Slides13 (Compatibility Mode)

6/3/2011
Mobile Radio Propagation -

Small-Scale Fading and
Multipath-III
TE 702
Introduction to Wireless Communication (ITWC)
Dr. Imran Khan
Telecommunications Engineering Department
University of Engineering and Technology,
Mardan Campus
TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 1
Outline of Lecture
Summary what we have learnt so far

Time Dispersion Parameters
Mean Excess Delay
RMS Delay Spread
Maximum Excess Delay (X dB)
Coherence Bandwidth
Coherence Time
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Recapitulation
Understanding the Multipath Channel
Impulse response model of Multipath Channel
Discrete Time Impulse response
Parameters of Mobile Multipath

Channels
Derived from the Power Delay Profile
Power delay profile can be measured in
Time domain
Frequency domain
Important Parameters are
Coherence Bandwidth
Coherence Time
Doppler Spread
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Power Delay Profile

For small-scale fading, the power delay profile of the channel is found by
taking the spatial average of hb (t;τ ) 2 over a local area (small-scale area).
If p(t) has a time duration much smaller than the impulse response of the
multipath channel, the received power delay profile in a local area is given by:
2
P(τ ) ≈ k hb (t;τ )
2
The bar represents the average over the local area of hb (t;τ )
Gain k relates the transmitter power in the probing pulse p(t) to the total
received power in a multipath delay profile.
Example power delay profile
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Example: Outdoor Power Delay Profile
Example: Indoor Power Delay Profile
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Grossly quantifies the multipath channel

Determined from Power Delay Profile
Parameters include
Mean Access Delay
RMS Delay Spread
Maximum Excess Delay (X dB)
Determined from a power delay profile.

Mean Excess Delay: Is the first moment of the power delay profile.
Mean excess delay( τ ):
∑a τ 2
k k ∑ P(τ )(τ k k )
τ= k
= k
∑a k
2
k ∑ P(τ )
k
k
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Rms delay spread (στ):

Each multipath signal travels different path length, so
the time of arrival for each path is different.
A single transmitted pulse will be spread in time
when it reaches the receiver. This effect which
spreads out the signal is called “Delay Spread”.
Delay Spread leads to increase in the signal
bandwidth.
Rms delay spread (στ)
Characterizes time-dispersiveness of the

channel
Obtained from power delay-profile
Indicates delay during which the power of the received signal is
above a certain value.
It is the square root of the second central moment of the power
delay profile.
στ = τ 2 − τ ()2
∑a τ 2 2
k k ∑ P(τ )(τ k
2
k )
τ 2
= k
= k
∑a k
2
k ∑ P(τ )k
k
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Timer Dispersion Parameters
Maximum Excess Delay (X dB):
Defined as the time delay value after which the multipath energy
falls to X dB below the maximum multipath energy (not necesarily
belonging
to the first arriving component).
It is also called excess delay spread.
M.E.D. (X dB)= τ X −τ 0
Where τ 0 is the first arriving signal, and τ X is the maximum delay at which
a multipath component is within X dB of the strongest arriving multipath
signal (which does not necessarily arrive at τ 0 )
RMS Delay Spread
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Coherence Bandwidth (BC)

A statistical measure of the range of frequencies over
which the channel can be considered “flat”.
That is, the channel passes all spectral components with
equal gain and linear phase.
Represents correlation between 2 fading signal
envelopes at frequencies f 1 and f2.
Is a function of RMS delay spread.
f1
Receiver
f2
Multipath Channel Frequency Separation: |f1-f2|
Range of frequencies over which the channel can be

considered flat (i.e. channel passes all spectral
components with equal gain and linear phase).
It is a definition that depends on RMS Delay Spread.
Two sinusoids with frequency separation greater than Bc
are affected quite differently by the channel.
f1
Receiver
f2
Multipath Channel Frequency Separation: |f1-f2|
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Two frequencies that are larger than
coherence bandwidth fade independently.
Concept useful in diversity reception.
Multiple copies of same message are sent
using different frequencies.
These frequencies are separated by more than
the Coherence Bandwidth of the channel.
Coherence Bandwidth indicates frequency
selectivity during transmission.
Coherence Bandwidth
Frequency correlation between two sinusoids: 0 <= Cr1, r2 <= 1.
If we define Coherence Bandwidth (BC) as the range of frequencies over which

the frequency correlation is above 0.9, then
1 σ is rms delay spread.

BC =
50σ τ
If we define Coherence Bandwidth as the range of frequencies over which

the frequency correlation is above 0.5, then
1
BC =
5σ τ
This is called 50% coherence bandwidth.
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Coherence Bandwidth
Example:
For a multipath channel, σ is given as 1.37µs (outdoor).
The 50% coherence bandwidth is given as: 1/5σ =
146kHz.
This means that, for a good transmission from a transmitter
to a receiver, the range of transmission frequency (channel
bandwidth) should not exceed 146kHz, so that all
frequencies in this band experience the same channel
characteristics.
Equalizers are needed in order to use transmission
frequencies that are separated larger than this value.
This coherence bandwidth is enough for an AMPS channel
(30kHz band needed for a channel), but is not enough for a
GSM channel (200kHz needed per channel).
Coherence Time
Delay spread and Coherence bandwidth

describe the time dispersive nature of the
channel in a local area.
They don’t offer information about the time varying
nature of the channel caused by relative motion of
transmitter and receiver.
Doppler Spread and Coherence time are
parameters which describe the time varying
nature of the channel in a small-scale region.
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Doppler Spread (BD)
Measure of spectral broadening caused by

motion
We know how to compute Doppler shift: fd
Doppler spread, BD, is defined as the
maximum Doppler shift: fm = v/λ
If the baseband signal bandwidth is much
greater than BD then effect of Doppler spread
is negligible at the receiver.
Doppler Spread (BD)
Characterizes frequency-dispersiveness of
the channel, or the spreading of transmitted
frequency due to different Doppler shifts.
Obtained from Doppler Spectrum.
Indicate range of frequencies over which the
received Doppler spectrum is above a certain
value.
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Doppler Spread (BD)
If the baseband signal bandwidth is much

greater than BD then effect of Doppler spread
is negligible at the receiver.
This a slow fading channel.
Coherence Time
Coherence time is the time duration over which the channel impulse response
is essentially invariant.
If the symbol period of the baseband signal (reciprocal of the baseband signal
bandwidth) is greater the coherence time, than the signal will distort, since
channel will change during the transmission of the signal .
TS Coherence time (TC) is defined as:
TC TC ≈ 1
fm
f2
f1
t1 ∆t=t2 - t1 t2
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Coherence Time
Coherence time is also defined as (Thumb rule Definition):
0.423
TC ≈ 9
16πf m2
=
fm
Coherence time definition implies that two signals arriving with a time
separation greater than TC are affected differently by the channel.
A large coherence time => Channel changes slowly
Types of Small-scale Fading

Small-scale Fading
(Based on Multipath Tİme Delay Spread)
Flat Fading Frequency Selective Fading
1. BW Signal < BW of Channel 1. BW Signal > Bw of Channel

2. Delay Spread < Symbol Period 2. Delay Spread > Symbol Period
Small-scale Fading
(Based on Doppler Spread)
Fast Fading Slow Fading
1. Low Doppler Spread

1. High Doppler Spread
2. Coherence Time > Symbol Period
2. Coherence Time < Symbol Period
3. Channel variations smaller than baseband
3. Channel variations faster than baseband
signal variations
signal variations
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Flat Fading
Occurs when the amplitude of the received

signal changes with time
For example Rayleigh Distribution
Occurs when symbol period of the
transmitted signal is much larger than the
Delay Spread of the channel
Bandwidth of the applied signal is narrow.
May cause deep fades.

Increase the transmit power to combat this situation.
Flat Fading
s(t) r(t)
h(t,τ)
τ << TS
0 TS 0 τ 0 TS+τ
Occurs when: BC: Coherence bandwidth

BS << BC BS: Signal bandwidth
and TS: Symbol period
TS >> στ στ: Delay Spread
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Frequency Selective Fading
Occurs when channel multipath delay spread

is greater than the symbol period.
Symbols face time dispersion
Channel induces Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
Bandwidth of the signal s(t) is wider than the
channel impulse response.
Frequency Selective Fading

s(t) r(t)
h(t,τ)
τ >> TS
0 TS 0 τ 0 TS TS+τ
Causes distortion of the received baseband signal
Causes Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

Occurs when:
BS > BC As a rule of thumb: TS < στ
and
TS < στ
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Fast Fading
Due to Doppler Spread

Rate of change of the channel characteristics
is larger than the
Rate of change of the transmitted signal
The channel changes during a symbol period.
The channel changes because of receiver motion.
Coherence time of the channel is smaller than the symbol
period of the transmitter signal
Occurs when: BS: Bandwidth of the signal

BS < BD BD: Doppler Spread
and TS: Symbol Period
TS > TC TC: Coherence Bandwidth
Slow Fading
Due to Doppler Spread

Rate of change of the channel characteristics
is much smaller than the
Rate of change of the transmitted signal
Occurs when: BS: Bandwidth of the signal

BS >> BD BD: Doppler Spread
and TS: Symbol Period
TS << TC TC: Coherence Bandwidth
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Different Types of Fading

TS
Flat Fast
Flat Slow
Fading
Fading
Symbol Period of
Transmitting Signal
στ Frequency Selective Frequency Selective

Slow Fading Fast Fading
TC
TS
Transmitted Symbol Period
With Respect To SYMBOL PERIOD
Different Types of Fading

BS
Frequency Selective Frequency Selective
Fast Fading Slow Fading
Transmitted
Baseband BC
Signal Bandwidth
Flat Fast Flat Slow

Fading Fading
BD
BS
Transmitted Baseband Signal Bandwidth
With Respect To BASEBAND SIGNAL BANDWIDTH
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Fading Distributions
Describes how the received signal amplitude

changes with time.
Remember that the received signal is combination of multiple
signals arriving from different directions, phases and
amplitudes.
With the received signal we mean the baseband signal,
namely the envelope of the received signal (i.e. r(t)).
Its is a statistical characterization of the multipath
fading.
Two distributions
Rayleigh Fading
Ricean Fading
Rayleigh and Ricean Distributions
Describes the received signal envelope

distribution for channels, where all the
components are non-LOS:
i.e. there is no line-of–sight (LOS) component.
Describes the received signal envelope
distribution for channels where one of the
multipath components is LOS component.
i.e. there is one LOS component.
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Rayleigh Fading
Rayleigh
Rayleigh distribution has the probability density function (PDF) given by:
  r2 
− 
r  2 
 e  2σ 
p ( r ) = σ 2 (0 ≤ r ≤ ∞ )

0 ( r < 0)
σ2 is the time average power of the received signal before envelope detection.
σ is the rms value of the received voltage signal before envelope detection
Remember: P (average power) ∝ V 2 (see end of slides 5)

rms
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Rayleigh
The probability that the envelope of the received signal does not exceed a
specified value of R is given by the CDF:
R R2
−
P( R) = Pr ( r ≤ R) = ∫ p (r ) dr = 1 − e 2σ 2
∞
π
rmean = E[r ] = ∫ rp (r )dr = σ = 1.2533σ
0
2
rmedian
1
rmedian = 1.177σ found by solving =
2 ∫ p(r )dr
0
rrms = 2σ
Rayleigh PDF
0.7
0.6065/σ
0.6
mean = 1.2533σ
median = 1.177σ
0.5
variance = 0.4292σ2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 σ1 2σ
2 3σ
3 4σ
4 5σ
5
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Ricean Distribution
When there is a stationary (non-fading) LOS

signal present, then the envelope distribution
is Ricean.
The Ricean distribution degenerates to
Rayleigh when the dominant component
fades away.
Level Crossing Rate (LCR)
Threshold (R)
LCR is defined as the expected rate at which the Rayleigh fading

envelope, normalized to the local rms signal level, crosses a specified
threshold level R in a positive going direction
direction. It is given by:
R = 2π f m ρe − ρ
2
where
ρ = R / rrms (specfied envelope value normalized to rms)
R : crossings per second
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Average Fade Duration

Defined as the average period of time for which the received signal is
below a specified level R.
For Rayleigh distributed fading signal, it is given by:
τ=
1
R
Pr[ r ≤ R ] =
1
R
1 − e−ρ
2
( )
eρ −1
2
R
τ= , ρ=
ρf m 2π rrms
Fading Model –
Gilbert-Elliot Model
Fade Period
Signal
Amplitude
Threshold
Time t
Good Bad
(Non-fade) (Fade)
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Gilbert-Elliot Model
1/AFD
Good Bad
(Non-fade) (Fade)
1/ANFD
The channel is modeled as a Two-State Markov Chain.

Each state duration is memory-less and exponentially distributed.
The rate going from Good to Bad state is: 1/AFD (AFD: Avg Fade Duration)
The rate going from Bad to Good state is: 1/ANFD (ANFD: Avg Non-Fade
Duration)
23

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6/3/2011

Mobile Radio Propagation -

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 1

Summary what we have learnt so far

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 2

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 3

Parameters of Mobile Multipath

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 4

Power Delay Profile

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 5

Example power delay profile

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 6

Example: Outdoor Power Delay Profile

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 7

Example: Indoor Power Delay Profile

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 8

Time Dispersion Parameters

Grossly quantifies the multipath channel

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 9

Time Dispersion Parameters

Determined from a power delay profile.

Mean excess delay( τ ):

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 10

Time Dispersion Parameters

Rms delay spread (στ):

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 11

Rms delay spread (στ)

Characterizes time-dispersiveness of the

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 12

Timer Dispersion Parameters

Maximum Excess Delay (X dB):

It is also called excess delay spread.

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 13

RMS Delay Spread

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 14

Coherence Bandwidth (BC)

Multipath Channel Frequency Separation: |f1-f2|

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 15

Coherence Bandwidth (BC)

Range of frequencies over which the channel can be

Multipath Channel Frequency Separation: |f1-f2|

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 16

Coherence Bandwidth (BC)

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 17

If we define Coherence Bandwidth (BC) as the range of frequencies over which

1 σ is rms delay spread.

If we define Coherence Bandwidth as the range of frequencies over which

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 18

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 19

Delay spread and Coherence bandwidth

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 20

Doppler Spread (BD)

Measure of spectral broadening caused by

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 21

Doppler Spread (BD)

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 22

Doppler Spread (BD)

If the baseband signal bandwidth is much

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 23

TS Coherence time (TC) is defined as:

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 24

A large coherence time => Channel changes slowly

TE 702 © Dr. Imran Khan, 2011 25

R : crossings per second