be eradicated
D) were confined only to a very small part of the
C) was a problem of the 1930s in the US, but has
US
now disappeared altogether
E) clearly showed why one’s attitudes determine
D) in the US and the rest of the world can be
one’s behaviour
fought most effectively through legislation
E) was not practised by a great majority of the

proprietors visited by the professor and his
Chinese companions
137
When you stay as a guest in someone’s house, 13. According to the passage, while the narrator
you give up your anonymity. This becomes quite a was in New Zealand, he ----.
challenge if you are the kind of person who
cherishes independence. However, when you and A) tried to find ways whereby he could travel
your host are on the same wavelength, you can independently
have a trip more special than money can buy.
Some years ago when I went to Auckland, New B) had the opportunity to taste the native produce
Zealand, for the first time, my hosts were a couple, unique to the country
about my age, whom I had met while travelling in
Europe. They had a full programme lined up for C) was frustrated with the programme prepared
me. They drove me around and showed me their for him by his hosts
favourite hot springs and also the beach where a
popular TV series had once been filmed. At D) was particularly attracted by the location of a
mealtimes, they introduced me to their favourite popular TV series
restaurants, where I sampled cheeses from south
New Zealand that don’t get exported, and fruits E) did not have enough money to see the other
grown locally. Normally such a tight schedule parts of the country outside Auckland
would make me nervous, but I found myself happily
relinquishing control to my hosts, who truly
understood the pleasures of their native country
and enjoyed sharing them. I couldn’t have
encountered this New Zealand on my own.
14. It is pointed out in the passage that the narrator

and his hosts ----.
A) knew each other before he travelled to New

11. As we understand from the passage, the
Zealand
narrator ----.
B) had made a long journey together across
A) was a person who shamelessly exploited the
many European countries
couple’s hospitality
C) spent a fortune to experience the pleasures of
B) expected his hosts to meet all the expenses of
New Zealand
his sightseeing in and around Auckland
D) were genuinely interested in sampling a large
C) and his hosts had similar tastes and interests,
variety of New Zealand’s food and drinks
which made his trip most enjoyable
E) were independent people who preferred to be
D) was more interested in eating than visiting
on their own
places
E) enjoyed the beginning of the holiday but not

the latter part
15. It is implied in the passage that the narrator

usually likes ----.
12. It is suggested in the passage that a person
with a sense of independence ----. A) local food more than nationally popular food
A) enjoys travelling together with other people B) to be in New Zealand rather than in Europe or
anywhere else
B) can make friends easily while travelling
C) to follow a full programme on his travels
C) soon mixes with other people
D) to see his travels as a challenge
D) wants to be led around by friends who know
the territory E) to travel in a relaxed and leisurely way
E) usually prefers to be anonymous when he or

she travels
138
In Finland now, everything is all right. Fifteen years 18. We understand from the passage that Finland’s
after one of the worst recessions any European population ----.
country has seen, triggered by the collapse of the
Soviet Union, the Finns feel very content. Their A) resents outside interference in its economy
small country of a population of 5 million is the first
in the World Economic Forum’s list of the world’s B) is becoming one of the highest in Europe
most competitive countries, and the second in its
C) is an extremely competitive one when it comes
business-competitiveness index. It is also the first
in the OECD’s world ranking of educational to internal trade
performance and has the second-highest share of D) is now increasing due to a higher birth rate
research-and-development spending in the
European Union. Moreover, the country is E) is not well-educated by European standards
reversing its demographic decline and, hence, its
fertility rate is one of the highest in Europe.
Perhaps best of all the Finns are facing
globalization without paranoia. Theirs is one of the
few European countries to have succeeded in
businesses in which international prices are falling
because of global competition and technological 19. We see from the passage that Finland’s
change. In most of Europe public opinion and even economy ----.
business élites seem gloomily resigned to being
overwhelmed by India and China. Finland suggests A) is by far the strongest in the world
that this fate is not inevitable.
B) remains unaffected by technological change
C) is still undergoing the effects of the fall of the

Soviet Union
D) has had a direct effect on its fertility rate
16. We learn from the passage that, in addition to E) hasn’t always been stable
Finland’s recent economic success, ----.
A) it is also a popular tourist destination
B) it is resigned to being overwhelmed by India
C) it also ranks very high in education
D) it remains in a deep recession 20. According to the passage, one indicator of

Finland’s economic success is its ----.
E) its businesses are not globally competitive
A) experience with recession
B) high ranking within the World Economic Forum
C) paranoia regarding globalization
D) small population
17. It is clear from the passage that Finland’s
previously weak economy ----. E) public opinion regarding China
A) was caused by the collapse of the Soviet

Union
B) had no effect on the country’s standing in the

World Economic Forum
C) caused the country to spend more on research

and development
D) improved dramatically fifteen years ago
E) became stronger after it began to reverse its

demographic decline
139
Until the giant American energy company Enron 23. We understand from the passage that, when
collapsed, and its director Kenneth Lay was Kenneth Lay was a child, he ----.
imprisoned, his life had been a model of the
American dream of rising from rags to riches on the A) worked as a part-time salesman together with
strength of merit and hard work. His beginnings his father
were socially and financially very modest. He was
born in Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, as the son of a B) wanted to become a preacher like his father
preacher who was also a part-time salesman. He
helped his father make ends meet by cutting grass C) moved with his family from Tyrone, Missouri, to
and delivering papers. His start in the energy Houston, Texas
industry seemed similarly modest. After obtaining a
D) contributed to his family’s income by working
doctoral degree in economics from the University of
Houston, he got his start in the booming Texan oil at part-time jobs
industry. In 1985 he merged Houston Natural Gas
E) dreamed of becoming an oil tycoon
with InterNorth of Nebraska in order to form Enron.
As Enron became stronger, Mr Lay turned
increasingly to politics and was one of the biggest
donors to the Bush-Cheney campaign. After Mr
Bush entered the White House, Mr Lay had hopes
of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps as energy
secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for
24. We can infer from the passage that Kenneth
reasons that remain unclear, Mr Bush overlooked
him, so his professional life ended in frustration. Lay expected Mr Bush to offer him a high
position in his administration because Mr Lay --
--.
A) had contributed a very large amount of money

to Mr Bush’s presidential campaign
B) was an important player in the Texan oil

21. According to the passage, after Mr Bush was
industry
elected president of the US, Kenneth Lay ----.
C) was frustrated with his political life
A) turned increasingly to politics
D) had obtained a high level of education, and
B) became involved in the Texan oil industry
was therefore quite knowledgeable
C) was not offered a cabinet seat
E) had become very rich through his hard work
D) obtained a doctoral degree from the University
of Houston
E) dissolved Enron, the company he had created
25. We see from the passage that Kenneth Lay’s
imprisonment was ----.
A) the result of his involvement in the Bush-

Cheney campaign
22. It is clear from the passage that the giant B) a miscarriage of justice
American energy company Enron was founded
C) due to a crime he had committed while
through ----.
studying at the University of Houston
A) Kenneth Lay’s increasing interest in politics
D) carried out despite the fact that he was a good
B) Kenneth Lay’s dream of rising from rags to friend of President Bush
riches
E) implemented at around the same time that
C) the fact that Kenneth Lay had been imprisoned Enron, the company he had founded,
collapsed
D) Kenneth Lay’s modest beginnings as the son
of a preacher and part-time salesman
E) the merging of two companies: Houston

Natural Gas and InterNorth
140
CEVAP ANAHTARI -1
1992 1992 1993 1993 1994 1994

Mayıs Kasım Mayıs Kasım Mayıs Kasım
KPDS KPDS KPDS KPDS KPDS KPDS
1. A 1. B 1. E 1. A 1. E 1. D
2. D 2. A 2. D 2. D 2. D 2. B
3. E 3. C 3. D 3. E 3. B 3. A
4. A 4. E 4. A 4. A 4. D 4. D
5. E 5. C 5. E 5. B 5. B 5. B
6. D 6. A 6. B 6. E 6. C 6. A
7. C 7. D 7. B 7. D 7. E 7. D
8. D 8. B 8. C 8. E 8. A 8. C
9. E 9. A 9. E 9. D 9. B 9. E
10. C 10. B 10. E 10. C 10. C 10. D
11. B 11. D 11. B 11. B 11. A 11. E
12. D 12. C 12. C 12. A 12. C 12. A
13. E 13. E 13. B 13. E 13. E 13. B
14. A 14. D 14. E 14. A 14. D 14. C
15. B 15. C 15. E 15. D 15. A 15. E
16. C 16. B 16. A 16. C 16. B 16. B
17. A 17. E 17. C 17. C 17. A 17. C
18. B 18. A 18. D 18. E 18. C 18. B
141
CEVAP ANAHTARI -2
1995 1995 1996 1996 1997 1997

1. C 1. A 1. D 1. A 1. A 1. A
2. A 2. E 2. A 2. D 2. B 2. E
3. B 3. B 3. B 3. A 3. C 3. C
4. C 4. E 4. E 4. C 4. D 4. D
5. A 5. C 5. A 5. B 5. E 5. B
6. B 6. C 6. D 6. D 6. C 6. E
7. A 7. E 7. C 7. E 7. A 7. C
8. D 8. B 8. E 8. E 8. D 8. A
9. B 9. D 9. B 9. D 9. B 9. E
10. A 10. A 10. A 10. C 10. C 10. C
11. D 11. C 11. E 11. E 11. A 11. A
12. B 12. D 12. B 12. B 12. E 12. D
13. E 13. D 13. D 13. A 13. D 13. A
14. E 14. E 14. B 14. C 14. B 14. E
15. B 15. A 15. E 15. E 15. D 15. A
16. C 16. D 16. C 16. D 16. E 16. C
17. E 17. C 17. A 17. B 17. C 17. A
18. B 18. A 18. D 18. C 18. A 18. E
142
CEVAP ANAHTARI -3
1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000

1. C 1. D 1. A 1. A 1. D 1. D
2. A 2. A 2. B 2. C 2. C 2. B
3. D 3. C 3. E 3. E 3. A 3. E
4. C 4. D 4. A 4. D 4. C 4. A
5. E 5. C 5. C 5. A 5. E 5. B
6. B 6. E 6. B 6. C 6. A 6. C
7. C 7. A 7. E 7. B 7. B 7. D
8. E 8. D 8. B 8. D 8. D 8. E
9. D 9. B 9. D 9. E 9. E 9. B
10. B 10. B 10. C 10. B 10. A 10. A
11. E 11. C 11. E 11. C 11. E 11. E
12. C 12. E 12. A 12. A 12. B 12. D
13. C 13. D 13. E 13. A 13. E 13. B
14. B 14. A 14. A 14. E 14. E 14. E
15. B 15. B 15. D 15. D 15. C 15. D
16. C 16. E 16. C 16. B 16. D 16. A
17. A 17. C 17. D 17. D 17. E 17. E
18. E 18. D 18. A 18. E 18. B 18. C
143
CEVAP ANAHTARI -4
2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003

1. A 1. A 1. E 1. B 1. A 1. D
2. C 2. C 2. B 2. D 2. C 2. E
3. D 3. B 3. A 3. A 3. A 3. C
4. C 4. A 4. B 4. C 4. D 4. E
5. B 5. B 5. A 5. D 5. E 5. A
6. E 6. D 6. C 6. B 6. E 6. D
7. A 7. E 7. D 7. E 7. C 7. E
8. D 8. D 8. E 8. D 8. D 8. A
9. B 9. D 9. D 9. C 9. B 9. B
10. A 10. E 10. E 10. A 10. E 10. E
11. D 11. B 11. A 11. E 11. B 11. B
12. E 12. D 12. B 12. A 12. A 12. C
13. C 13. C 13. C 13. C 13. C 13. B
14. D 14. B 14. E 14. B 14. D 14. A
15. C 15. E 15. D 15. D 15. A 15. C
16. A 16. D 16. C 16. C 16. C 16. D
17. B 17. C 17. B 17. B 17. C 17. E
18. E 18. A 18. A 18. D 18. A 18. D
19. E 19. B 19. B
20. A 20. E 20. A
21. E 21. A 21. C
22. D 22. B 22. B
23. B 23. B 23. D
24. C 24. C 24. D
25. C 25. E 25. B
144
CEVAP ANAHTARI -5
2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006

1. C 1. B 1. B 1. C 1. B 1. A
2. A 2. E 2. B 2. D 2. A 2. E
3. E 3. A 3. E 3. E 3. C 3. D
4. A 4. D 4. D 4. D 4. D 4. B
5. B 5. B 5. A 5. A 5. A 5. C
6. E 6. A 6. A 6. E 6. A 6. E
7. D 7. E 7. C 7. D 7. C 7. E
8. B 8. D 8. B 8. B 8. D 8. C
9. C 9. B 9. D 9. A 9. E 9. B
10. B 10. A 10. A 10. C 10. D 10. A
11. C 11. C 11. B 11. E 11. C 11. C
12. D 12. E 12. D 12. A 12. A 12. E
13. B 13. D 13. B 13. D 13. E 13. B
14. D 14. A 14. C 14. C 14. B 14. A
15. B 15. C 15. A 15. A 15. D 15. E
16. A 16. B 16. D 16. B 16. A 16. C
17. C 17. A 17. D 17. D 17. B 17. A
18. E 18. E 18. B 18. C 18. D 18. D
19. A 19. D 19. C 19. A 19. E 19. E
20. C 20. C 20. E 20. B 20. C 20. B
21. A 21. A 21. E 21. D 21. B 21. C
22. D 22. B 22. D 22. A 22. D 22. E
23. A 23. E 23. E 23. D 23. E 23. D
24. E 24. C 24. C 24. B 24. A 24. A
25. A 25. A 25. A 25. D 25. D 25. E
145

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KPDS

Efe Cevher ÖZDEN

efeozden@gmail.com 1 by Efe Cevher

1992 MAYIS KPDS

1. It is explained in the passage that under the

A) exists a hot core which can be used as a

E) varies in thickness from place to place

efeozden@gmail.com 2 by Efe Cevher

4. In view of the explanation given in the passage,

A) can be defined as a collective decision making

B) has a number of drawbacks that can not be

D) everyone, from the top to the bottom, in a firm

E) workers are denied the right to discuss

efeozden@gmail.com 3 by Efe Cevher

efeozden@gmail.com 4 by Efe Cevher

E) the area struck was one of the most

A) establish the advantages of written

15. The passage aims to impress on the reader ----.

efeozden@gmail.com 5 by Efe Cevher

1992 KASIM KPDS

efeozden@gmail.com 6 by Efe Cevher

9. According to the passage, the people in the art

efeozden@gmail.com 7 by Efe Cevher

13. According to the passage, at no period in

D) as comprehensive a study of population D) has to date been completely ignored

efeozden@gmail.com 8 by Efe Cevher

1993 MAYIS KPDS

E) computerised banking has led to an increase in

D) computers are too complex for everyday use

A) there is no scope for originality

efeozden@gmail.com 9 by Efe Cevher

C) the present situation concerning population C) as a branch of science, psychology is no longer

efeozden@gmail.com 10 by Efe Cevher

A) the combination of high inflation and economic

B) are varied in purpose and in effect D) a decrease in the rates of inflation

C) can be disregarded altogether E) high levels of peacetime inflation

D) invariably involve humanitarian principles

E) cannot provide money and human resources

efeozden@gmail.com 11 by Efe Cevher

1993 KASIM KPDS

E) will continue to diminish and, hence, famine will

1. The passage emphasises that the growth of the

A) makes food production a vital question

B) must not be allowed to continue at the present

C) simply by cultivating desert lands in an efficient

D) so long as the population does not exceed ten

E) if various effective measures are taken, such as

efeozden@gmail.com 12 by Efe Cevher

efeozden@gmail.com 13 by Efe Cevher

D) cannot be accounted for D) the importance given to wage problems

efeozden@gmail.com 14 by Efe Cevher

16. It is pointed out in the passage that, of the

efeozden@gmail.com 15 by Efe Cevher

1994 MAYIS KPDS

A) has greatly improved the treatment of bronchitis

E) has not been verified scientifically C) imitate man in many ways

E) know exactly what they are doing

2. According to the passage, coughing and

A) should be taken seriously and treated

D) how animals can be made to acquire new skills

E) animals to be the equal of man in intelligence

3. During the last two decades there has been a

A) convince the public of the dangers of vitamin C

C) establish a connection between coughing and A) have been totally disproved