Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and Drainage
Systems
1. I ntroduction
1.1 History of Sewers
Specifications vary:
3.1 I ntroduction
1.49 2 / 3 1 / 2
V R S
n
Values for n: (E.g., Metro Toronto)
Q 1.49 2 / 3 1/ 2
V R S
A n
Containing 4 variables (hydraulic elements):
Q or V; R or A/Wp; S or hL; n
(1) For a fixed shape, n, and S; the other
elements vary with depth of flow, i.e.,
2/3
v /V (r / R)
2/3
q / Q (a / A)(r / R)
Example:
)URP³5DWLRRI+\GUDXOLF(OHPHQWs
&KDUW´ knowing q/Q = 0.79, we find d/D =
0.67.
7KXVWKHGHSWKRIIORZLQD¶¶SLSH
carrying 15 cfs is: d = 0.67D = 0.67u¶¶
23-inch.
2
v
E y
2g
where y = depth of flow, v = mean velocity.
Specific Energy Diagram: Constructed by continuously
changing the slope of the channel and determining the
corresponding uniform flow depth and velocity to transport a given
flow rate.
For a constant rate of flow, the depth at
which the specific energy is minimum is
known as the critical depth (yc), the
corresponding velocity is known as critical
velocity (vc).
3
Q g( A / B) , V g( A / B)
General guidelines:
(1) Obtain a topographic map of the area;
(2) Locate the drainage outlet;
(3) Sketch a preliminary pipe system to
serve all the contributors;
(4) Pipes and manholes are generally placed
under streets or rights-of-ways so that all
users (present and future) can readily tap
on; number manholes moving upstream
from the outlet;
(5) Establish preliminary pipe sizes;
(6) Revise layout to optimize flow-carrying
capacity at minimum cost;
(7) Try to avoid pumping across drainage
boundaries.
(8) To obtain minimum-sized sewers, get as
much flow as possible through pipes
before joining the main sewer.
Small hills
Design slope is the larger of Smin and street
slope, unless the street is to steep.
Detailed Calculations
1. For circular pipe flowing full (British Units: ft, s)
(1)
Pipe M aterials:
I nvert Progression:
(1) crown-to-crown (resulting in invert drop
at the manhole);
(2) matching 0.8udepth lines.
M anholes:
Essential elements:
- Peak design flows be carried at velocities
great enough to prevent sedimentation,
yet small enough to prevent erosion.
- Not to run full but half full to full under
design flow conditions.