Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Assignment # 1
Submitted To:
Sir Naveed Jhamat
Submitted By:
Date of Submission:
April 13, 2011
“University of Punjab”
Gujranwala
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E-business:
Electronic business commonly referred to as "business" or "e-business", or an internet
business, may be defined as the application of information and communication
technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the
exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be
seen as one of the essential activities of any business.
Explanation:
Electronic business methods enable companies to link their internal and external data
processing systems more efficiently and flexibly, to work more closely with suppliers
and partners, and to better satisfy the needs and expectations of their customers.
Models of e-business:
When organizations go online, they have to decide which e-business models best suit
their goals. A business is defined as the organization of product, service and information
flows, and the source of revenues and benefits for suppliers and customers. The concept
of e-business model is the same but used in the online presence. The following is a list of
the currently most adopted e-business models such as:
E-shops
E-commerce
E-procurement
E-malls
E-auctions
Virtual Communities
Collaboration Platforms
Third-party Marketplaces
Value-chain Integrators
Value-chain Service Providers
Information Brokerage
Telecommunication
Customer relationship
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Models of e-commerce:
E Commerce is one of the popular aspects of spreading business on a large scale. Online
media is used as a platform to carry out business transactions. For an e-commerce site
proper e-commerce web development is required.
Business-to-Business (B2B)
Is one of the major forms of e commerce. Here the seller and the buyer participate as
business entities. Here the business is carried out the same way a manufacturer supplies
goods to a wholesaler.
Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
In these case transactions takes place between consumers and business houses. Here
individuals are also involved in the online business transactions.
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
Model is applicable when the business transaction is carried between two individuals.
But for this type of e commerce, the individuals require a platform or an intermediary for
business transactions.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
Is another model of e-commerce. This model is technologically sounder than the other e
commerce models. During this type of transactions, people can share computer resources.
Here it is not required to use a common server; instead a common platform can be used
for the transactions.
The Internet allows consumers, businesses, and industry to do many new things in unique
and efficient ways. A source of concern is that the legal and ethical developments
regarding the Internet are not able to keep up with the fast pace of technological change.
The main areas of legal and ethical concern that have emerged so far, the ways in which
they are being dealt with, and the implications for providers of technology related
services and products. These major areas are:
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• control of Internet indecency versus free speech
• control of spamming
The major legal and ethical problems that arise in terms of the Internet and electronic
media deal with intellectual property issues. There are well developed laws that govern
physical property. Physical property, also known as tangible property, is property that we
can touch and feel.. Since ideas cannot be touched or felt, but they do belong to the
person who developed (or authored) them, they are known as intangible property.
There are several forms of legal protection available for intellectual property. These are:
• trade secret protection
• copyright protection
• trademark protection
• Patents.
This method of protecting ownership of an idea is to ensure that the idea is kept a secret.
An example is the formula used in preparing Coca Cola syrup. Very few employees
know the formula, and those who do are required to sign nondisclosure agreements in
order to have access to it. The formula is safe as long as no employee divulges the secret.
The company could take them to court if they did so. Another example of a trade secret
may be a company’s business plan or strategy.
Copyright Protection
Copyright protection is available for an original expression of an idea that is fixed in any
physical medium, such as paper, electronic tapes, floppy discs, CD ROMs, etc. It is
important to note that the "right" or protection is given to how the idea is expressed, not
to the idea itself.
To illustrate this, consider two songs, one by Britney Spears, and another by the
Backstreet Boys, both of which deal with the idea of love, but express the idea in
different ways. Each can copyright the way they express their idea of love in their songs.
They cannot copyright the idea of love itself.
Copyright is very simply obtained by displaying, on the first page or screen of the work,
the statement "Copyright" followed by the symbol , together with the year and the
author’s name, or the name of the company owning the copyright, followed by the
statement "All Rights Reserved". An example of a copyright statement is:
The US copyright requirements may be met by simply stating "1990, John W. Smith",
but the statement shown above meets international requirements. Recent legal judgments
indicate that copyright to a work produced after January 1, 1978, may exist even if the
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copyright statement is not displayed on the work. But it strengthens an author's hand to
have the statement displayed.
A domain name is the name or address used to link to a particular computer on the
Internet. An example of a domain name is www.nbc.com. The name is segmented into
several levels. In the example given, the top level domain (com) is on the right, the
designation of the specific computer is indicated on the left (www), and the sub domain
(nbc) is indicated between these two. (Turban et al. 2000, p.506). Domain names can be
selected by the person seeking an address, and need to be registered with the appropriate
registering body.
Disputes have arisen over domain names because some companies have used names
similar to those of brick-and-mortar companies or copyrighted names or materials, in
order to attract web traffic to their site. Some individuals have also registered large
numbers of such names, not for their use, but with the intention of selling these names to
the highest bidder. As a result, sometimes a company with a well known brand name has
applied to establish a web address and found that the name has already been registered by
someone else who now asks for substantial payment for purchase of the domain name.
In such disputes, the party claiming the right to a domain name (the complainant) bases
such claims on its existing copyright or trademark rights. Such claims are usually valid if
the party can show that the defendant’s use of the copyrighted mark is creating confusion
in the minds of the public, or that it will dilute the impact of a famous brand name. For
example, if domain names were different versions of Coca Cola, such as Koka Kola,
Kola Koke, etc, Coca Cola could claim that such use was creating confusion in people’s
minds about the producer of the product bearing such names, and would also "dilute" or
diminish the value of the Coca Cola brand name.
The general rule for determining domain name disputes is to compare the following
(Greenstein, 2000):
• The date the registered applicant of the domain name first used the domain name
OR the effective date of a validating trademark registration; and
• The date the claimant of a dispute first used a trademark OR the effective date of
the claimant’s validated registration.
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Trademark protection is obtained automatically when the mark is applied to a product
that is then sold. Trademark protection is available for a mark or phrase that is not
already in use by someone else. In addition, it must (1) not be just geographically
descriptive (e.g. Chicago Retail Store), (2) not be just descriptive of the type of goods
(e.g. The Soft Drink Store), (3) not be just a surname (e.g. Smith Enterprises), and (4) not
be likely to deceive others. Trademarks can be registered with the U.S. Patent Office and
this provides some legal benefits.
Meta Tags:
Some areas of trademark violation are unique to the Internet. One example is the use of
keyword Meta tags. Search engines on the web look for sites by looking for HTML Meta
tags that are labeled as keywords. Programmers have deliberately used well known
trademarked words as Meta tags in their web sites in order to draw viewers to their site.
For example, some web sites have used "Playboy" as a Meta tag. Such use is likely to be
viewed as an infringement of a trademark
Patents
• Obtaining images for a web page. One of the chief attractions of the World Wide
Web is the ability to use graphics to convey information to users. A sophisticated
and subtle graphical presentation is the hallmark of some of the Web's most
popular sites. The following "rules of thumb" are meant to guide a web page
creator when selecting images for incorporation into a page.
o Creating original images from drawing and painting programs. The best
way to obtain images is to create them in a drawing or other image
creation program. In doing so, however, it is best to start from scratch
rather than from someone else's creation.
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o Taking images from third-parties. The simple rule is, "Don't steal
someone else's images." The moment an original image (or string of text)
is fixed on a hard drive for the first time, it is protected by copyright. Any
unauthorized copying of a protected image is an infringement of the
creator's copyright, unless the use falls within one of the very limited
exceptions to the copyright law, such as "fair use
• Developing text for a web page. The guidelines for text development are similar
to those for obtaining images. Truly original text, developed by the creator of the
web-site, may be used without copyright concerns.
• Developing Java Applets, JavaScript, and ActiveX scripts. Like text and pictures,
it is normally a violation of copyright law to appropriate scripting or
programming from someone else without permission.
The selection and protection of a domain name may be the most important detail in the
creation of a web site. Domain names function as the address for a web site, and disputes
over domain names have become more common and more heated as the popularity of the
Internet grows.
• Selecting a Domain Name. Domain names have a first and second level. In the
bitlaw.com domain name, the ".com" portion is considered the first or top level
domain name, and "bit law" is considered a second level domain name. Search be
done to make sure the name is not taken.
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• Obtaining Multiple Domain Names under Different Top Level Domains.
Because of the new top level domain names that are currently proposed, it may be
wise for the owner of a strong trademark to obtain domain name registrations
under multiple top-level domain names. For example, the BitLaw web site might
be found under "bitlaw.com", "bitlaw.firm", "bitlaw.web", and "bitlaw.net".
Trademark concerns:
A trademark is a word, image, slogan, or other device designed to identify the goods or
services of a particular party. Trademark infringement occurs when one party utilizes the
mark of another in such a way as to create a likelihood of confusion, mistake and/or
deception with the consuming public. The confusion created can be that the defendant's
products or services are the same as that of the trademark owner, or that the defendant is
somehow associated, affiliated, connected, approved, authorized or sponsored by
trademark owner.
• Protecting a trademark Once a mark has been selecting, the best way to protect
a mark (in the United States) is through a federal trademark registration. If the
goods or services sold under the mark will be sold internationally, trademark
registrations in other countries should also be considered.
Advantages of E-Business
With the use of e-commerce you can promote your product globally.
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Worldwide Presence: This is the biggest advantage of conducting business online. A
firm engaging in e-business can have a nationwide or a worldwide presence. IBM was
one of the first companies to use the term e-business to refer to servicing customers and
collaborating with business partners from all over the world. Dell Inc. too had a
flourishing business selling PCs throughout the US, only via telephone and the Internet
till the year 2007. Amazon.com is another success story that helps people buy
internationally from third parties. Hence, worldwide presence is ensured if companies
rethink their business in terms of the Internet.
Cost Effective Marketing and Promotions: Using the web to market products
guarantees worldwide reach at a nominal price. Advertising techniques like pay per click
advertising ensure that the advertiser only pays for the advertisements that are actually
viewed.. Affiliate marketing has helped both the business and the affiliates. Firms
engaging in e-business have managed to use cost effective online advertising strategies to
their advantage.
Better Customer Service: E-Business has resulted in improved customer service. Many
a times, on visiting a website, the customer is greeted by a pop-up chat window. Readily
available customer service may help in encouraging the customer to know more about the
product or service. Moreover, payments can be made online, products can be shipped to
the customer without the customer having to leave the house.
Users need not be in the same physical location as an e-business and the exchange of
information and transactions may take place at any given time, twenty-four hours a day,
seven days a week and from any location in the world with Internet access. A physical
location is restricted by size and limited to only those customers that can get there, while
an online store has a global marketplace with customers and information seekers already
waiting in line.
Privacy statement:
A Web document found on a company or organization's Web site that details the type
of personally identifiable information the company collects about its site visitors, how the
information is used — including who it may be shared with — and how users can control
the information that is gathered.
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What is a website privacy statement?
Many if not most websites collect personal information. Personal information may be
collected by simple means such as a website form or through more sophisticated means
such as tracking cookies. Some kinds of website - not ably social networking websites
and websites with social networking features - collect and process huge amounts of
personal information.
The purpose of a website privacy statement is to help website owners with these the
disclosure requirements of data protection and data privacy laws.
• Learn the laws that apply to your business or industry. Some industries have
specific privacy laws that pertain to them. (See resources.) For example,
healthcare companies must abide by the Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA) privacy laws, and if your business is related to
children, then you must abide by the regulations set forth in the Children's Online
Privacy Protection Act (COPPA).
• Spell out your use of information. The Better Business Bureau recommends that
you write down what your storage mechanism, use of and sharing of your client's
data are. If you sell your lists to a third party, then your privacy statement must
state this. If you never sell your database information, then your privacy
statement must say this. If you intend on using the data provided to market your
own products and services to the list, then your privacy statement must contain
this information.
• Read sample privacy statements. If you have a bank account or credit card
account, you receive privacy statements from these companies. Collect and read
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these statements, and also look at privacy policies and statements on company
websites to learn what kind of information is included and how it is worded.
• Model your privacy statement after a sample, such as the privacy statements you
have collected, or use an online template to help you generate a customized
privacy statement.
• Create a rough draft. Write or type out the privacy statement in paragraph form.
• Review and modify. Proofread your privacy statement and make any necessary
changes to the copy. Have at least one or two people inside your company and
one or two people outside your company read the privacy statement to make sure
that it makes sense and does not contain any spelling, grammatical or other errors.
freenetlaw.com
[NAME] may collect and use the following kinds of personal information:
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Using personal information
Where [NAME] discloses your personal information to its agents or sub-contractors for
these purposes, the agent or sub-contractor in question will be obligated to use that
personal information in accordance with the terms of this privacy statement.
In addition to the disclosures reasonably necessary for the purposes identified elsewhere
above, [NAME] may disclose your personal information to the extent that it is required to
do so by law, in connection with any legal proceedings or prospective legal proceedings,
and in order to establish, exercise or defend its legal rights.
[NAME] will take reasonable technical and organizational precautions to prevent the
loss, misuse or alteration of your personal information.
[NAME] will store all the personal information you provide on its secure servers.
[Information relating to electronic transactions entered into via this website will be
protected by encryption technology.]
Information that [NAME] collects may be stored and processed in and transferred
between any of the countries in which [NAME] operates to enable the use of the
information in accordance with this privacy policy.
[In addition, personal information that you submit for publication on the website will be
published on the internet and may be available around the world.]
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[NAME] may update this privacy policy by posting a new version on this website.
You should check this page occasionally to ensure you are familiar with any changes.
Other websites
[NAME] is not responsible for the privacy policies or practices of any third party.
Contact [NAME]
If you have any questions about this privacy policy or [NAME'S] treatment of your
personal information, please write to:
Terms of service:
Terms of service (commonly abbreviated as TOS) are rules which one must agree to
abide by in order to use a service. Unless in violation of consumer protection laws, such
terms are usually legally. Terms of Service can also be referred to as Terms of Use or
sometimes merely a Disclaimer, especially regarding the use of websites.
Certain websites are noted for having carefully designed terms of service,
particularly eBay and Pay Pal, which need to maintain a high level
of community trust because of transactions involving money. Terms of service can cover
a range of issues, including acceptable user behavior online, a company's marketing
policies, and copyright notices. Some organizations, such as Yahoo!, can change their
terms of service without notice to the user base.
How to Write Terms of Service
Instructions
• Acquire a lawyer. While it's certainly possible to write a common-sense Terms of
Service by following the rules that will be laid out in forthcoming steps, it is not
wise. The only way to ensure your Terms of Service are legally airtight is to have
someone familiar with the law look them over.
• Make a list of the basic sections you'll need in the document. These often include:
liability disclaimers, terms of use, billing terms, privacy policies, copyright
notifications and prohibited use.
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• Plan out the most basic things you want to say in each section. For example, your
disclaimer of liability probably should say that anything that happens to a
customer who uses your service is not your fault.
• Search other websites online to get template ideas. Any site on the Internet that
sells a service will have a Terms of Service link. If you grab a few of these, you
can see what other companies are using for a Terms of Service.
• Borrow and modify the templates you like. You may find one that eloquently
explains why you are not responsible for money lost following your advice, but
which also discusses guns you don't sell, and has 10 other irrelevant sections.
Ignore all the firearms sections and anything else you don't need, and grab the
liability disclaimer that you like.
• Modify whatever you take in Step 5 to apply to your site specifically, removing
any unnecessary wording, and adding any special cases that may arise due to the
nature of your business.
• Repeat Steps 5 and 6 for each section mentioned in Step 2. Once you have a
section for each of these main headers, feel free to add any other sections you
need as well.
Disclaimer:
A disclaimer is generally any statement intended to specify or delimit the scope of rights
and obligations that may be exercised and enforced by parties in a legally-recognized
relationship. In contrast to other terms for legally operative language, the term
disclaimer usually implies situations that involve some level of uncertainty, waiver, or
risk.
Disclaimers vary in terms of their uniformity. Some may vary depending on the specific
context and parties involved, while other types of disclaimers may strictly adhere to a
uniform and established set of formalities that are rarely or never modified, except under
official authority. Some of these formal disclaimers are required pursuant to
industry regulation, qualification for protection under a safe harbor, and other situations
where the exact wording of a particular clause or document may be disparities in the
event of a legal dispute
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Domain name:
A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative
autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet. Domain names are also hostnames that
identify Internet Protocol (IP) resources such as web sites. Domain names are formed by
the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS).
Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming
and addressing purposes. They are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of
the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the top-
level domains (TLDs), including thegeneric top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the
prominent domains com, net and org, and thecountry code top-level domains (ccTLDs).
Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level
domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users that wish to connect
local area networks to the Internet, run web sites, or create other publicly accessible
Internet resources. The registration of these domain names is usually administered
by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public.
What is ICANN?
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is responsible for
managing and coordinating the Domain to ensure that every address is unique and that all
users of the Internet can find all valid addresses. It does this by overseeing the
distribution of unique IP addresses and domain names. It also ensures that each domain
name maps to the correct IP address.
ICANN is also responsible for accrediting the domain name registrars. "Accredit" means
to identify and set minimum standards for the performance of registration functions, to
recognize persons or entities meeting those standards, and to enter into an accreditation
agreement that sets forth the rules and procedures applicable to the provision of Registrar
Services.
Since ICANN is so important, you'll want to know how to register your site with the
organization or if your site has already been registered when you signed up for your
domain name.
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How to Register a Domain Name with ICANN?
Instructions
• Visit the official accredited registrar directory at the second link below in the
Resources section; on that site you can find a list of available ICANN approved
registrars.
• Visit the more popular registrars if you have any doubt about setting up a new
domain. Godaddy.com, HostGator.com and NetworkSolutions.com are three of
the largest ICANN approved registrars and typically are the easiest registrars to
manage your domains with.
• Select a registrar from the list in step one or from the available "Big 3 Registrars"
from step 2 and visit their website, you will see a spot to "Register a Domain" or
something along those lines, usually this spot asks you to enter the URL you wish
to register and hit "Submit" to see if the web address is available.
• Choose a "Top Level Domain Name" that is part of the ICANN Accredited list.
The Top level simply refers to the letters found after the period in from an URL,
for instance www.google.com would have a top level of ".com" you can find the
full accredited list of accepted suffixes at the first link below in the Resources
section.
• Enter your personal information once you find a domain name to register, make
sure you enter your most current information as it is required by ICANN.
• Call your registrar to verify that your account is set up and that you will be
registered with ICANN. This step isn't necessary however it is a good means to
make sure your registrar is on top of the registration process.
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