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Conroe Field
Quantity Units Months after start of production
12 24 36
N MM STB 415 602 594
DDI Fraction 0.285 0.244 0.180
SDI Fraction 0.320 0.239 0.174
WDI Fraction 0.395 0.516 0.646
• Increasing value of N initially because average
reservoir pressure not stabilized
• Initially, the pressure drops in the reservoir are
significant, the expanding gas in solution and in the
gas cap contribute to recoveries.
• After 36 months, 100% water drive. Cumulative
influence of water drive mechanism is 64.6%
Volatile Reservoirs
• When gas is pre-dominantly methane (light) and oil is
predominantly decane+ (heavy) – no danger of oil
vaporizing into gas phase – low volatility oil
• PVT properties determined by flash/differential
liberation – material balance for forecasting production
• When oil is high in propane through decane – solution
oil-gas ratio high, density low volatile oil
• Reservoir behaves almost like condensate reservoirs
• Performance prediction is done using constant volume
depletion experiments as for condensate reservoirs
Maximum efficiency rate
• Reservoirs with strong solution gas drive, recovery
is dependent on expansion of gas and is
independent of the rate of production.
• Similarly in reservoirs with strong water drive and
uniform high permeability reservoir
• Under partial water drive, recovery may depend on
rate – voidage rate faster than water influx
increased gas liberation higher oil viscosity &
lower Bo lower recovery
• Gravity segregation – rate of production is such
that segregation into gas cap occurs high gas-oil
ratio wells at the top of the structure may be shut
increases recovery
• In heterogeneous reservoirs, oil bypassed by
water influx if rate is high
Recovery factors
Volumetric oil reservoir: No water influx, voids created by
production filled by gas:
(1 − S ) (1 − S wc − S g
Recovery = 7758 ⋅ φ ⋅ Boiwc − Bo
(1 − S wc − S g ) Boi
RF = 1 −
(1 − S wc )
⋅
Bo
(1 − S wc ) S or
Water influx: Recovery= 7758 ⋅ φ ⋅
Boi
−
Bo
since pressure is
(1 − S wc − S or )
constant Bo=Boi : RF= 1 − S wc
Dynamics of fluid flow in reservoirs
Recall
k dP
Darcy’s Law: q = − 0.001127 µ dl − 0.433γ cos α
= Q/A i.e. Darcy’s law adds a time
element to the material balance : Q α measured counterclockwise
= dNp/dt from the downward vertical in the
direction of positive l
Permeability in darcy ; 1 darcy is the permeability that
will cause a fluid of 1 cps to flow at 1 cm/sec when the
potential gradient is 1 atm/cm.
Flow systems
Based on compressibility:
• Incompressible – Generally oil-water displacement
in reservoirs termed incompressible flow
• Slightly compressible – Most reservoir oils are
dV
slightly compressible: − c ⋅ dP = V
if the pressure in the reservoir drops from Pi to P
P V dV
− ∫ c ⋅ dP = ∫
Pi Vi V
V
c ⋅ ( Pi − P ) =ln
V
V = Vi ⋅ ec ⋅( Pi − P )
i
x
Expanding e by a series expansion and retaining
upto 2nd order terms:
V = Vi ⋅ ( 1 + c ⋅ ( Pi − P ) )
znRT 1 1 dz
• Compressible - V =
P
cg = − ⋅
p z dp
Based on fluids:
• Single phase
• Multiphase flow
Based on geometry
• Linear
• Radial
• Spherical
Steady state flow systems
k ⋅ Ac ⋅ ( P1 − P2 )
Integrating: Q = − 0.001127
Bo ⋅ µ ⋅ L