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There are many different types of platforms for offshore drilling activities, from
shallow-water steel jackets and jackup barges , to floating Semi-submersibles and
drillships able to operate in very deep waters. The shift to subsea production
systems represents a significant departure from conventional operations.(3)
Subsea completions can be traced back to 1943 with the Lake Erie completion at a
35-ft water depth. The well had land-type christmas trees that required diver
intervention for installation, maintenance, and flow line connections.
Shell completed its first subsea well in the Gulf of Mexico in 1961.1
Completion is doing a series of process like installing different equipments such
as wellhead, chrismas tree, tubing , packers, safety valves and carrying out
process like fracturing, perforating and acidizing.
In our definition we assume well completion as a process to make well ready for
production, so it is mainly related to after drilling jobs, we don͛t include
cementing a casing part of well completion. there would be an emphasis on
different subsea production systems and specific equipments needed.
Subsea oil field developments are usually split into c and
categories to distinguish between the different facilities and approaches will be
applied.(1)
Usualy shallow water depths wells use bottom-founded facilities like jackup
drilling rigs and fixed offshore structures.
well is located in water
depths greater than around 600 feet and another type of offshore drilling vessels
is drillship which is capable of drilling in water depthes up to 13000 ft.3
Economy and technical complexities are two important factors which makes an
offshore drilling very distinct.for example technical issues we run into are such as:
(4 and 1)
For example With deepwater drilling rig rates in 2010 of around $420,000/day,
and similar additional spread costs, a deep water well of duration of 100 days can
cost around US$100 million.
With high performance jackup rig rates in 2010 of around $150,000, and similar
service costs, a high pressure, high temperature well of duration 100 days can
cost about US$30 million.
Subsea production requires specialized equipment which must be enough safe for
enviroment.For relatively shallow water depth we can use diving equipment while
for deep water conditions we need robotic equipments. Any requirement to
repair or intervene with installed subsea equipment is thus normally very
expensive. This type of expense can result in economic failure of the subsea
development.high pressure and high tempreture are common environmental
challenges we have to deal with.
c
1.Sealing the wellhead from the environment by means of the tree
connector.
2.Sealing the production bore and annulus from the environment.
3.Providing a controlled flow path from the production tubing, through the
tree to the production flow line. Well flow control can be provided by means
of tree valves and/or a tree-mounted choke.
4.Providing access to the well bore via tree caps and/or swab valves.(4)
c
!"
well heads: A #
3.Periodic monitoring of well status and placing the well in safe condition by
wireline tools run into well
There are various kinds of subsea trees, many times rated for a certain water
depth, temperatures, pressure and expected flow.
The
$c was the first tree to include an annulus bore for
troubleshooting, well servicing and well conversion operations. Although popular,
especially in the North Sea, dual bore subsea trees have been improved over the
years.
c
(SCTs) are specifically tailored for company's various
projects. A general SCT is normally used in shallower waters measuring up to
1,000 meters deep.
% (HPHT) are able to survive in rough
environments, such as the North Sea. HPHT trees are designed for pressures up to
16,500 psi and temperatures ranging from -33 C to 175 C.(1)
drilling riser is a conduit that provides a temporary extension of a subsea oil well
to a surface drilling facility. Drilling risers are categorised into two types:
used with subsea blowout preventer (BOP) and generally used by
floating drilling vessels; and '(
1.a single satellite well with a flow linked to a fixed platform or FPSO
FPSO Transferring:
In order to transfer hydrocarbons from subsea wells to onshore facilities we use
FPSO which is a giant unit vessel that can receive the hydrocarbons from several
wells. FPSO is able to process and store the received hydrocarbon and then
transfer it to onshore. This vessel can store huge amount of oil and gas until we
get to onshore and needed to be offloaded. This massive vehicle works like a oil
tanker and is suitable for frontier lands so we don͛t have provide pipeline
transportation so it decreases cost and save money because installing seabed
pipeline is very expensive than onshore pipelines, especially for small fields which
pipeline is not cost effective at all. FPSO is also movable to any rig which we need
so after well is depleted we relocate it to a new rig.
Subsea Manifold:
. (7)
Subsea advantages:
Economic viability
D Water depth
D Resource density
Subsea Challenges:
c
"
)*+ ,
1.completing drilling and install packers
6.land the tree , lock connectors, test seals and function valves with ROV
7.run BOP stack onto horizontal tree, run BOP test tool
19.suspend well
References: