Sie sind auf Seite 1von 7

LECTURE – 1

MATERIAL BALANCE – REVIEW


FLUID FLOW IN RESERVOIRS
Drive Mechanisms
• The gas liberated in a solution gas drive
gravitational segregation secondary gas cap
• Material balance developed for undersaturated
reservoirs applicable for secondary gas caps
• Material balance considering gas cap volume m
applicable when initial gas cap is
• Recovery from gas cap drive is generally higher:
- Improved sweep of oil to well
- Higher reservoir pressure inhibits gas liberation
• Recovery from water drive depends on:
- Microscopic flow properties Sor
- Reservoir pressures are maintained high
provided voidage rate equal to water influx rate
• Material balance equation:
 (Bo − Bo ) + i(Rs − iRs ) ⋅ Bg 
 
 Bo i 
N p (Bo + (Rp − Rs ) ⋅ Bg ) + Wp ⋅ Bw = N ⋅ Bo ⋅  i  + We ⋅ Bw Drive indices: Depletion Drive =
  Bg   c f + cw ⋅ Sw  c  DDI
 + m⋅  B − 1 +  (1− S )  ⋅ ∆ p
  g i  w  c 
[
N ⋅ ( Bo − Boi ) + ( Rsi − Rs ) ⋅ B g ]
N p ( Bo + ( R p − R s ) ⋅ B g )
 Bg 
N ⋅ Boi ⋅ m ⋅  − 1
 B gi 
Segregation Drive =  
N p ( Bo + ( R p − R s ) ⋅ B g ) SDI
(We − W p ) ⋅ Bw
Water Drive = N p ( Bo + ( R p − Rs ) ⋅ Bg ) WDI
Drive Mechanisms

Conroe Field
Quantity Units Months after start of production
12 24 36
N MM STB 415 602 594
DDI Fraction 0.285 0.244 0.180
SDI Fraction 0.320 0.239 0.174
WDI Fraction 0.395 0.516 0.646
• Increasing value of N initially because average
reservoir pressure not stabilized
• Initially, the pressure drops in the reservoir are
significant, the expanding gas in solution and in the
gas cap contribute to recoveries.
• After 36 months, 100% water drive. Cumulative
influence of water drive mechanism is 64.6%

Volatile Reservoirs
• When gas is pre-dominantly methane (light) and oil is
predominantly decane+ (heavy) – no danger of oil
vaporizing into gas phase – low volatility oil
• PVT properties determined by flash/differential
liberation – material balance for forecasting production
• When oil is high in propane through decane – solution
oil-gas ratio high, density low volatile oil
• Reservoir behaves almost like condensate reservoirs
• Performance prediction is done using constant volume
depletion experiments as for condensate reservoirs
Maximum efficiency rate
• Reservoirs with strong solution gas drive, recovery
is dependent on expansion of gas and is
independent of the rate of production.
• Similarly in reservoirs with strong water drive and
uniform high permeability reservoir
• Under partial water drive, recovery may depend on
rate – voidage rate faster than water influx
increased gas liberation higher oil viscosity &
lower Bo lower recovery
• Gravity segregation – rate of production is such
that segregation into gas cap occurs high gas-oil
ratio wells at the top of the structure may be shut
increases recovery
• In heterogeneous reservoirs, oil bypassed by
water influx if rate is high

Recovery factors
Volumetric oil reservoir: No water influx, voids created by
production filled by gas:
 (1 − S ) (1 − S wc − S g 
Recovery = 7758 ⋅ φ ⋅  Boiwc − Bo 
 (1 − S wc − S g ) Boi 
RF = 1 −
 (1 − S wc )

Bo 

 (1 − S wc ) S or 
Water influx: Recovery= 7758 ⋅ φ ⋅ 
 Boi

Bo 
 since pressure is
(1 − S wc − S or )
constant Bo=Boi : RF= 1 − S wc
Dynamics of fluid flow in reservoirs
Recall
k  dP 
Darcy’s Law: q = − 0.001127 µ  dl − 0.433γ cos α 
= Q/A i.e. Darcy’s law adds a time
element to the material balance : Q α measured counterclockwise
= dNp/dt from the downward vertical in the
direction of positive l
Permeability in darcy ; 1 darcy is the permeability that
will cause a fluid of 1 cps to flow at 1 cm/sec when the
potential gradient is 1 atm/cm.

q is the apparent velocity of fluid – the actual velocity of


fluid in rock capillaries is dependent on porosity of rock,
tortuosity etc.
Actual avg. velocity = apparent velocity/porosity

Darcy’s law applicable for laminar flow. Deviations occur


due to inertial effects and in the case of gases, slippage
effects.

The quantity: k µ is termed mobility, λ of the fluid. When


two fluids (say oil and gas) flow simultaneously through
λg
the reservoir, the ratio λo determines the flow rate of
individual fluids.

Flow systems
Based on compressibility:
• Incompressible – Generally oil-water displacement
in reservoirs termed incompressible flow
• Slightly compressible – Most reservoir oils are
dV
slightly compressible: − c ⋅ dP = V
if the pressure in the reservoir drops from Pi to P
P V dV
− ∫ c ⋅ dP = ∫
Pi Vi V
V 
c ⋅ ( Pi − P ) =ln 
V 
 V = Vi ⋅ ec ⋅( Pi − P )
 i
x
Expanding e by a series expansion and retaining
upto 2nd order terms:
V = Vi ⋅ ( 1 + c ⋅ ( Pi − P ) )
znRT 1 1 dz
• Compressible - V =
P
cg = − ⋅
p z dp

Based on fluids:
• Single phase
• Multiphase flow

Based on geometry
• Linear
• Radial
• Spherical
Steady state flow systems

Steady state implies that the reservoir system is such


that any changes in pressure or saturation at any
location within the reservoir are instantaneously
manifested in the distribution of pressure and saturation
at all locations within the reservoir

Steady state linear flow – Incompressible fluids


Q A
P1 P2
dP
L
Since fluid is incompressible, velocity is same at all
locations:
k  dP  QBo Reservoir flow rate
q = − 0.001127 =
µ  dx  Ac

k ⋅ Ac ⋅ ( P1 − P2 )
Integrating: Q = − 0.001127
Bo ⋅ µ ⋅ L

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen