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AN
ASSIGNMENT ON
³"IFFERENT METHO" OF PREPARATION OF FYM AN" COMPOST´
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AGRON:- 502
cPrinciples and practices of soil fertility and nutrient managementc
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SUBMITTED TO :
Dr. H.M viradiya SUBMITTED BY :
Programme co-ordinator, Patel Ronak
KVK. waghai M.Sc (Agronomy)
N.M.C.A

REG. NO-04-0784-2010
"

 M" 
PPAA  

M A" CMP 

 y
 M
  The excreta of animals dung and urine, with straw or other materials
used as the absorbent. The decomposed manure is called farmyard manure.

1. P

 
M by  M
The manure is prepared in trenches or pits of suitable sizes. The size of trench
or pit may be 1 m in depth. 1.3-1.5 m in width and 4.5-6 m in length, depending upon the
number of cattle on a farm. All the available crop residues/farm and house refuse are
heaped near the cattle shed and a suitable portion of litter with earth, if available, is
spread under the feet of the cattle in the shed in the evening approximately, 2.0-2.5 kg
material per animal for the absorption of urine. The urine soaked litter and dung are well
mixed and accumulated in to the trench next morning. The filling of the trench or pit
should be done section-wise and when each section of about 1.0 m in length is filled to
about 0.5 m above the ground level, the top of the heap is made dome-shaped and
plastered with 2.5 cm layer of a mixture | and dung in equal proportion. Before, sufficient
amount of water is to be added to the manure pit for decomposition of organic matter
Plastering conserves moisture and nitrogen also prevents housefly nuisance the neaps
he exposed to the sun for a long period, the raw organic matter dries up quickly and
proper decomposition is affected. When the trench is completely filled up, say in about
three months time, a second trench is taken up for filling in a similar way. If urine is not
conserved in the bedding used for cattle it must be collected in covered masonry drain
and then added to the dung in the manure pit The manure becomes ready for use in about
4 to 5 months after plastering. The nutrient content of FYM prepared by this method is
about 0.7 to 0.8% N on fresh weight basis or 1.4 to 1.6% N on dry weight basis.

2. B
 Pl

In India more than 50% of the cow dung is made into cowdung cakes and
burnt as fuel for cooking by the rural households. Therefore, use of biogas plant or gobar
gas-compost plant to produce a combustible gas called methane (CH4) is an improved
method of handling dung. In this method, different gases are generated of which CH4 is
the major component due to aenarobic fermentation of most of the common organic
materials such as cattle dung, horse and pig manure, grasses, vegetable wastes and
human excreta. An approximate composition of biogas by volume is  50-60% CH4;
5-10%H2; 30-45% C02 1-2% N2 and traces of H2S and O2. Besides the generation of
biogas. which is used for cooking and lighting purposes, huge quantity of biogas slurry is
also produced during the process. Biogas slurry is a very good source of plant nutrients
and can be used after drying the slurry. It is richer in plant nutrients compared to FYM and
compost having 1.6-1.8% N, 1.0-1.2% P2 05, and 1.2-1.8% K2O . The main disadvantage
is its excessive water content. Thus, it should be dried before use, which becomes difficult
during rainy season. Biogas plant provides both fuel (biogas) and manure (slurry). One
tonne of biogas slurry provides about 44 kg of nutrients as compared to about 19 kg by
FYM and 27 kg by compost.

3. U  C
l P

In order to minimize the losses of N from FYM, a number of chemical preservatives have
been suggested, which when added to fresh dung/urine would either combine ammonia
and prevent its volatilization or by reducing the bacterial action, formation of NH3 is
curtailed. The preservatives are applied in the cattle shed for getting better results. It will
permit direct contact of preservative with the liquid portion of excreta or urine, thereby de-
crease the loss of N from urine. The commonly used chemicals as preservatives are
(i) gypsum and (ii) superphosphate.

(i) gypsum - Gypsum has found effective as an ammonia absorbing agent when gypsum
is added ,it react with the un stable ammonium carbonate ,appearing as an intermediate
product of decomposition of urea present in urine, leading to the formation of stable
ammonium sulphate as per the reaction ;

(NH4)2 CO3 + CaS04.2H20 ĺ CaCO 3 + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 2H2O

As long as the manure is moist, no loss of NH3 will occur, but if the manure
becomes dry| the above chemical reaction is reversed and loss of NH3, may occur. The
drawback to the use of gypsum lies in the fact that it is Bed in large quantities, as gypsum
is a sparingly soluble salt, the actual quantity of gypsum required for an efficient fixation of
ammonia is much higher than that of theoretically calculated quantity.

(ii) Single Superphosphate- Since single superphosphate (SSP) contains up to 50-60%

gypsum (CaS04) besides the highly acidic monocalcium phosphate (MCP). it can be
effectively used as a chemical preservative of manure. Superphosphate, besides
absorbing ammonia, supplies additional amount of phosphorus and, thus, improves the
quality of manure. Its mode of action is similar to that of gypsum in reducing the loss of N
as NH3 volatilization. About 450 to 900 g of SSP per day per animal can be spread in the
cattle shed, preferably in places where animals pass Urine for better effectiveness.

p
ccp

c
C  A mass of rotted organic matter made from waste or a product obtained by the
controlled decomposition of organic wastes, finally used as organic matter.

C A biological process in which microorganism of both types, namely aerobic

and anaerobic, decompose the organic matter and lower the CN ratio of the refuse. The
final product of composting is well rotten manure known as compost.
c
1.  M
This process was developed by Howard and Wad in 1931 at Indore, MadhyacPradesh. In
this method, waste materials such as plant residues, animal wastes,cweeds, street refuse
and other organic wastes can be composted. The wastec materials are cut into small
pieces and spread in layers of 10-15 cm thicknessc either in pits or in heaps of 1 m wide,
I m deep and of convenient length. It iscproperly moistened with cow dung using earth. To
ensure 6
% moisture sufficientc water should be sprinkled to wet the composting
materials. Periodically three toc four turnings are given. To get proper aeration, the
material is covered with ac layer of 2 to 3 cm soil. Under the aerobic process of
decomposition 40 to 6
%c organic matter and nitrogen are lost at initial stage. This
method of composting,c however, involves considerable labour in preparing heap and
periodic turningcand becomes labour intensive and impracticable when large quantities of
materialsc have to be processed. Further, the turnings of materials are not always
necessaryc andc even decomposition can go on to the desired extent if adequate level of
moisturec is maintained. The site of composting should be at the high level to avoid rainc
water stagnation. The average composition of compost prepared by Indore methodc has
been found to have 
% nitrogen, 
phosphorus and 6
% potassium.c
~

2. B

l M
Acharya (1939) had initiated the work of composting the town refuse and night soil. This
process is also called g



  of composting or the B

l
 . It has been adopted to solve effectively the problems of safe disposal of night
soil and producing high quality compost in the bargain. In this process, compost
production points are located just on the outskirts of city for convenient transport of night
soil and other refuse to the pits. The compost depot should accommodate about 200
trenches with 1 to 5 m spacing between the trenches. Roads of suitable width are
provided between rows for the convenience to approach and unload the
materials inside the trenches. To begin, the city wastes are dumped into the trenches to
make a layer of 15 cm. Then night soil is discharged over this and spread to a layer of
about 5 cm. The trench is filled with town waste and night soil in alternate layers, until it
reaches to 15 cm above the ground level, with a final layer of town refuse on the top. It
could be made dome shape and covered with a thin layer of soil to prevent breeding of
flies and moisture loss. Sewage water may be sprayed over the layer of refuse. This
system provides a method of disposal of various kinds of waste including slaughter house
waste, sewage, sludge etc. This heterogeneous mass is allowed to remain as such
without turning and watering for about 3 to 4 months. The decomposition of dumped
wastes in pits take place largely in the absence of sufficient oxygen except in the surface
layer or so. The anaerobic decomposition is comparatively slow but markedly less
wasteful. High temperature will develop in the lower layers. As the material does not
receive turning, homogenous decomposition of compost does not take place. Even then,
the C N ratio is reduced to less than 20  1 in about 5 to 6 months and the compost is then
ready for use. Since there is no turning and watering, this method is suitable to the areas
where water and labour availability is scarce. In the absence of pits and trenches, the
town refuse can be composted in above ground heaps of 1 m width, 1 m height and of
convenient length with refused materials and night soil placed in alternate layers in pits
and trenches and placing the final refuse on the top (Gaur 
 al. 1990). Through this
process, the materials decompose faster than in the pits and trenches and can be ready
by 3 to 4 months for use. The composted material obtained by this method will contain 1.5
% nitrogen, 1.0 % phosphorus and 1.5 % potassium.

3. Cb
 M
This is an anaerobic decomposition. First crop residues as well as farm wastes are filled
in pits of 2m wide, 4 m length and 1 m depth to a thickness of about 15cm. A five cm cow
dung slurry is spread over this layer to increase its biodegradation. Over this layer 1 kg
ground rock phosphate is applied to minimize nitrogen loss. In this way application of farm
wastelcrop residue, cow dung slurry and rock phosphate is applied in alternate layers till
the height reaches 0.5 m above ground level. After that the piled up material above
ground is covered with soil or mud to prevent the entry of rain water. After 35 to 40 days
turning of material is done to make it an aerobic process. Thereafter the compost will be
ready within 4 to 6
months.

D. M

l C Pl

Indore and Banglore methods are suitable for small cities1 towns to decompose the
garbage. Mechanical compost plants of 200 tonnes day and above capacity have been
made for converting the city waste into compost. The refuse received is first passed
through primary grinder. Before that, the non compostable matehal such as bricks,
stones, iron pieces, broken glass pieces, rubber, plastics etc. are removed. The
processed refuse is then kept in pre fermentation yard for 7 to 10 days. "ecomposition of
the organic matter in the waste takes place under aerobic condition, resulting reduction in
weight, volume and moisture content as well as killing of harmful pathogens. This partly
fermented garbage is then passed through a secondary grinder or pulverizer and a
mechanical vibrating sieve for separating rubber, plastics and other tough
non-decomposable organic materials, and brought to the final fermentation area.
Thereafter, it is subjected to aerobic decomposition for 3 to 4 weeks. The compost
produced this way is rich in NPK contents. Mechanical compost takes less time than the
Banglore trench method and there is no nuisance of flies and foul smell. Though the cost
is slightly higher than the trench method, it is more suitable from the hygiene point of view.
The compost contains 0.5 to 0.6 % nitrogen, 0.6 % phosphorus and 0.5 % potash with a
C  N ratio of 20  1 (Gour 1979).

5. A"P M
In this method, pits of size 15'x 6' x 6' (L x W x H) is made from bricks with provision of
6 holes per square meter in the walls. Alternate method layers of Soil Fertility and Nutrient
Management wastes i.e. rural wastes ( 8 inches) followed by FYM (Farm Yard Manure) (4
inches) and soil ( 4 inches) are put in the pit and the moisture about 60-70 per cent is
maintained. In NA"EP method of composting, plant residues, dung slurry and soil are
used as raw materials.

6.  M   C

These composting techniques are not practiced in India but are a potential tool for
decomposition of organic residues. Some of them are as follows
a) B
ly M  "eveloped in 1953 at University of California, USA, Barkley
campus. This method is also called " Two Weeks Method".
b) W  M  It is one the In Connecticut, the most successful municipal
composting method developed in Connecticut, USA . It employs the windrow process.
c) B
 P This technique is common in Italy, France, and USA.
Rodale and Staff (1971) developed this method.
d)   P  U A Wiley in 1976 refined the Indore process and named as
Indore process of USA.
14 . c
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 (In) Introduction
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