Textbook14 e

R3: December 16, 2010
Nuclear Emergency Preparedness & Response

in
Japan
Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Support Division
Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES)
1
Nuclear Emergency Preparedness & Response in Japan
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1. System of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response in
Japan
1) Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness
2) Basic Plan for Emergency Preparedness
3) Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster
4) Regional Disaster Prevention Plan
5) Emergency Preparedness and Response at Nuclear Facilities (Emergency
Preparedness and Response Guidelines)
Chapter 2. Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster

1) Establishment of the Act
2) Special features of the Act
3) System of Senior Specialists for Nuclear Emergency
4) Designation of Nuclear Emergency Response Operations Facility (Off-Site
Center)
5) Nuclear emergency response exercises
Chapter 3. Nuclear Emergency Response Operations Facility (Off-Site
Center)
1) Purpose of Off-Site Center
2) Equipment in Off-Site Center
3) Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)
4) System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information
(SPEEDI)
Chapter 4. Nuclear Emergency Response Drills and Exercises
2
Introduction
In Japan suff icient consideration has been given to nuclear emergency
preparedness from the beginning of the development and utilization of
nuclear energy.
Especially, since the establishment of the “Basic Act for Emergency
Preparedness”, we have prepared for nuclear emergencies by identifying
nuclear emergencies as identical as the natural disasters such as typhoons,
earthquakes, thereby placing emergency preparedness and equipment in
place.
We have experienced, however, various accidents and incidents in
nuclear power facilities in Japan as well as in the world during a long period
of time from the development to utilization of nuclear energy.
Especially, the accident at the Three Mile Island (TMI) Nuclear Power
Plant in the U.S.A. in 1979, the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power
Plant in the former Soviet Union in 1986, and the criticality accident at a
uranium-processing plant at Tokai-mura in Japan in 1999 made extremely
strong impacts on the arrangements and approaches to the nuclear
emergency preparedness in many countries at the time when each of the
accidents happened.
In Japan the nuclear emergency preparedness has been strengthened by
reflecting lessons learned from the experiences of these accidents or
incidents upon the related Acts and guidelines. In particular the lessons
learned from the criticality accident at the uranium-processing plant in
Tokai-mura have marked a great turning point for the nuclear emergency
preparedness, resulting in the establishment of “Special Act of Emergency
3
Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster” dedicated for nuclear emergencies under
the Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness.
In what follows, the outline of nuclear emergency preparedness and
response in Japan is described.
4
Chapter 1.
System of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response in Japan
1) Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness
All emergency responses in Japan are implemented under the Basic Act
for Emergency Preparedness. The Act was established in 1961 stemmed from
the experience of Ise Bay Typhoon in 1959 which caused many dead and
missing people. Since then this Act has become an act which deals with all
disasters including natural ones in Japan.
The Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness aims at preparing and
promoting comprehensive administration in emergency preparedness and
response to protect our homeland and the public from disasters. To this
and, the Act requires that public authorities should establish necessary
arrangements, clarify where the responsibility lies, and establish
fundamentals needed for emergencies.
This Act, therefore, applies to human-caused disasters such as nuclear
emergencies, railway disasters, and accidental disasters (such as airplane
disasters), as well as seismic disasters (earthquakes), storm and flood
disasters, volcanic disasters, marine disasters, and snow damage. Since this
Act has been applicable to nuclear emergencies, the responsibility for
nuclear preparedness and response has become clear, and the organizational
arrangements for nuclear emergencies have been reinforced.
Since the enactment of the Act, it has undergone several revisions
reflecting lessons learned from actual disasters.
2) Basic Plan for Emergency Preparedness
5
The “Basic Plan for Emergency Preparedness,” which is a basic plan for
emergency preparedness and response in Japan, was prepared by the
National Disaster Prevention Council whose Director General is the Prime
Minister in accordance with the Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness.
This basic plan was prepared in 1963 and was partially revised in 1971.
The Act was revised mainly on natural disaster measures in July 1995 based
on the experiences and lessons learned in the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake that had caused large-scale casualties.
Furthermore, the Act was revised to enhance emergency preparedness for
accidental disasters in June 1997 in response to potential sophistication,
complication and diversif ication in the society and the industry.
The basic plan is composed of the following volumes for easy
identif ication to permit people to of the measures to be taken depending on
disasters. The nuclear emergency preparedness is shown in Volume 10.
Volume 1. General provisions
Volume 2. Earthquake disaster preparedness
Volume 3. Storm and flood disaster preparedness
Volume 4. Volcanic disaster preparedness
Volume 5. Snow damage preparedness
Volume 6. Marine disaster preparedness
Volume 7. Aircraft disaster preparedness
Volume 8. Railway disaster preparedness
Volume 9. Road disaster preparedness
Volume 10. Nuclear emergency preparedness
6
Volume 11. Dangerous material disaster preparedness
Volume 12. Great f ire disaster preparedness
Volume 13. Forest f ire disaster preparedness
Volume 14. Preparedness common to other disasters
Volume 15. Important matters in emergency preparedness plans and
local emergency planning
Volume 10 “Nuclear emergency preparedness” was revised in May 2000
to include processing facilities, storage facilities, waste facilities, and
transportation in addition to the conventional nuclear power plants and
reprocessing facilities in accordance with the Special Act of Emergency
Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster. This Act was established in response to
the criticality accident at the uranium-processing plant occurred in
Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Prefecture, in September 1999. The volume was also
revised to reflect the administrative reform in January 2001.
Furthermore, the volumes on storm and flood disaster planning and the
nuclear emergency planning, were revised in April 2002 to enhance the
effectiveness of the plans to reflect the state-of-the-art in preparedness and
response. The nuclear emergency preparedness planning was revised to
include the preparedness, for nuclear-powered ships and modif ications
involving the emergency medical care to exposed persons.
In March 2004, necessary revisions were made mainly on the volume of
earthquake disaster preparedness to reflect the state-of-the-art in
earthquake preparedness and response.
The Volume 10 is composed of the following:
7
Chapter 1. Disaster prevention
Section 1. Ensuring safety of facilities
Section 2. Preparedness for swift and smooth implementation of
emergency response and recovery from disasters
Section 3. Dissemination of emergency preparedness
Section 4. Promotion of research on nuclear emergency
preparedness and response
Section 5. Implementation of prevention for recurrence
emergency response for accidents during transportation
of nuclear fuel materials outside the plants
Chapter 2. Emergency response
Section 1. Collection and communication of information, and
securing of emergency communication systems and
communication means
Section 2. Establishment of response alignment
Section 3. Protective operations such as sheltering and evacuation
Section 4. Maintenance of the social order including prevention of
crimes
Section 5. Securing of transportation means for emergency
transportation, and emergency transportation
Section 6. Rescue and f irst aid, medical care and f ire f ighting
Section 7. Accurate information transmission to related persons
8
emergency response for accidents during transportation
of nuclear fuel materials outside the plants
Chapter 3. Recovery from disasters
Chapter 4. Nuclear emergency preparedness in nuclear-powered vessels
3) Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster
Actions taken for nuclear emergencies are the same those of other
disasters under the Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness. However, for
nuclear emergencies which release a large amount of radioactive material,
the following response actions are needed due to the peculiarity in the
nuclear emergency.
- Swift and wide-area measures should be taken against radioactive
contamination which cannot be felt by the f ive senses.
- Special drills and equipment and expert advices are needed to
effectively implement the emergency response.
- The responsibility of licensees should be clarif ied who cause
accidents and know well about the subject facility.
On the other hand, the criticality accident occurred at the
uranium-processing plant in Tokai-mura on September 30, 1999 was the
worst case in the history of nuclear power in Japan, and the following
lessons were learned from the response activities:
- Necessity for strengthening the cooperation between the national
and local governments in the initial activation.
- Necessity for enhancing the emergency response arrangements in
9
the national government which conform to the peculiarity of the
nuclear emergency.
- Necessity for clarifying the licensee’s responsibility in the
emergency response.
The Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster was
enacted in order to reflect these lessons upon the nuclear emergency
preparedness and response, and was put into effect in June 2000. The
details of the Act are described in Chapter 2.
4) Local emergency planning
Individual local governments are responsible for ensuring the safety of
local residents and are required to develop their individual overall local
emergency planning, which is suitable for their respective districts under the
Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness.
The prefectural governments are required to develop their own local
emergency planning in consultation with the Prime Minister under Article 40
of the Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness. The municipal governments
are also required to develop their own emergency planning in consultation
with the prefectural governors under Article 42 of the Basic Act for
Emergency Preparedness.
5) Emergency preparedness and response in nuclear facilities (Emergency
preparedness and response guidelines)
In Volume 10 of the Basic Plan for Emergency Preparedness which is set
up by the Central Emergency Preparedness Council (CDPC), it is described
10
that professional and technical matters should fully respect the “Emergency
preparedness and response in nuclear facilities” (Emergency preparedness
and response guidelines) specif ied by the Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC).
In the wake of the accident at the Three Mile Island (TMI) Nuclear Power
Plant in the U.S.A. in 1979, the nuclear emergency guidelines were compiled
considering the phenomena peculiar to nuclear emergencies. In the nuclear
emergency guidelines, basic principles for professional and technical
matters in the nuclear emergency preparedness such as the forms of
radioactive materials, environmental radiation monitoring during emergency
and protective measures for residents in the vicinity of the facility are
described.
These are as follows:
- General nuclear emergency preparedness and response
- Emergency planning zones (EPZ) where the nuclear emergency
preparedness and response is intensively implemented.
- Environmental radiation monitoring during emergency
- Notif ication criteria and judgment criteria for emergency
- Protective measures
- Emergency medical care to exposed persons
The relationship between the Acts and the emergency planning mentioned
above is shown in Fig. 1-1.
11
Basic Act for Energy Praparedness (November 15, 1961)
Organizations for emergency response (including Special Act of Emergency

the Central Emergency Preparedness Council and Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster
Emergency Response Headquarters), emergency (December 17, 1999)
planning, disaster prevention, emergency response In the wake of the JCO accident
and recovery from disasters. (There is no description occurred in 1999, this law was
specified for nuclear emergency preparedness established as a special one for the
and response.) Basic Act on Emergency Preparedness.
This special Act provides:
National government: Basic Plan - Responsibilities of licensees,
for Emergency Preparedness national government, and local
governments
This is a basic plan of Japan for emergency - Development of a nuclear emergency
preparedness and response developed by the response plan by the licensee
Central Emergency Preparedness Council under - Criteria to judge the occurrence of
Article 34 of the Basic Law on Emergency nuclear emergency
Preparedness. Measures are stipulated - Nuclear Emergency Response
depending on disasters. Headquarters
- Emergency Response Operations
The Volume 10 provides “nuclear emergency
Facility
preparedness.”
This Volume provides that professional and
technical matters should fully respect the
“Emergency preparedness and response in Directives of
nuclear facilities” (Emergency preparedness revision Nuclear licensee emergency
guidelines) specified by the Nuclear Safety response plan
Commission (NSC). Notification (Plan under Article 7 of SLNE)
Furthermore, this Volume provides that the to the
following concrete and special technical matters competent
should be based on the guidelines specified by minister Consultation with the
NSC: prefectural governor and
- Emergency planning zones (EPZ) where the the heads of the municipal
nuclear emergency preparedness and response governments where the
is intensively implemented. nuclear facility is located
- Emergency monitoring plans of local
governments
- Exposure protection for persons involved in
emergency response work
- Indoor sheltering and evacuation directives
by the Prime Minister
- Preventive administration of an iodine
prophy laxis
- Setting of the limit to an intake of food and Consultation with
drink the heads of
municipalities
surrounding the
Prefecture: local emergency nuclear facility
Consultation planning
with the (Plan under Article 40 of SLNE)
Prime Minister
Report to
the Prime Minister Municipal governments: local
Consultation emergency planning
Emergency response plan of the with the (Plan under Article 42 of BLNP)
designated administrative body governor
(Plan under Article 36 of BLNP)
Fig. 1-1. Relationship between the Acts and the emergency planning
12
Chapter 2.
Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disas ter
1) History
In Japan, the nuclear emergency preparedness had been carried out in
accordance with “the Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness.” In December
1999, the Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster was
established as a special Act. This Act was prepared based on the lessons
learned from the criticality accident (JCO accident) occurred at the
uranium-processing plant in Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Prefecture on September 30,
1999, which was the worst one in the history of Japanese nuclear development.
This special Act was put into effect in June 2000.
2) Features of the Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster
The Act was prepared based on the lessons learned from the JCO accident,
and key features of which are as follows:
(1) Swift initial action
- Obligation of the licensee to notify abnormal events to the regulatory
authority.
- Setting up of “Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters” whose
Director General is the Prime Minister (deputy director general is the
Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry) immediately after a nuclear
emergency event has taken place.
(2) Organic cooperation between the national government and the local
government
- Setting up of a “local nuclear emergency response headquarters.”
13
- Setting up of a “joint council for nuclear emergency” at the “Nuclear
Emergency Response Operations Facility (Off-Site Center).” This aims at
enhancing the cooperation between local governments and the national
government.
- Implementation of nuclear emergency response exercises at the plant
sites.
(3) Reinforcement of the emergency communications system of the national
government.
- Residential stationing of senior specialists for nuclear emergency.
- Designation of Off-Site Centers by the Minister of Economy, Trade and
Industry.
- Swift supply of various functions required in the nuclear emergency.
(4) Clarif ication of responsibility of nuclear licensees
- Obligation of the licensee to develop and notify its emergency preparedness
and response plan to NISA.
- Obligation of the licensee to station its nuclear emergency response manager
at the site.
3) System of senior specialists for nuclear emergency
The Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster requires
the stationing of senior specialists for nuclear emergency in the areas where
nuclear power stations are located, and imposes the following duties.
(1) Duties during routine operations
- Direction and advice to the licensee on the licensee’s emergency
preparedness and response plan, and conf irmation of the location,
14
maintenance and check of emergency equipment and materials.
- Advices to the local governments on the emergency planning.
- Maintenance of equipment at the Off-Site Center.
- Planning, coordinating and implementing of nuclear emergency drills.
- Promotion of nuclear emergency awareness brief ing to local residents.
(2) Duties during a nuclear emergency
- Grasping of plant status
- Activation of the Off-Site Center
- Information collection concerning the response activities of the licensee and
organizations concerned
- Explanation and advice to local governments
(3) Activities after nuclear emergency
4) Designation of Nuclear Emergency Response Operations Facility (Off-Site
Center)
The Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster requires to
designate the Nuclear Emergency Response Operations Facility (Off-Site
Center) at each of the nuclear facilities. This Off-Site Center is designated by
the competent agency for the subject nuclear facility.
Namely, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) designates
Off-Site Centers for nuclear facilities (nuclear power plant, reprocessing facility,
processing facility, storage facility, and waste facility) other than research
reactors, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology (MEXT) designate Off-Site Centers for research reactors.
Accordingly, if there are research reactors and other nuclear facilities in the
15
same area, both METI and MEXT share the same Off-Site Center in the area.
When a nuclear emergency occurs, the nuclear emergency response
headquarters is set up in the national government (the Prime Minister’s Off icial
Residence), and the local nuclear emergency response headquarters which
carries out some of the practical work of the nuclear emergency response
headquarters is set up at the Off-Site Center. Both headquarters closely work
together and respond the emergency.
Chapter 3 elaborates the Off-Site Center.
5) Implementation of nuclear emergency response exercise
The Special Act of Nuclear Emergency requires for the national government,
local governments and the licensee to implement a nuclear emergency response
exercise every year.
Thereby the national government selects an area where a nuclear facility is
located, and implements a full-scale nuclear emergency response exercise
together with the organizations concerned and the licensee in cooperation with
local residents.
16
Chapter 3.
Nuclear Emergency Response Operations Facility (Off-Site Center)
1) Purpose of the Off-Site Center
When a nuclear accident occurs, various emergency response actions are
needed at the site, in which emergency responses by the licensee, the grasping
and prediction of accident status the ensuring of residence safety, medical
treatment to exposed persons, and support for evacuated residents. These
response activities must be implemented in unison by the organizations
concerned and specialists including the related competent agencies of the
national government, the local governments and the licensee.
For this purpose, all responders should meet together, share information,
and coordinate instructions. The Off-Site Center was established to serve as an
operations center at the time of nuclear emergency.
When a nuclear emergency occurs, the nuclear emergency response
headquarters is set up in the national government (the Prime Minister’s Off icial
Residence), and the local nuclear emergency response headquarters of the
national government which carries out some of the practical work of the nuclear
emergency response headquarters is set up in the Off-Site Center. Also, a joint
council for nuclear emergency response is organized in the Off-Site Center, for
the organizations concerned and personnel to share information.
Seven functional teams are set up as working units in the joint council;
these are coordination team, public relations team, plant team, radiation team,
medical care team, resident safety team, and operations support team. These
teams collect and analyze the information of their respective f ields at the
Off-Site Center, and act as hands and feet of the joint council response.
17
At present, 22 Off-Site Centers are designated in the prefectures where
nuclear facilities are located.
The locations of Off-Site Centers are shown in Fig. 3-1.
18
Fig. 3-1. Locations of Off-Site Centers
19
2) Equipment at Off-Site Center
The Off-Site Center is equipped with various devices to fulf ill its purpose as
follows:
- Image display system
A large-size image display device is provided to allow participants to share
information in plenary meetings. The screen can display terminal screens
of individual systems such as Video conferences, ERSS, and SPEEDI.
- Video conference system
The Off-Site Center, the nuclear emergency response headquarters (the
Prime Minister’s Off icial Residence), the Emergency Response Center
(Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency), and local governments are
connected by a Video Conference System.
- Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)
Information on the plant state and the environment of its vicinity is
displayed. Persons concerned can know the plant state and predict the
progress of the accident. (Details are described below.)
- System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information
(SPEEDI)
This system predicts the atmospheric concentration of radioactive
materials and exposure doses in the vicinity of the plant using the
information on the release sources at the nuclear plant and
meteorological conditions. (Details are described below.)
- Radiation monitoring system
This system displays the radiation monitoring data measured by the local
government and the nuclear licensee.
20
- Weather information system
This system displays or predicts weather information (the latest weather,
wind direction, wind speed, etc.) transmitted by the Japan Weather
Association.
- LAN equipment (personal computers and printers)
This equipment connects the personal computers and printers between
the Off-Site Center including the related bodies concerned and the
Emergency Response Center (Nuclear Industrial and Safety Agency) by
LAN.
- Communications equipment including telephones and facsimiles
This equipment connects the Off-Site Center with the places concerned by
telephones and facsimiles by using public circuit, dedicated circuit, and
satellite circuit.
- Satellite communications system
This system is provided as a backup one when the terrestrial channel
cannot be used.
- Materials and equipment
Measuring instruments including pocket dose meters and survey meters,
masks, protective clothes, and others are provided to support the
activities of personnel at the Off-Site Center.
The appearance inside the Off-Site Center is shown in Fig. 3-2. The chart
above shows the area where the joint council for nuclear emergency response is
established, and the chart below indicates the place where each function team
is deployed.
21
Fig. 3-2. Equipment of Off-Site Center
3) Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)
22
If an accident occurred, at a nuclear power plant, the licensee is primarily
responsible for judging the plant state and predicting the progress for the
accident. ERSS monitors the state of the accident using the information sent by
the licensee to ERSS, judges the state of the accident based on its specialized
knowledge base, and analyzes and predicts the subsequent development of the
accident.
This information is used for supporting the emergency response by the
national government.
ERSS consists of “Information Collection System (ICS),” “Plant Information
Display System,” “Diagnosis/Prognosis Support System (DPS),” “Analytical
Prediction System (APS),” and “ERSS Display System.”
- Information Collection System
If an accident occurred at a nuclear power plant, which leads or may lead
to a nuclear emergency, the licensee transmits accident information
including the plant state and monitored radiation levels at the plant to
METI. The “Information Collection System” receives and stores this
information.
- Plant Information Display System
The received and stored data are displayed as monitored information on
the screen of the “Plant Information Display System.”
- Accident state judgment support system
This system judges the state of the accident based on the information
transmitted and specialized knowledge base, and displays it on the
screen.
- Diagnosis/Prognosis Support System
23
This system analyzes the progress of the accident based on the accident
information transmitted, and displays the results on the screen.
Fig. 3-3 shows a schematic of the ERSS.
24
METI
Emergency Response Center
Off-Site Center
Nuclear Power
Plant ICS Display ICS Display DPS/APS
Plant information Display
collection system (ICS)
ICS display
Control Room
ICS display
Diagnosis/Prognosis Analytical
Plant Instruments ICS Display Support System Prediction DPS/APS display
(DPS) System (APS)
Fig. 3-3. Schematic of ERSS
25
4) System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information (SPEEDI)
The SPEEDI network system swiftly predicts the concentration of radioactive materials
in the atmosphere and exposed doses in the peripheral environment based on the released
source information, meteorological conditions and geographical data in the case of an
emergency when a large amount of radioactive material is or may be released from nuclear
facilities.
The SPEEDI network system is connected to the competent agency, NSC, Off-Site
Centers, and local governments by dedicated lines. The information predicted by this
network system enables the national government and local governments to swiftly take
protective measures for residents in the vicinity of the nuclear facility.
During normal times, the national information-processing calculator always collects
meteorological data and environmental radiation observation data from the telemeter
systems of local governments, GPV (Grid Point Value) data from the Japan Weather
Association, and AMeDAS (Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System) data via the
communication network. During an emergency, local weather prediction data are produced
based on the collected meteorological data and geographical data reflecting the influence of
geographical features at the site of the nuclear facilities, as well as using the land utilization
data. Furthermore, the wind field, atmospheric concentration and dose are calculated using
the local weather prediction data and the information of the released sources at the site of
the nuclear facility.
These analysis results are provided in identifiable drawings to the national
government and local governments.
The examples of output figures from the SPEEDI are shown in Fig. 3-4.
26
This figure shows a six-hour integrated

value of external exposure.
The isopleth line shows an

Effective dose of external exposure Location and value where effective dose. The opening
(Rare gas) the maximum dose is between the maximum value
An integrated value of the date: predicted (the symbol on and minimum value in the
2004/07/22 10:00 – 2004.07/22 16:00 the map＊) isopleth line is 102.
Weather data: observed value
Nuclear species’ name: rare gas
Targeted age: adults
Effective dose isopleth line (mSv)
1 = 1.00 x 10
2 = 5.00 x 10
3 = 1.00 x 10
Maxim dose point
4 = 5.00 x 10
5 = 1.00 x 10
Maximum dose = 1.00 x 10-16 mSv

From the release point (0.1, -0.1) km
Size of
Calculation model name = PRWDA21
calculation
Use model name = normal model
Calculation Condition
Calculation mesh width:

horizontal direction = 0.25 km
Released amount = 615 m

Burnup = 200 x 104 MWD/MTU
Reactor shutdown time = 2004. 07/22 10:00
Release start time = 2004. 07/22 10:00
Release mode = unit amount release

Released nuclear species and release rate
Rare gas: 1.00 x 102 Bq/h
Release mode: unit amount release

・The released amount is calculated by
a constant release rate during release,
and corrected by attenuation.
Fig. 3-4. An example of figure output by SPEEDI

(Effective dose of external exposure (Rare gas))
27
Chapter 4.
Nuclear Emergency Response Drills and Exercises
The Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster provides that the
national government should develop nuclear emergency response exercise plans and
implement the exercise in cooperation with the organizations concerned.
For this purpose, METI and MEXT develop their joint exercise plans, and implement
a full-scale exercise by setting up and operating the nuclear emergency response
headquarters assigning the Prime Minister as Director General in cooperation with the
national government, local governments, designated public institutes, and nuclear
licensees.
The full-scale exercises were implemented at the following nuclear facilities so far:
Exercise date Prefecture Nuclear facility implemented
1 2000/03/23 Fukui Prefecture Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant

(The Japan Atomic Power Co.)
2 2000/10/28 Shimane Prefecture Shimane Nuclear Power Plant
(The Chugoku Electric Power
Co.)
3 2001/10/27 Hokkaido Tomari Power Plant (Hokkaido
Electric Power Co.)
4 2002/11/27 Fukui Prefecture Ohi Power Plant (The Kansai
Electric Power Co.)
5 2003/11/26 Saga Prefecture Genkai Nuclear Power Plant
(Kyushu Electric Power Co.)
6 2005/11/9,10 Niigata Prefecture Kashiwazaki Kariwa Nuclear
Power Plant (The Tokyo
Electric Power Co.
28
These full-scale nuclear emergency response exercises were extremely large in
scale from the points of the number of participating organizations and participants. For
example, seventy-four organizations participated in the exercise at the
Kashiwazak-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in 2005, and the number of participants was as
many as 2,600. Four hundred local residents also participated in this exercise.
Fig. 4-1 shows how the full-scale nuclear emergency response exercise was
implemented in the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Niigata Prefecture in
2005.
In this figure, the upper photo shows how the joint council for emergency response
looks, and the lower photo shows how the measurement of the contamination of
residents was going on in an evacuation facility.
29
Fig. 4-1. Full-scale nuclear emergency response exercise in 2005

(Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Niigata Prefecture)
30

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R3: December 16, 2010

Nuclear Emergency Preparedness & Response

Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Support Division

Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES)

Nuclear Emergency Preparedness & Response in Japan

Chapter 1. System of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response in

Chapter 2. Special Act of Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster

Chapter 3. Nuclear Emergency Response Operations Facility (Off-Site

Chapter 4. Nuclear Emergency Response Drills and Exercises

In Japan suff icient consideration has been given to nuclear emergency

preparedness from the beginning of the development and utilization of

Especially, since the establishment of the “Basic Act for Emergency

Preparedness”, we have prepared for nuclear emergencies by identifying

nuclear emergencies as identical as the natural disasters such as typhoons,

earthquakes, thereby placing emergency preparedness and equipment in

We have experienced, however, various accidents and incidents in

of time from the development to utilization of nuclear energy.

uranium-processing plant at Tokai-mura in Japan in 1999 made extremely

strong impacts on the arrangements and approaches to the nuclear

emergency preparedness in many countries at the time when each of the

In Japan the nuclear emergency preparedness has been strengthened by

reflecting lessons learned from the experiences of these accidents or

learned from the criticality accident at the uranium-processing plant in

preparedness, resulting in the establishment of “Special Act of Emergency

Preparedness for Nuclear Disaster” dedicated for nuclear emergencies under

the Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness.

In what follows, the outline of nuclear emergency preparedness and

response in Japan is described.

System of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response in Japan

1) Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness

disasters including natural ones in Japan.

The Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness aims at preparing and

promoting comprehensive administration in emergency preparedness and

arrangements, clarify where the responsibility lies, and establish

fundamentals needed for emergencies.

This Act, therefore, applies to human-caused disasters such as nuclear

emergencies, railway disasters, and accidental disasters (such as airplane

disasters), as well as seismic disasters (earthquakes), storm and flood

Act has been applicable to nuclear emergencies, the responsibility for

arrangements for nuclear emergencies have been reinforced.

Since the enactment of the Act, it has undergone several revisions

reflecting lessons learned from actual disasters.

2) Basic Plan for Emergency Preparedness

emergency preparedness and response in Japan, was prepared by the

National Disaster Prevention Council whose Director General is the Prime

Minister in accordance with the Basic Act for Emergency Preparedness.

on the experiences and lessons learned in the Great Hanshin-Awaji

Earthquake that had caused large-scale casualties.

Furthermore, the Act was revised to enhance emergency preparedness for

accidental disasters in June 1997 in response to potential sophistication,

complication and diversif ication in the society and the industry.

The basic plan is composed of the following volumes for easy

identif ication to permit people to of the measures to be taken depending on

disasters. The nuclear emergency preparedness is shown in Volume 10.

Volume 1. General provisions

Volume 2. Earthquake disaster preparedness

Volume 3. Storm and flood disaster preparedness

Volume 4. Volcanic disaster preparedness

Volume 5. Snow damage preparedness

Volume 6. Marine disaster preparedness

Volume 7. Aircraft disaster preparedness

Volume 8. Railway disaster preparedness