1.

(i) O3: Exp 2 has 4 times [H2] as Exp 1

and rate increases by 4 (1),
so order = 1 with respect to O3 (1)
C2H4: Exp 3 has 2 × [C2H4] and 2 × [O3] as Exp 2;
and rate has increased by 4 (1),
so order = 1 with respect to C2H4 (1)
rate = k [O3] [C2H4] (1) 5

–12 –7 –8
(ii) use of k = rate / [O3] [C2H4] = 1.0 × 10 / (0.5 × 10 × 1.0 × 10 )
to obtain a calculated value (1)
3
k = 2 × 10 (1)
3 –1 –1
units: dm mol s (1) 3

–12 –13 –3 –1
(iii) rate = 1.0 × 10 /4 = 2.5 × 10 (mol dm s ) (1) 1

(iv) rate increases and k increases (1) 1

[10]

2. 1½O2(g) → O3(g)/
O2(g) + ½O2(g) → O3(g) (1)
NO is a catalyst (1) as it is (used up in step 1 and) regenerated in step 2/
not used up in the overall reaction(1)
allow 1 mark for ‘O/NO2 with explanation of regeneration.’ 3
[3]

+
3. (i) H /proton donor (1) 1
(ii) partially dissociates/ionises (1) 1
[2]

– –
4. C6H5OH(aq) + OH (aq) C6H5O (aq) + H2O(l)
acid 1base 2 base 1 acid 2 (1) 1
[1]

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 – +
5. (i) Ka = [C6H5O (aq)] [H (aq)] / [C6H5OH(aq)] (1) 1
(ii) Mr C6H5OH = 94 (1)
–3
[C6H5OH(aq)] 4.7/94 = 0.050 mol dm (1)
–10 + 2 –3
1.3 × 10 ≈ [H (aq)] / 0.050 mol dm (1) (‘=’ sign is acceptable)
+ –10 –6 –3
[H ] = √{(1.3 × 10 ) × (0.050) } = 2.55 × 10 mol dm (1)
–6
pH = –log[H+] = –log 2.55 × 10 = 5.59 (1)
+ +
3 marks: [H ]; pH expression ; calc of pH from [H ] 5
[6]

+ –9 –3
6. [H (aq)] = 1.99 × 10 mol dm (1)
– +
[C6H5O (aq)] = Ka [C6H5OH(aq)] / [H (aq)](1)
– –3
[C6H5O (aq)] = 0.13 mol dm (1) 3
Calculation should use half the original concentration of
phenol to find the concentration of sodium phenoxide in the
buffer. This should then be doubled back up again.
Do not penalise an approach that uses the original
concentration of phenol in the expression above.
[3]

7. (a) rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction (1)

concentrations of reactants and products are constant but they are
constantly interchanging (1) 2

2
(b) (i) Kc = [CH3OH] / [CO] [H2] (1) 1
2
(ii) use of Kc = [CH3OH] / [CO] [H2] and moles to
obtain a calculated value (1)
–3 –3
convert moles to concentration by +2: [CO] = 3.10 × 10 mol dm ;
–5 –3 –2 –3
[H2] = 2.60 × 10 mol dm ; [CH3OH] = 2.40 × 10 mol dm (1)
–5 –3 –2 2
Kc = [2.60 × 10 ] / [3.10 × 10 ] [2.40 × 10 ] = 14.6 / 14.56 (1)
If moles not converted to concentration, calculated Kc value = 3.64
(scores 1st and 3rd marks)
6 –2
units: dm mol (1) 4

(c) (i) fewer moles of gas on right hand side (1) 1

(ii) None (1) 1

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 (d) (i) moved to left hand side/reactants increase/less products (1) 1
(ii) ∆H negative because high temperature favours the
endothermic direction (1) 1

(e) (i) CH3OH + 1½ O2 → CO2 + 2H2O(1) 1

(ii) adds oxygen/oxygenated (1) 1
[13]

8. (i) H2: Exp 2 has 2.5 times [H2] as Exp 1

and rate increases by 2.5 (1),
so order = 1 with respect to H2 (1) 2
NO: Exp 3 has 3 x [NO] as Exp 2;
2
and rate has increased by 9 = 3 (1),
so order = 2 with respect to NO (1) 2
QWC At least two complete sentences where the meaning is clear. 1

2
(ii) rate = k[NO] [H2] (1) 1

rate 2. 6
2
/
2
(iii) k = [NO] [ H 2 ] 0.10 × 0.20 (1)
6 –2 –1
= 1300 (1) units: dm mol s (1)
–4 x
allow 1 mark for 7.69 × 10 or 1.3 × 10 (x not 3) 3
[9]

9. (i) 1½O2(g) → O3(g)/

O2(g) + ½O2(g) → O3(g) (1)
NO is a catalyst (1) as it is (used up in step 1 and)
regenerated in step 2/
not used up in the overall reaction(1)
allow 1 mark for ‘O/NO2 with explanation of regeneration.’ 3

(ii) Rate = k[NO] [O3] (1)

Species in rate equation match those reactants in the slow
step / rate determining step (1) 2
[5]

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 [PCl 3 ][Cl 2 ]
10. (a) Kc = [PCl 5 ] (1) 1

–3 –3
(b) (i) PCl5 > 0.3 mol dm ; PCl3 and Cl2 < 0.3 mol dm (1) 1
(ii) At start, system is out of equilibrium with too much PCl3
and Cl2 and not enough PCL5 /
0.3 × 0.3
0.3 = 0.3 is greater than Kc = 0.245 mol dm–3 (1) 1

(c) (i) Kc does not change as temperature is the same (1) 1

(ii) Fewer moles on left hand side (1)
system moves to the left to compensate for increase in
pressure by producing less molecules (1) 2

(d) (i) Kc decreases (as more reactants than products)(1) 1

(ii) Forward reaction is exothermic/

reverse reaction is endothermic (1)
equilibrium → left to oppose increase in energy/
because Kc decreases (1) 2
[9]

11. (a) (i) Ionic product (1) 1

+ –
(ii) Kw = [H (aq)] [OH (aq)] (1) state symbols not needed 1

5 × 10 −3 × 21.35
1000 –4
(b) moles of HCl = = 1.067 × 10 mol (1)
1.067 × 10 4
2 –5
moles of Ca(OH)2 = = 5.34 × 10 mol (1)
–5
concentration of Ca(OH)2 = 40 × 5.34 × 10
–3 –3
= 2.136 × 10 mol dm (1)
–3 –3 –3
2 marks for 4.27 × 10 / 8.54 × 10 mol dm
(no factor of 4) 3

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 – –3 –3 –3
(c) [OH ] = 2 × 2.7 × 10 = 5.4 × 10 mol dm (1)
Kw 1.0 × 10 −14
−
=
[H (aq)] = [OH (aq)]
+ 5.4 × 10 −3 = 1.85 × 10–12 mol dm–3 (1)
–12
pH = –log (1.85 × 10 ) = 11.73/11.7 (1) 3
+
ecf is possible for pH mark providing that the [H ]
–
value has been derived from Kw/[OH ]
st
If pOH method is used, pOH = 2.27. would get 1 mark,
nd
pH = 14 – 2.27 = 11.73 gets 2 mark.
-- –3
Commonest mistake will be to not double OH and to use 2.7 × 10
This gives ecf answer of 11.43/11.4, worth 2 marks.
pH = 11.13 from dividing by 2: worth 2 marks

(d) 8 (1) 1
[9]

12. (a) Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 → Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4 (1) 1

– + 2–
(b) H2PO4 (aq) H (aq) + HPO4 (aq) /
– + 3–
H2PO4 (aq) 2H (aq) + PO4 (aq) (1)
+
(or equivalent with H2O forming H3O ) 1

2–
(c) (i) HPO4 (1) 1
(ii) H3PO4 (1) 1
–
(iii) H2PO4 produced Ca(H2PO4)2 or on LHS of an attempted
equilibrium equation (1)
2 equations/equilibria to shown action of buffer (1)(1)
from:
– +
H2PO4 + H H3PO4 /
– + 2–
H2PO4 H + HPO4 /
– – 2–
H2PO4 + OH H2O + HPO4 /
+ –
H + OH H2O 3
[7]

13. Correct equation for a metal (1)

Correct equation for a carbonate (1)
Correct equation for a base (1) 3
[3]

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 + –
14. (a) partial dissociation: HCOOH H + HCOO (1) 1

–3
(b) (i) pH = –log (1.55 × 10 ) = 2.81/2.8 (1)
+
[H ] deals with negative indices over a very wide range/
pH makes numbers manageable
/removes very small numbers (1) 2

[ H + (aq)][HCOO − (aq)]
(ii) Ka = [HCOOH(aq)] (1) (state symbols not needed) 1

[H + (aq)] 2 (1.55 × 10 −3 ) 2
=
(iii) Ka = [HCOOH(aq)] 0.015 (1)
–4 –3
= 1.60 × 10 (mol dm )(1)
–4
pKa = –log Ka = –log (1.60 × 10 ) = 3.80 (1) 3

(1.55 ×10 −3 ) × 100

(iv) Percentage dissociating = 0.015 = 10.3 % /
10% (1) 1
(working not required)
[8]

15. (i) HCOOH + NaOH → HCOONa + H2O (1) 1

state symbols not needed

–4
(ii) n(HCOOH) = 0.0150 × 25.00/1000 = 3.75 × 10 (1)
3
volume of NaOH(aq) that reacts is 30 cm (1)
–4 –3
so [NaOH] = 3.75 × 10 × 1000/30 = 0.0125 mol dm (1) 2
+ –
(iii) Kw = [H (aq)][OH (aq)] (1)
–14
pH = –log(1 × 10 /0.0125) = 12.10/12.1 (1)
(calc 12.09691001) 3

(iv) metacresol purple (1)

pH range coincides with pH change during sharp rise OR
pH 6-10 /coincides with equivalence point/end point (1) 2
[8]

[HI] 2
16. (a) Kc = [ H 2 ][ I 2 ] (1) 1

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 (b) (i) H2 I2 HI
0.30 0.20 0
0.14 0.04 0.32
(1) (1) 2

0.32 2
(ii) Kc = 0.14 × 0.04 = 18.28571429 (1)
= 18 (to 2 sig figs) (1)
no units (1)
(or ecf based on answers to (i) and/or (a)) 3

(c) Kc is constant (1)

Composition of mixture is the same (1) 2
[8]

17. (i) I2(aq) + H2S(g) → 2HI(aq) + S(s)

species and balance (1)
state symbols: accept (s) for I2; (aq) for H2S (1) 2

(ii) amount I2 reacted = 1.89 mol / HI formed = 3.44 mol (1)

theoretical amount HI produced = 3.78 mol/484 g (1)
3.44 × 100 440 × 100
or
% yield = 3.78 484 = 91.0 % (1) 3

3.44 × 1000
750 –3
(iii) [HI] = = 4.58/4.59 mol dm (1)
pH = –log 4.59 = –0.66 (1) 2
[7]

18. From graph, constant half-life (1)

st
Therefore 1 order w.r.t. [CH3COCH3] (1) 2
+
From table, rate doubles when [H ] doubles (1)
st +
Therefore 1 order w.r.t. [H ] (1) 2
From table, rate stays same when [I2] doubles (1)
Therefore zero order w.r.t. [I2] (1)
Order with no justification does not score. 2
+
rate = k[H ][CH3COCH3] (1)
(from all three pieces of evidence)

rate 2.1 × 10−9

+
/ −3
k = [H ][CH 3COCH 3 ] 0.02 × 1.5 × 10 (1)

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 –5 3 –1 –1
= 7.0 × 10 (1) dm mol s (1) 4
–5
accept 7 × 10

rate determining step involves species in rate equation (1)

two steps that add up to give the overall equation (1)
The left hand side of a step that contains the species in rate-determining step (1)
i.e., for marking points 2 and 3:
+ +
CH3COCH3 + H → [CH3COHCH3]
+ +
[CH3COHCH3 ] + I2 → CH3COCH2I + HI + H 3
organises relevant information clearly and coherently,
using specialist vocabulary where appropriate
Use of the following four words/phrases:
constant, half-life, order, doubles/x2 (1) 1
[14]

19. (a) (i) (+)1 (1) 1

(ii)

N N O N N O

o r
Look for atoms bonded together.
AND other lone pairs. 1

(b) (i) C13H18O2 (1)

(ii) any chemical that reacts to produce gas:
e.g. carbonate and CO2 (1)
accept: metal more reactive than Pb and H2
balanced equation to match chemical added (1) 3

(c) Mr(Lidocaine) = 236 (1)

-3 –4
Moles Novocaine = 100 × 10 /236 = 4.24 × 10 (1)
–4
Concentration of Novocaine = 4.24 × 10 × (1000/5)
–3
= 0.0847/0.0848/0.085 mol dm (1) 3

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 3.74
(d) mass C = 12 × 44.0 = 1.02 g /
3.74
moles CO2 = 44 = 0.085 mol (1)
2
mass H = 18 × 0.918 = 0.102 g /
0.918
moles H2O = 18 = 0.051 mol (1) 2
1.02 0.102
:
ratio C : H = 12 1 = 0.0850 : 0.102 = 5 : 6 / 10 : 12/
ratio CO2 : H2O = 5 : 3 / 10 : 6 (1)
mass O = 1.394 – (1.020 + 0.102) = 0.272 g
/ using 1.394 g eugenol and Mr = 164, shows that 1
molecule contains 2 atoms of O (1) 2
∴ molecular formula = C10H12O2 (1) 1
[13]

20. (a) (change in) concentration/mass/volume with time 1

(b) (i) O2:

Exp 2 has 4 × [O2] as Exp. 1: rate increases by 4 (1),
so order = 1 with respect to O2 (1)
NO:
Exp 3 has 3 × [NO] as Exp. 3: rate has increases by 9 (1),
so order = 2 with respect to NO (1) 4

2
(ii) rate = k[O2] [NO] (1) 1

rate 7.10
2
=
(iii) k = [O 2 ][ NO] 0.0010 × 0.0010 2 = 7.10 × 109 (1)
6 –2 –1
units: dm mol s (1) 2
[8]

21. (i) The slowest step (1) 1

(ii) 2NO2 → NO + NO3 (1)
NO3 + CO → NO2 + CO2 (1) 2
(or similar stage involving intermediates)
[3]

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22. (a) strength of acid/extent of dissociation/ionisation (1) 1

– +
(b) (i) H2SO3(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) HSO3 (aq) + CH3COOH2 (aq)
acid 1 base 2 (1) base 1 acid 2 (1) 2
1 mark for labels on each side of equation

(ii) CH3COOH is the stronger acid/

Ka CH3COOH is greater/
CH3COOH is more acidic ORA (1)
+ –
C6H5OH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) C6H5OH2 (aq) + CH3COO (aq) (1) 2

+
(c) For HCl, pH = –log[H ] (1) (or with values).
Could be awarded below
= –log 0.045 = 1.35 (1) (accept 1.3)
+
For CH3COOH, [H ] = √(Ka × [CH3COOH]) /
–5
√(1.70 × 10 × 0.045) (1)
+ –4 –3
[H ] = 8.75 × 10 mol dm (1)
–4
pH = –log 8.75 × 10 = 3.058/3.06 (1) (accept 3.1) 5
[10]

23. HCl and CH3COOH have same number of moles/

+
release same number of moles H /
1 mole of each acid produce ½ mol of H2 (1)
+ +
[H ] in CH3COOH < [H ] in HCl/
CH3COOH is a weaker acid than HCl (ora) (1)
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 (1)
Mg + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2 (1)
or
+ 2+
Mg + 2H → Mg + H2 (1)(1) 4
[4]

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24. amount of NaOH in titration = 0.175 x 22.05/1000
–3 –3
or 3.86 × 10 (1) (calc: 3.85875 x 10 )
3
amount of A in 25.0 cm = 0.5 × mol NaOH
–3 –3
or 1.93 × 10 (1) (calc: 1.929375 × 10 )
3 –3 –2
amount of A in 250 cm = 10 × 1.93 × 10 or 1.93 × 10 (1)
–2
1.93 × 10 mol A has a mass of 2.82 g
–2 –1
molar mass of A = 2.82/1.93 × 10 = 146 g mol (1)
(or Mr of A is 146)
Therefore A is adipic acid / HOOC(CH2)4COOH (1) 5
[5]

p(SO 3 ) 2
2
25. (a) Kp = p(SO 2 ) × p(O 2 ) (1)(1)
1 mark for correct powers but wrong way up.
1 mark for square brackets 2

(b) An increase in pressure moves equilibrium to the right because

there are less gaseous moles on the right hand side (1)
Increased pressures are expensive to generate/safety problems
with walls of containers/enables gases to flow (1)
Kp gets less with increasing temperature (1)
SO2 and O2 increase/SO3 decreases (1)
Equilibrium → left to oppose increase in temperature (1)
Forward reaction is exothermic or ΔH is –ve /reverse
reaction is endothermic or ΔH is +ve because Kp gets less
with increasing temperature (1) 6
QoWC: organises relevant information clearly and
coherently, using specialist vocabulary where appropriate (1) 1

p(SO 3 ) 2
3.0 × 10 = 10 × 50 (1)
2 2
(c)
2 2
p(SO3) = √(3.0 × 10 × 10 × 50) = 1225 kPa (1)
%(SO3) = 100 × 1225 /(1225 + 10 + 50) = 95% (1) 3

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 (d) (i) 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 (1)(1)
ZnS, O2 as reactants and SO2 as a product: 1st mark.
nd
ZnO and balance: 2 mark 2
(ii) ZnS is more available than S. (1) 1
[15]

26. (a) (i) O3: 1

and C2H4 (1) 1
(ii) 2 (1) 1
(iii) rate = k[O3] [C2H4] (1) 1

(b) (i) measure gradient/tangent (1)

at t = 0/start of reaction (1) 2
rate
(ii) k = [O 2 ][C 2 H 4 ] (1)
1.0 × 10 −12
−7 −8
k = 0.5 × 10 × 1.0 × 10 = 2 × 10 (1) dm mol s (1)
3 3 –1 –1
3

(iii) 2 mol CH2O forms for every 0.5 mol O2 /

stoichiometry of CH2O : O2 is not 1:1 (1) 1
(iv) rate increases (1)
k increases (1) 2
[11]

27. (i) each atom has two unpaired electrons (1) 1

(ii) 2 oxygen atoms bonded by double bond (1)
third oxygen bonded by a covalent bond and outer shells correct (1)
nd
For 2 mark, all O atoms must have an octet.
A triangular molecule would have 3 single covalent bonds
st nd
for 1 mark but the origin of each electron must be clear for 2 mark 2
3 3
(iii) amount of O3 in 150 kg = 150 × 10 /48 = 3.13 × 10 mol (1)
–2
amount of Cl radicals in 1 g = 1 /35.5 = 2.82 × 10 mol (1)
3 –2 5
1 mol Cl destroys 3.13 × 10 /2.82 × 10 = 1.11 × 10 mol O3
5
1 Cl radical destroys 1.11 × 10 O3 molecules (1)
(calculator: 110937) 3
[6]

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28. (i) proton donor (1) 1
(ii) partially dissociates (1) 1
[2]

– –
29. C6H5OH(aq) + OH (aq) C6H5O (aq) + H2O(l)
acid 1 base 2 (1) base 1 acid 2 (1)
1 mark for each acid-base pair
[2]

[C 6 H 5 O − ][H + ]
30. (i) Ka = [C 6 H 5 OH] (1) 1
–3
(ii) concentration = 38/94 (1) = 0.40 mol dm (1)
(first mark for Mr of phenol – incorrect answer here will give
ecf for remainder of question)
[H + (aq)] 2
–10 0.40
1.3 × 10 ≈ (1)
(‘=’ sign is acceptable)
+ –10 –6 –3
[H ] = √{(1.3 × 10 ) × (0.40)} = 7.2 × 10 mol dm (1)
+ –6
pH = –log[H ] = –log 7.2 × 10 = 5.14 (1) 5
+ +
3 marks: [H ] (1); pH expression (1); calc of pH from [H ] (1)
Common errors:
Without square root, answer = 10.28 (1)(1)(0)
st
Use of 38 as molar concentration does not score 1 2 marks.
This gives an answer of 4.15 for 3 marks (1)(1)(1)
[6]

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31.
O -N +
a

O -N +
a

C 2H( C 2 )H4 C 3H
/ NaOH /Na (1)
weak acid/base pair mixture formed (1) 2
On structure, 1 mark for O Na on either or both phenol groups.
[2]

3 –3
32. moles HCl in 23.2 cm = 0.200 × 23.2/1000 = 4.64 × 10 (1)
3 –3
moles B in 25 cm = moles HCl = 4.64 × 10 (1)
3 –3 –2
moles B in 250 cm = 4.64 × 10 × 10 = 4.64 × 10 (1)
–2
4.64 × 10 mol B has a mass of 4.32 g
–2 –1
molar mass of B = 4.32/4.64 × 10 = 93 g mol (1)
93 – 16 = 77 (1)
Therefore B is phenylamine / C6H5NH2 (1) 6
There may be other valid structures that are amines. These can
be credited provided that everything adds up to 93.
Answer could be a primary, secondary or tertiary amines.
[6]

33. (a) (i) constant half-life (1) 1

(ii) rate = k[N2O5] (1) 1
Common error will be to use ‘2’ from equation.

(iii) curve downwards getting less steep (1)

curve goes through 1200,0.30; 2400,0.15; 3600,0.075 (1) 2
(iv) tangent shown on graph at t = 1200 s (1) 1

–4 –3 –1
(v) 3.7(2) × 10 (1) mol dm s (1)
x
ecf possible from (ii) using [N2O5]
nd –4
(2 order answer: 2.2(3) × 10 ) 2
[7]

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34. (i) slow step (1) 1
(ii) (CH3)2C=CH2 + H2O → (CH3)3COH (1) 1
+
(iii) H is a catalyst (1)
+
H used in first step and formed in second step/
regenerated/ not used up (1) 2
+
(iv) rate = k [(CH3)2C=CH2] [H ] (1)
+
common error will be use of H2O instead of H 1
[5]

35. (a) High Pressure

Equilibrium → right as fewer moles on right hand side
and the shift reduces number of molecules/compensates
for increasing pressure (1)
Rate increases/ more collisions (1) 2
High temperature
Equilibrium → left as equilibrium goes to the left to
compensate for increased temperature/absorbs the
energy/in endothermic direction (ora) (1)
Rate increases/ more successful collisions (1) 2
Other effect
High pressures expensive/ high temperatures expensive
/high pressures cause safety problems (1) 1
QWC: One correct statement followed by correct explanation (1) 1

(b) (i) CO H2 CH3OH

1.0 2.0 0.0
0.9 1.8 (1) 0.1 (1)
0.9/2.8 or 0.321 or 0.32/0.3 1.8/2.8 or 0.643 or
0.64/0.6 0.1/2.8 or 0.036 or 0.04 (1)
3.21 (MPa) 6.43 (MPa) 0.36 (MPa) (1)
rd th
In 3 and 4 rows, ecf from previous row 4

p(CH 3 OH)
2
(ii) Kp = p(CO) × p(H 2 ) (1)(1)
1 mark for Kc / use of any [ ] /inverted/power missing. 2

(iii) Kp stays the same (1)

Equilibrium position moves to the right/yield increases (1)
in response to increase in reactants (1)
0.261
2
Kp = 3.70 × 5.10 = 2.71 × 10 (1) MPa (1)
–3 –2
3
–3
(iv) calc value 2.7120546 × 10 ; answer and/or units ecf from (ii) 2

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 (c) CH3OH + 1.5O2 → CO2 + 2H2O (1) 1
[18]

36. (i) completely dissociates/ionised (1)

proton donor (1) 2

–
(ii) NO3 (1) 1
[3]

+
37. (i) pH = –log[H ] / –log(0.015) (1) = 1.82 / 1.8 (1) (Not 2) 2
+ –3
(ii) [H ] = 0.0075 mol dm
pH = –log(0.0075) = 2.12 / 2.1 (1) 1
[3]

+ –
38. (i) Kw = [H (aq)] [OH (aq)] (1) 1
state symbols not needed
+ –pH –13.54 –14 –3
(ii) [H (aq)] = 10 = 10
= 2.88/2.9 × 10 mol dm (1)
Kw 1.0 × 10 −14
+
= −14
[NaOH] / [OH (aq)] = [H (aq)] 2.88 × 10
–
–3
= 0.347 / 0.35 mol dm (1) 2
[3]

39. (i) a solution that minimises/resists/opposes pH changes (1) 1

(ii) The buffer must contain both CH3COOH and CH3COONa /

–
CH3COO /weak acid and conjugate base(*) (1)
Solution A is a mixture of CH3COOH(*) and CH3COONa(*) /
/ has an excess of acid /is acidic (1)
–
Solution B, contains only CH3COONa/ only CH3COO
/only the salt/ is neutral (1)
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) /
acid/alkali has been neutralised/
CH3COOH(aq) and NaOH react together (1) 4
[5]

+
40. [H ] increases (1)

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 H2O ionises more /
+ –
for H2O H + OH , equilibrium moves to the right (1) 2
exo/endo is ‘noise’
[2]

+ +
41. (a) (i) Ca is smaller than Ca/ proton : electron ratio in Ca > Ca (1)
greater attraction from nucleus (1) 2

–
(ii) “oxide” ion, O and electron are both negative (1)
hence energy is required to overcome repulsion (1) 2

nd
(b) completes Born-Haber cycle showing 1st IE↑ 2nd IE↑ 1st EA ↓ 2
EA↑
and LE↓(1)(1)(1) (lose 1 mark for each error/omission)
–1
LE = –(1)3451 kJ mol (1) 5

(c) differences in size of lattice enthalpies linked to ionic sizes/attraction

using more/less exothermic rather than bigger or smaller. (1)
2+ 2+
Mg is smaller/Mg has greater charge density(1)
2–
hence has stronger attraction for O (1) 3
[12]

–1
42. (i) 525 kJ mol (1) 1
–1 –1
(ii) 193.6 J K mol (1) 1
(iii) uses ∆G = ∆H – T∆S (1)
To be feasible, ∆G = 0 or ∆G < 0 (1)
minimum T = ∆H / ∆S (1)
Converts ∆S from J to kJ/÷1000 or converts ∆H from kJ to J (1)
2712 K/ 2438 °C / 2439 °C (1) (units essential) 5
[7]

2+ –
43. (i) oxidation: Fe → Fe + 2e (1)
3+ – 2+
reduction: V + e → V (1) 2
(ii) Ecell = 0.18 V (1) 1
[3]

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44. (i) system III × 2 and reversed + system IV (1)
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O/
H2 + ½O2 → H2O (1) 2
(ii) advantages:
only H2O formed/ non-polluting
greater efficiency (1)
disadvantages:
H2 difficult to store (1)
H2 difficult to manufactured initially /
limited life cycle of H2 adsorber/absorber (1) 4
[6]

45. Definition – maximum 3 marks

2+ –
Mg (g) + 2Cl (g) → MgCl2(s) (1)
The enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of
one mole of a solid (compound) (1);
from its constituent gaseous ions (1)
Allow marks from an equation
Allow energy released / energy change
Not energy required
Allow ionic compound / salt
Born-Haber cycle – maximum 5 marks
Correct formulae on cycle (1)
Correct state symbols (1)
Use of 2 moles of Cl(g) ie 246 (1)
–
Use of 2 moles of Cl (g) 1.e. 698 (1)
–1
–2526 kJ mol (1)
Every formula must have the correct state symbol at least once
Allow -2403 / -2875 (2)
Allow -2752 (1)
Unit required

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 Comparison – maximum 3 marks
Any three from
+ 2+
Na has a larger radius than Mg / ora (1)
– –
Br has a larger radius than Cl / ora (1)
+ 2+
Na has a lower charge than Mg / ora (1)
2+ –
Strongest attraction is between Mg and Cl / MgCl2 has
the strongest attraction between its ions / ora (1)
Penalise the use of incorrect particle only once within the
answer.
Penalise it the first time an incorrect particle is mentioned
Or
+ 2+
Na has a lower charge density than Mg / ora (1)
– –
Br has a lower charge density than Cl / ora (1)
Strongest attraction between ions which have the
highest charge density / MgCl2 has the strongest
attraction between its ions / ora (1)
And QWC
One mark for correct spelling, punctuation and grammar
in at least two sentences (1) 12
[12]

46. (a) Emf/voltage/potential difference (of electrochemical cell) 1

2+
comprising a (Cu/Cu ) half cell combined with a standard
hydrogen electrode 1
–3
1 atm, 1 mol.dm , 298K (all 3 needed but can transfer mark if stated in (b)) 1

(b) Salt bridge and voltmeter 1

–3 +
Platinum electrode dipping into 1 mol dm H 1
Hydrogen gas feed 1
(Accept a suitable alternative standard electrode)
[6]

47. (a) (i) Stainless steel + corrosion resistance or alloys for tools
+ hardness or other named alloy/use/property 1
Allow chrome plating with attractive or barrier to corrosion

2 2 6 2 6 5 1 1 5
(ii) Chromium 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s (allow….4s 3d ) 1

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 2– + 2+ 3+ 3+
(b) (i) Cr2O7 + 14H + 6Fe → 2Cr + 6Fe + 7H2O 1
2– 3+
Cr2O7 / Cr has more positive electrode potential 1
2–
Therefore Cr2O7 is the stronger oxidising agent which
2+ 3+
oxidises Fe to Fe (ora) 1
(ii) Emf = (+) 0.56 V 1
[6]

2–
48. (i) SO4 → H2S: S from +6 to –2 (1)
–
I → I2: I from –1 to 0 (1) 2
+ 2– –
(ii) 10H + SO4 + 8I → 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O (1) 1
[3]

49. (a) (i) Ionisation energy refers to removing electrons that

are attracted to the nucleus / energy needed to
overcome the force of attraction between outer
electrons and nucleus (1) 1

(ii) Electron affinity involves an electron (being

gained) experiencing attraction to the nucleus (1) 1

(b) (i) Correct state symbols (1);

Allow 1 error or omission in state symbols.
Providing formula has correct state symbols once in cycle this
is sufficient
Correct formula (1);
Correct cycle with labelling or energy values (1) 3

(ii) = +178 + 249 + 798 + (–141) + 1150 + 590 + (–3459) (1)

–1
= –635 kJ mol (1) 2
Final answer must have correct units
–1
+635 kJ mol scores 0

(iii) Ionic radius of iron(II) less (than that of calcium ion) /

2+ 2+
charge density of Fe greater (than that of Ca ) /. ora (1) 1
[8]

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 +
50. (a) VO2 1
(b) (i) B and D 1

(ii)

S a l t b r i d g e
V

2
V O / + H+ / V 3 +

2
V /+ V3 +

P l a t i n u m / c a r b o n

Allow ecf from (b) (i)

Solutions can be reversed. 4

(iii) 298 K / 25 °C temperature

–3
all solutions 1 mol dm
Both needed for 1 mark. Ignore any reference to pressure 1
[7]

51. (a) A = Platinum(electrode)

+
B = H (aq) / HCl(aq) / other suitable acid
C = Voltmeter / galvanometer
D = Cl2(g)
State symbols needed for B and D
All correct = 2, 3 correct = 1 2

(b) (i) Arrow marked on or close to wire via voltmeter pointing from
hydrogen half cell to chlorine half cell 1
Electrons flow to half cell with more +ve standard electrode
potential 1

(ii) Pressure = 1 Atm / 100 kPa

Temp = 298 K / 25°C
–3
Concentration = 1 mol dm
All 3 correct = 2 marks 2 correct = 1 mark 2

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 –
(c) The standard electrode potential for ClO3 / ½Cl2 is more positive
–
than that of ½ Cl2 / Cl 1
– –
ClO3 has a greater tendency to gain electrons than Cl2 / ClO3 is a
better oxidising agent than Cl2 1
Alternative:
ο
Because E is positive, the reaction will go from left to right
–
therefore ClO3 is reduced so it must be a better oxidising
agent than chlorine.
[8]

52. (a) Atomisation of Na = (+)218 / 2 × (+) 109 (1);

Ionisation of Na = (+)990 / 2 × (+)495 (1);
Any other two correct enthalpy changes (1);
Last two correct enthalpy change (1) 4

(b) –791 + 141 – 247 – 990 – 218 – 416 (1);

–2521 (1) 2
+
Allow ecf from part (a) e.g. –2026 if only 1 mole of Na → Na
–2412 if only 1 mole of
Na (s) → Na (g)
–1917 if only 1 mole of Na throughout
Allow full marks for –2521 with no working out

(c) Calcium chloride (1)

If wrong salt chosen maximum of 2 marks (the comparison of
the ions)
And
– – –
Br has larger ionic radius than Cl / Br has lower charge
–
density than Cl / ora (1);
Not Br has larger radius
+ 2+ +
K has a lower charge than Ca / K has lower charge
2+ + 2+
density than Ca / K has a larger ionic radius than Ca / ora (1);
Not K has lower charge
+
Not K has larger atomic radius
Strongest attraction between ions (when smallest radius and
highest charge) / strongest attraction between ions (with the
highest charge density) / ora (1) 4
Penalise use of atoms rather than ions just once in this question
[10]

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53. (a) Emf / voltage / potential difference 1
Half cell combined with standard hydrogen electrode 1
–3
Standard conditions 298K, 1 mol dm , 1 atm 1
(all 3 required for 1 mark)

(b) (i) Diagram shows:

Voltmeter + salt bridge + complete circuit 1
2+
Solution labelled Cu and electrode labelled Ag 1

S a l t b r i d g e
V

C u ( s )
A g ( s )

+
2
A g( a q )
C u (+ a q )

(ii) Direction from Cu(s) to Ag(s) (must be in / close to wire) 1

(iii) 0.80 – 0.34 = 0.46 V 1
+ 2+
(iv) Cu + 2Ag → Cu + 2Ag 1

(c) Standard Electrode Potential for chlorine is more positive than

3+ 3+
Fe therefore it is a better oxidising agent than Fe (do not
ο
accept E is larger or smaller) 1
Standard Electrode Potential for iodine is less positive than
3+ 3+
Fe therefore it is a poorer oxidising agent than Fe 1
(Accept release of electrons/equilibrium arguments)
[10]

54. 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 4HNO3 (1)

N from +4 to +5
O from 0 to –2 (1) Could be below equation 2
[2]

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55. (a) (i) Electron affinity -696 (1 mark);
Atomisation of Cl2 +244 (1 mark);
From top to bottom
nd
2 IE +1150,
st
1 IE +590,
atomisation of Ca +178
formation -796 (1 mark) 3
Allow 244, 1150, 590 and 176 i.e. without plus sign

(ii) -796 - 178 - 590 - 1150 - 244 + 696 (1);

But
-2262 (with no working) (2) 2
Allow ecf from the wrong figures on the Born-Haber cycle
1 error max one mark
2 errors 0 mark

(iii) Magnesium fluoride more exothermic than calcium chloride / ora

Answer must refer to the correct particle.
because
2+ 2+
Ionic radius of Mg is less than that of Ca / charge density
of magnesium ion is greater than that of calcium ion / ora (1);
–
Ionic radius of F- is less than that of Cl / charge density
of fluoride ion is greater than that of chloride ion / ora (1);
Not Mg or magnesium has a smaller radius or fluorine has a
smaller radius
Stronger (electrostatic) attraction between cation and anion
in MgF2 than in CaCl2 / stronger ionic bonds in MgF2 (1) 3
Allow magnesium or fluorine has a smaller ionic radius

(b) Any two from

For second ionisation energy the electron lost is closer to the nucleus / AW (1);
For second ionisation energy the electron is lost from a particle that
is already positive (1);
For second ionisation energy there is one more proton than electron (1)
So outer electron more firmly attracted to the nucleus (1) 2
Allow ora
[10]

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56. (a) (i) Oxidation state of nitrogen goes from +5 to +4 (1);
Oxidation state of oxygen goes from –2 to 0 (1);
Correct linking of changes of oxidation state with
reduction and with oxidation (1) 3
If oxidation state of barium given is incorrect max 1 for the
oxidation numbers.
Allow ecf from wrong oxidation states for the correct linking
mark
Both oxidation and reduction needed

(ii) Correct use of molar ratios (1);

Correct cycle (1);
–1
(+)1000 (kJ mol ) (1) 3
–1
Award full marks for (+) 1000 (kJ mol )
Only allow ecf for final lattice energy answer from a correct
cycle
Allow –1000 (1), +467 (2), +901 (2), +1558 (2)

(b) (i) Moles of Ba(NO3)2 = 0.005 or 0.00502 (1);

Moles of gas made = 0.0125 / 0.0126 (1);
3 3
Volume of gas = 300 cm to 302 cm (1) 3
Allow ecf within question
Ignore significant figures

(ii) Decomposition temperature may be too high / too much

gas will be produced / to fill a gas syringe need a smaller
amount of solid / gas syringe too small (1) 1
Allow NO2 is toxic / barium compounds are toxic
Answer is consequential on answer to (i)
[10]

57. (a) Emf of a cell / voltage / potential difference / cell potential 1

Comprising half cell combined with standard hydrogen electrode 1
–3
Conc = 1 mol.dm ; Pressure (of H2) = 1 atm; Temp = 298K 1
(all of above = 1 mark)

(b) +0.16 V (unit required) 1

[4]

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 – – + 2+
58. (a) (i) 2MnO4 + 10Cl + 16H → 2Mn + 5Cl2 + 8H2O 1
correct species on both sides of equation equation balanced 1
(ignore electrons for first mark, penalise for balance)

(ii) Chlorine –1 → 0 1
Manganese +7 → +2 1
Link to (i) and allow ecf

(iii) Chloride ion oxidised (not chlorine) 1

Manganate(VII) ion reduced (not manganese) 1

(d) 0.16 V too small/rate too slow/insufficient activation

energy/not standard conditions 1
[7]

59. (a) (i) transition element: has at least one ion with a partly filled d-orbital (1)
example showing electronic configuration with d orbital
1 9
as between d – d (1)
complex ion: a central metal ion surrounded by ligands
with an example. (1)
ligand: molecule/ion with lone pair of electrons capable
of forming coordinate/ dative bonds to a metal ion (1) 4

(ii) precipitation: equation (1)

colour of precipitate (1)
ligand substitution: equation (1)
colour of substituted complex (1)
redox: equation (1)
colour change (1)

The candidate clearly links observations to provide evidence

for two reactions discussed. (1) 7

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 (b) complex ions:
octahedral example (1)
with 3-D diagram (1)
tetrahedral example (1)
with 3-D diagram (1)
square planar example (see also below) (1)
with 3-D diagram (1)
stereoisomerism:
cis-trans example, e.g. Ni(NH3)2Cl2; platin with 3-D diagram (1)
2+
optical example, e.g. Ni(en)3 (1)
with 3D diagrams (1)

The candidate clearly links features on the diagrams with a

characteristic of the stereoisomerism involved (1) Max: 9
[20]

60. Oxidation because oxidation state of Hg changes from 0 to +2 so oxidation (1)

Reduction because oxidation number of O changes from –1 to –2 (1)
Or
Correct identification of all the oxidation numbers (1)
Correct identification of oxidation and reduction (1) 2
Allow ecf for the identification of oxidation and reduction from
wrong oxidation numbers
[2]

61. Does not have an incomplete set of d electrons / does

not have a partially filled d orbital / does not have a
partially filled d sub-shell / ora (1) 1
Allow use of 3d
[1]

2 2 6 2 6 6
62. (i) (1s 2s 2p )3s 3p 3d (1) 1

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 (ii) Octahedral shape with some indication of three dimensions (1);
Bond angle 90° (1) 2
Allow use of wedges and dotted lines to indicate three
dimensions
Allow three dimensions if at least two bond angles of 90o are
shown that clearly demonstrate 3D
If two different bond angles do not award bond angle mark

(iii) Green / olive green / dark-green / green-blue ppt (1)

Allow solid instead of precipitate
Allow solid or precipitate to be awarded from the state symbol
in Fe(OH)2(s)
2+ –
Fe (aq) + 2OH (aq) → Fe(OH)2(s) (1) 2
[5]

+ 2+ 2+ 3+
63. (i) MnO2 + 4H + 2Fe → Mn + 2H2O + 2Fe (1) 1
Ignore state symbols

2+
(ii) Moles of Fe that reacted with MnO2 = 0.02 – 0.0123 = 0.0077 (1)
Allow ecf within question
Mass of MnO2 = 0.00385 × 86.9 = 0.335 (1)
% purity = 66.4% (1)
Allow 66.4 – 66.5
Alternatively
Moles of MnO2 in 0.504 = 0.00580
2+
So moles of Fe that should react with this is 0.0116 (1)
2+
Moles of Fe that reacted with MnO2 = 0.02 – 0.0123 = 0.0077 (1)
% purity = 66.4% (1) 3
[4]

64. (a) (i) +3 1

(ii) Cis and trans forms drawn in 3-D (only award these
marks if C has been chosen) 2
(iii) Type of isomerism is cis-trans/geometric 1

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 (b) (i) (concentrated) hydrochloric acid/sodium chloride/
–
Other suitable named ionic chloride but not just chloride or Cl 1
(ii) Ligand substitution / ligand exchange 1
[6]

65. (i) Decolorised / add starch which is decolorised

Allow blue/black → white or brown → white 1
Do not allow colourless

2–
(ii) moles S2O3 = 23.20 × 0.100/1000 = 0.00232 moles 1
2+ 2– 2+
Cu ≡ S2O3 / moles Cu = 0.00232 moles 1
3
But 25 cm of original = 10 × 0.00232 = 0.0232 moles 1
Concentration of original = 1000 × 0.0232 / 25 1

2+ –3
(iii) Because concentration of Cu is less than 1 mol dm / less than standard 1
equilibrium moves to left (reducing +ve value of E) 1
[7]

2 2 6 2 6 5
66. (i) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (1) 1
(ii) Has an incomplete set of d electrons / partially
filled d sub-shell / partially filled d orbital (1) 1
Allow partially filled d shell
[2]

67. (i) Has a (lone) pair of electrons that can be donated / lone pair that can form
a dative bond / pair of electrons that can form a coordinate bond (1) 1

(ii) 3D diagram of octahedral structure (1);

Bond angle 90° (1) 2
Name
octahedral must be present to score two marks
Allow use of wedges and dotted lines to indicate three
dimensions
Allow three dimensions if at least two bond angles of 90° are
shown that clearly demonstrate 3D
If two different bond angles do not award bond angle mark
[3]

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68. (i) Brown / red-brown / foxy-red / rusty / orange ppt (1) 1
Allow solid instead of precipitate
Allow state symbol (s) for precipitate

3+ –
(ii) Fe (aq) + 3OH (aq) → Fe(OH)3(s)
Correct equation (1)
State symbols for the correct formulae even if
spectator ions are present (1) 2
Allow equations using the hydrated iron(III) ion
[3]

– 2– –
69. Fe2O3 + 3Cl2 + 10OH → 2FeO4 + 5H2O + 6Cl (2) 2
Allow one mark if electrons shown
Allow one mark if correct reactants and products but not
balanced
[2]

70. Correct Mr for Fe2O3, 159.6, and of Na2FeO4,165.8 (1)

Moles of Fe2O3 = 0.00627 (1);
Mass of Na2FeO4 = 2.08 (1);
Percentage = 21.6 or 21.7 (%) (1) 4
Allow full marks for correct answer with some working
Answer must have 3 sig figs
Allow ecf from wrong moles or wrong mass
[4]

71. Oxidation state of iron changes from +6 to +3 so is reduction (1)

Oxidation state of oxygen changes from –2 to 0 so is oxidation (1)
To get the two marks for oxidation states marks any other
oxidation state quoted must be correct.
Maximum one mark if any other oxidation number given is
wrong
OR
Oxidation state of iron changes from +6 to +3 and
oxidation state of oxygen changes from –2 to 0 (1)
Iron is reduced and oxygen is oxidised (1) 2
Allow ecf from wrong oxidation states
[2]

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72. (i) (Oxidised to) iodine so a brown (solution) formed /
3+ 2+
Fe formed which is yellow or orange / Fe formed which is green (1) 1
Allow red/brown or orange

(ii) Nitrogen / N2 (1) 1

Allow any correctly named oxide of nitrogen / correct
formulae / HNO3 etc.
[2]

3 –3 2+
73. 20 cm of 0.100 mol dm VO = 0.002 moles 1
2+ –
0.002 moles VO = 0.0004 moles MnO4 1
– 3
0.0004 moles MnO4 are in 16.0 cm 1
[3]

74. (a) Ligand able to donate two lone pairs 1

to form dative covalent / co-ordinate bonds 1

(b)
O 3 –
C
O C O
O O
O
C C r

C O
O
C
O O O
C
O
3-D diagram with three ethanedioate ligands used 1
3+
correct bonding between ligands and Cr 1
correct charge on ion (3–) 1
(Accept O ── O as minimum for ethanedioate ion)
[5]

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75. stereoisomers have same structural formula but a
different arrangement in space 1
H O – H O –
2 2
H 2 O O O O
C r C r
O O O O
O H 2 O
2

Diagrams of cis and trans isomers

H 2 O – H O –
2
O O O 2H
H 2 O
C r C r
O O O O
O O

Diagrams showing two optical isomers 2

(If diagrams are wrong / not used give 1 mark for mention
of cis/trans and optical isomerism)
H2O at 90°/ adjacent in cis / 180° / opposite in trans (not from diagram) 1
Optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images 1
Quality of Written Communication:
At least three of the following key words used in context:
non-superimposable, mirror images, optical, cis/trans, geometric,
plane polarised, rotate, chiral, asymmetric 1
[8]

76. Add (aqueous) sodium hydroxide which will give a brown/rusty ppt (1) 1
Allow solid for precipitate or (s) in equation
Allow Use aqueous thiocyanate ions which gives a (blood) red
colouration
[1]

2– + 2+ 3+ 3+
77. (i) Cr2O7 + 14H + 6Fe → 2Cr + 7H2O + 6Fe
Correct reactants and products (1);
Correct balancing (electrons cancelled out) (1) 2

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 –4
(ii) Moles of dichromate(VI) = 3.53 × 10 (1);
–3
Moles of iron(II) = 2.12 × 10 (1):
–3
Moles of impure iron(II) sulphate = 2.36 × 10 (1);
Percentage purity = 89.8 / 89.8 – 90.0 (1) 4
Allow alternative working out via mass instead of moles e.g.
mass of iron in hydrated FeSO4 from percentage composition
compared to mass of iron from moles of iron(II).
Allow ecf throughout unless percentage is above 100%
[6]

78. (a) (i) (Blue to) yellow (solution) / (blue to) green (solution) (1) 1
(ii) Lone pair on chloride ion (1);
Donated to copper(II) ion (1) 2
Allow dative bond / coordinate bond (1)
Allow marks via a diagram that must show lone pairs and the
dative bond

(b) (Light) blue precipitate / blue solid (1);

With excess (dark) blue solution (1) 2
Not just goes blue
[5]

79. Any three from

Ammonia molecule 1 lone pair (and 3 bond pairs) (1);
Ammonia ligand 4 bond pairs / lone pair is now a bond pair /
ligand does not have a lone pair (1);
Lone pairs repel more than bond pairs (1):
In complex equal repulsion between electron pairs (1) 3
Not bonds repel / atoms repel
[3]

80. (i) 6 1
(ii) Species with (lone) pair of electrons 1
Capable of being donated / forms a dative covalent
bond / co-ordinate bond to a metal ion. 1
(allow suitable diagram)
[3]

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 2+
81. (i) [Co(H2O)6] is octahedral
2-
[CoCl4] is tetrahedral (both needed for 1 mark) 1
(ii) pink to blue 1
(iii) Ligand substitution / exchange/displacement 1
[3]

82. (a) (i) 1 mark for correct 3-D diagram of cis isomer 1
1 mark for correct 3-D diagram of trans isomer 1
(Allow planar diagrams if two appropriate 90° angles are shown)
Allow any suitable 3-D diagrams. Possibilities to include:

C o C o C o

(ii) Geometric / cis – trans 1

(b) 1 mark for using cis isomer 1

1 mark for correct 3-D diagrams which are mirror images of each other. 1
(If all diagrams are drawn as non-3d do not penalise in (b))
Allow any suitable 3-D diagrams such as:
en C 2H C 2H N 2H

C l H 2 N C l
C o o r C o
H 2 N
C l C l
e C 2H C
2H N 2H
n

[5]

83. (i) Brown solution/brown precipitate/black solid

Add starch to get blue / black colour 1

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 (ii) Titration / volumetric analysis 1
using sodium thiosulphate(with starch indicator) 1
(allow from equation)
2– – 2–
I2 + 2S2O3 → 2I + S4O6 1
2– 2–
1 mol Cr2O7 = 6 mols S2O3 1
[5]

2+ 2 2 6 2 6 10
84. (a) Zn is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d and
2+ 2 2 6 2 6 9
Cu is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (1);
2+ 10 2 9
Allow Zn [Ar]3d and Cu + [Ar]3d
Copper has at least one ion with an incomplete filled d-orbital
(zinc does not) / copper(II) ion has an incomplete set of
d electrons (zinc ion does not) / copper(II) ion has an
incomplete d sub-shell (zinc ion does not) / ora (1) 2

2+ 2+
(b) Cu compounds are coloured but Zn compounds are not (1);
2+ 2+
Cu compounds may be catalytic but Zn compounds are not (1) 2
2+ 2+
Allow Cu forms complexes but Zn does not
2+ 2+ 2+
Allow correct chemistry of Cu compared to Zn e.g. Cu
2+
and NaOH gives blue ppt but Zn gives white ppt (that
redissolves in excess)
[4]

–3 -3
85. Moles of hydrogen = 3.17 × 10 / moles of zinc = 3.17 × 10 (1);
–3
Not 3 × 10
Mass of zinc = 0.207 g / moles of zinc × 65.4 (1);
Not 0.2
Percentage of copper = 83.2 (1) 3
Allow ecf
Final answer must be to 3 or 4 sig figs
Penalise significant figures just once
Allow values between 82.9–83.2
[3]

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 2+ - - 2+
86. (i) Cu → Cu + 2e / Cu – 2e → Cu (1) 1
+ 2+
(ii) 2Cu + O2 + 4H → 2Cu + 2H2O (1) 1
Allow any correct multiple
Allow ecf from (a)(i)
[2]

87. Mr of [Cu(CH3COO)2]2.Cu(OH)2 = 460.5 (1)

Allow ecf from wrong Mr
Molar ratio [Cu(CH3COO)2]2.Cu(OH)2 : H2O is 0.182 : 0.906 (1)
x = 5 (1) 3
Not full marks for 5 with no working out
[3]

88. Ligand substitution

Suitable example e.g. reaction of thiocyanate ions with hexaaquairon(III)
2+
to give [Fe(H2O)5(CNS)] (1);
Observations e.g. formation of a blood-red colour (1)
Suitable equation e.g.
3+ – 2+
[Fe(H2O)6] + CNS → [Fe(H2O)5(CNS)] + H2O (1)
Suitable example can be awarded from an equation
Equations do not need state symbols
Precipitation
Suitable example e.g. reaction between (aqueous) iron(II) chloride
with (aqueous) sodium hydroxide (1);
Observations e.g. formation of a green precipitate / formation of a green solid (1)
2+ –
Suitable equation e.g. Fe (aq) + 2OH (aq) → Fe(OH)2(s) (1)
Precipitate can be awarded state symbol in equation

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 Redox
Suitable example e.g. oxidation of iron(II) chloride by chlorine to
make iron(III) chloride (1)
Observation e.g. green solution becomes yellow / rust solution (1)
Suitable equation e.g. 2FeCl2 + Cl2 → 2FeCl3 (1)
Other examples could include iron and chlorine to make
–
iron(III) chloride / iron and HCl to make FeCl2 / MnO4 and
2+ 3+
Fe to make Fe
And QWC
One mark for correct spelling, punctuation and grammar in at least two sentences (1) 10
Answer must address the question
[10]

2 2 6 2 6 8 8
89. (a) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (Do not accept [Ar]3d ) 1

–
(b) (i) Ring around O 1
Ring around N 1
–
(Accept ring around O of C=O as an alternative to O )
(ii) Lone pair (of electrons) / non-bonding pair 1
[4]

90. (a) (i) Number of dative bonds / co-ordinate bonds formed with the
transition metal (Do not accept number of ligands but allow
number of lone pairs bonded to….) 1

(ii) Square planar 1

(b) (i) Ligand substitution 1

(ii) x = –2 1
y=0 1

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 (c) (i) cis isomer drawn 1
trans isomer drawn 1
(ignore any charges)
C l N 3H C l N 3H

P t P t

C l N 3H N 3H C l

(ii) cis / trans or geometric 1

(iii) Binds with DNA (not binds with cell) 1
Prevents replication/prevents cell dividing/prevents tumour
growth (do not allow kills cell) 1
[10]

2+
91. (a) Moles V = 25.0 × 0.100 / 1000 = 0.0025 mols 1
–
Moles MnO4 = 30.0 × 0.0500 / 1000 = 0.00150 mols 1
-
1 mole of MnO4 changes its Oxidation State by 5 to change
2+
the Oxidation State of 1.67 moles of V 1
2+
Oxidation State of V changes by 5 / 1.67 = 3 1

– 2+ 2+ – +
(b) 3MnO4 + 5V + 3H2O → 3Mn + 5VO3 + 6H
(1 mark for correct species, 1 mark for balanced) 2
[6]

2 2 6 2 6 5
92. (a) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (1);
Has an incomplete set of 3d electrons (1) 2
Allow 3d orbitals are not completely occupied / incomplete 3d
sub-shell
Allow has half-filled d orbitals

(b) Any two from

Variable oxidation state / variable valency (1);
Act as catalysts (1);
Form complexes / form complex ions (1);
Form coloured compounds (1) 2
Not high melting point / good thermal and electrical
conductors / high density etc

(c) Iron (II) ions give a green ppt (1);

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 Iron (III) ions give an orange-rust ppt (1) 2
Precipitate must be used once
Allow solid instead of ppt

2+ + 3+
(d) 4Fe + O2 + 4H → 4Fe + 2H2O
Correct reactants and products (1);
Correct balancing (1) 2
[8]

93. (i) Copper may react with potassium manganate(VII) /

iron(III) ions formed in titration may be reduced back to
iron(II) ions by the copper (1) 1

–
(ii) MnO4 gains electrons and is reduced / Mn oxidation
state changes from +7 to +2 so it is reduced (1);
2+
Fe loses electrons and is oxidised / Fe oxidation state
changes from +2 to +3 so it is oxidised (1) 2

– –4
(iii) Moles of MnO4 = 4.50 × 10 (1);
2+ – –3
Moles of Fe = 5 × moles MnO4 / 2.25 × 10 (1);
2+
Mass of Fe = moles of Fe × 55.8 / 0.1256 (1);
Percentage = 18.6 % (1) 4
Allow answers that use 56 for Ar of Fe this gives 18.7
Allow ecf
[7]

94. (a) (Pale blue solution) to a (light) blue ppt (1);

with excess dark blue solution (1) 2

(b) Octahedral shape with clear indication of 3D either by

construction lines or wedges etc (1);
90° (1) 2
Ignore mistakes with the ligands question focuses on
octahedral and the bond angle
[4]

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95. Water molecule 2 lone pairs (and 2 bond pairs) (1);
Water ligand 1 lone pair and 3 bond pairs / lone pair is now
a bond pair / water has one less lone pair when it is a ligand (1);
Lone pairs repel more than bond pairs (1) 3
Not atoms repel
[3]

96. (i) Central ion surrounded by molecules/ions/ligands 1

(ii) Molecule/ion with a lone pair of electrons 1
Able to form a dative covalent or co-ordinate bond /
which can be donated 1
[3]

97. (a) Two lone pairs/ able to form two dative covalent / co-ordinate bonds 1
(b) Stereoisomerism – same atoms with same order of bonds but a
different spatial arrangement / same structure but different
arrangement of atoms 1
Both isomers drawn for cis / trans 2
Both isomers drawn for optical (must be mirror images) 2
(all diagrams to show 3-D arrangement)
Enantiomers/non superimposable mirror images 1
Rotate plane polarised light in opposite direction by same
number of degrees (any two for 1 mark) 1
[8]

2– + – 3+
98. (i) Cr2O7 + 14H + 6I 2Cr + 3I2 + 7H2O
All species correct (ignore electrons for this mark) 1
Equation balanced (penalise if electrons not cancelled out) 1

(ii) Brown colour disappears 1

2– –
S2O3 reacts with I2 (to form colourless I ) 1
3+
Green colour remains due to Cr (must say what gives green colour) 1
[5]

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 3 –3
99. moles HCl in 23.2 cm = 0.200 × 23.2/1000 = 4.64 × 10 (1)
3 –3
moles B in 25 cm = moles HCl = 4.64 × 10 (1)
3 –3 –2
moles B in 250 cm = 4.64 × 10 × 10 = 4.64 × 10 (1)
–2
4.64 × 10 mol B has a mass of 4.32 g
–2 –1
molar mass of B = 4.32/4.64 × 10 = 93 g mol (1)
93 – 16 = 77 (1)
Therefore B is phenylamine / C6H5NH2 (1) 6
There may be other valid structures that are amines. These can
be credited provided that everything adds up to 93.
Answer could be a primary, secondary or tertiary amines.
[6]

100. Transition element

2+ 2 2 6 2 6 9
Cu 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (1);
Transition elements have one oxidation state that has an
incomplete set of 3d electrons / have one ion with a half-filled 3d orbital (1)
Allow has at least one half-filled d orbital / partially filled 3d
sub-shell
Complex ion
2+ 2–
Example of a copper complex ion e.g. [Cu(H2O)6] or CuCl4 (1);
Diagram of the copper complex showing three
dimensions e.g. use of wedges or dotted lines (1);
Correct bond angle to match the complex / correct name
of the shape of the complex (1);
If a copper complex that does not exist is used then first three
marks not available
If a correct iron complex is given then example mark cannot be
awarded
Allow square planar where appropriate

Ligand is an electron pair donor (1);

Copper(II) ion is an electron pair acceptor (1);
Dative bond exists between ligand and the copper(II) ion (1)
Electron pair donor, electron pair acceptor and dative bond
marks can awarded from an appropriate diagram
Properties
Several oxidation states e.g. copper has +1 and +2 or iron has +2 and +3 (1);
Ignore copper has a +3
Ignore iron has a +6 oxidation state
Forms coloured compounds e.g. copper(ii) chloride is
green or iron(II) sulphate is pale green (1);
Element or compound has catalytic properties
e.g. Iron is a catalyst in the Haber process (1) 11

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 Quality of written communication
Use of technical terms – at least three terms from the following list are
used in the correct context
• ligand
• dative bond
• coordinate bond
• tetrahedral
• square planar
• octahedral
• oxidation (state)
• catalyst
• electron pair
• lone pair
• orbital
• sub-shell (1) 1
Put a ring around the technical terms
[12]

101. (a) (i) Zinc 1

(ii) Coins + resist corrosion (not rusting) / hard wearing

Or statues + resist corrosion/ attractive patina
Or electrical connections + good conductor
Or musical instruments + attractive / sonorous
Or plumbing fixtures + hard / corrosion resistant 1

(b) (i) Sodium carbonate/sodium hydroxide/other suitable

named alkali (accept correct formulae) 1
Do not accept ‘alkali’ on its own

(ii) Starch 1

(iii) Just before the end point/when solution turns pale straw 1

(c) (i) 0.002 mol 1

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 (ii) One (1) 1
(iii) 0.002 mol 1
2+
(iv) 0.002 mols Cu contains 0.002 × 63.5 g of Cu = 0.127 g 1
3
250 cm of solution contains 10 × 0.127 g = 1.27 g 1
% Cu = 1.27/1.65 × 100 = 77.0% 1
(Allow 76.9-77.0; allow ecf)
[11]

102. (a) Number of coordinate / dative covalent bonds attached

to metal ion / number of lone pairs accepted (not number of ligands) 1

2+ 2–
(b) (i) [Co(H2O)6] is octahedral; [CoCl4] is tetrahedral
Drawings must be 3 dimensional
2+
Acceptable shapes for [Co(H2O)6] include:

C o C o C o C o

2–
Acceptable shapes for [CoCl4] include

C o C o

(ii) Pink → blue 2

(iii) Add water.

(Allow other suitable suggestions, e.g. add lead nitrate to
–
precipitate Cl as PbCl2) 1
[6]

103. (i) Cis platin 1

(ii) Binds to DNA 1
Prevents cell from replicating / cells die 1
[3]

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104. (Cis/trans) + Examples (must be 3-d drawings) 2
Correctly labelled as cis and trans (allow this mark if diagrams are planar) 1
Cis has same atoms at 90° + Trans has same atoms at
180° (need reference to bond angles for mark) 1
(Optical) + examples (must be 3-d drawings) 2
Rotate plane polarised light (by same number of
degrees) in opposite directions 1
Non-superimposable mirror images 1
NB If use H3N CH2 CH2 NH3 penalise only once

Any example which show the principle of cis/trans isomerism and optical
isomerism are fine but, all diagrams must be 3-d. The shapes shown in the
previous question are allowed for octahedral or tetrahedral. For square planar
complexes used to illustrate cis/trans isomerism the following illustrations
are fine. For optical isomerism, there must be a mirror line and the isomers must
be non-superimposable object/mirror images.

M M M M

QWC – to be awarded for the correct use of scientific

terms, to include at least 3 of the following:
Cis & trans, optical, plane, polarised, non-superimposable,
mirror images, geometric, bidentate,
ligand, octahedral, square planar, tetrahedral 1
[9]

105. (i) CH3COOH (1) 1

(ii) C6H5NO2 (1) 1

(iii) CH3CH2CH2NH2 (1) 1

(iv) CH3COOH (1)

CH3CH2OH (1) 2

(v)
O H

B r B r

Br 1

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 (vi)
O H

N
N

diazo link (1); rest of structure (1) 2

[8]

106. (i) C13H20O3 (1) 1

(ii) ketone (1)

ester (1)
alkene (1) 3

(iii)
O E/ Z
o t pi c a l *
*

*
o t pi c a l

O
O
both optical (1)
E/Z (1) 2

(iv) possible side effects of other chiral compound (1)

increased costs/difficulty of separating of isomers (1)
using bacteria within synthetic route (1) 2 max
[8]

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107. (a) G: CO (1)
HCOOH/H2CO2 → CO + H2O (1) 2
(b) H: C (1)
C12H22O11 → 12C + 11H2O (1) 2
(c) I: C4H8O2 (1)
2C2H6O2 → C4H8O2 + 2H2O (1)
Structure:
O

O (1)
accept any sensible structure of C4H8O2 3
[7]

108. (a) empirical formula

N : O = 63.64/14 : 36.36/16 (1)
= 4.56 : 2.27 = 2 : 1. Empirical formula = N2O (1)
molecular formula
Mr of gas = 1.833 × 24 = 44 (1)(calc 43.992)
with these two pieces of evidence, assume that molecular formula = N2O 3

(b) any chemical that reacts to produce gas:

e.g. carbonate and CO2 (1)
accept: metal more reactive than Pb and H2
balanced equation to match chemical added (1) 2

(c) Mr(Lidocaine) = 236 (1)

–3 –4
moles Novocaine = 100 × 10 /236 = 4.24 × 10 (1)
–4
concentration of Novocaine = 4.24 × 10 × (1000/5)
–3
= 0.0847/0.0848 mol dm (1) 3

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 (d) mass C = 12 × 3.74/44.0 = 12 × 0.085 = 1.02 g (1)
mass H = 2/18 × 0.918 = 0.102 g (1)
mass O = 1.394 – (1.020 + 0.102) = 0.272 g
ratio C : H : O = 1.02/12 : 0.102/1 : 0.272/16 (1)
= 0.0850 : 0.102 : 0.0170 / 5 : 6 : 1 / C5H6O (1)
C5H10O has relative mass of 82
Mr is 164 = 2 × 82
∴ molecular formula = C10H12O2 (1) 5
[13]

109. (i) 4PCl5 + 10MgO → P4O10 + 10MgCl2 (1) 1

100
(ii) 100g P4O10 = 284 / 0.35(2) mol (1)
moles PCl5 needed = 4 × 0.352 = 1.408/1.4 mol (1)
mass PCl5 = 1.4(08) × 208.5 = 293.568 / 294 g/ 291.9 g (1)
(1) for use of 284 for P4O10 and 208.5 for PCl5
73.4/72.975/72.3 g scores 3 marks (no use of ‘4’ factor)
18.35 g from dividing by 4 scores 3 marks 4
[5]

110. Sulphuric acid molecules form hydrogen bonds (1)

Diagram showing hydrogen bonds between molecules:
H O O H O O

S S

H O O H O O ( 1 )
or H bond from H–O to O–H (as in water).
hydrogen bonds break (on boiling) (1) 3
[3]

111. Correct equation for a metal (1)

Correct equation for a carbonate (1)
Correct equation for a base (1) 3
[3]

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 2–
112. (i) SO4 → H2S: S from +6 to –2 (1)
–
I → I2: I from –1 to 0 (1) 2
+ 2– –
(ii) 10H + SO4 + 8I → 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O (1) 1
[3]

113. A: CO (1)
HCOOH/H2CO2 → CO + H2O (1) 2
B: C (1)
C12H22O11 → 12C + 11H2O (1) 2
C: C4H8O2 (1)
2C2H6O2 → C4H8O2 + 2H2O (1)
Structure:
O

O ( 1 )
accept any sensible structure of C4H8O2 3
[7]

114. (i) I2(aq) + H2S(g) → 2HI(aq) + S(s)

species and balance (1)
state symbols: accept (s) for I2; (aq) for H2S (1) 2

(ii) amount I2 reacted = 1.89 mol / HI formed = 3.44 mol (1)

theoretical amount HI produced = 3.78 mol/484 g (1)
3.44 × 100 440 × 100
or
% yield = 3.78 484 = 91.0 % (1) 3

3.44 × 1000
750 –3
(iii) [HI] = = 4.58/4.59 mol dm (1)
pH = –log 4.59 = –0.66 (1) 2
[7]

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115. (a) (i) (+)1 (1) 1
(ii)

N N O N N O

o r
Look for atoms bonded together.
AND other lone pairs. 1

(b) (i) C13H18O2 (1)

(ii) any chemical that reacts to produce gas:
e.g. carbonate and CO2 (1)
accept: metal more reactive than Pb and H2
balanced equation to match chemical added (1) 3

(c) Mr(Lidocaine) = 236 (1)

-3 –4
Moles Novocaine = 100 × 10 /236 = 4.24 × 10 (1)
–4
Concentration of Novocaine = 4.24 × 10 × (1000/5)
–3
= 0.0847/0.0848/0.085 mol dm (1) 3

3.74
(d) mass C = 12 × 44.0 = 1.02 g /
3.74
moles CO2 = 44 = 0.085 mol (1)
2
mass H = 18 × 0.918 = 0.102 g /
0.918
moles H2O = 18 = 0.051 mol (1) 2
1.02 0.102
:
ratio C : H = 12 1 = 0.0850 : 0.102 = 5 : 6 / 10 : 12/
ratio CO2 : H2O = 5 : 3 / 10 : 6 (1)
mass O = 1.394 – (1.020 + 0.102) = 0.272 g
/ using 1.394 g eugenol and Mr = 164, shows that 1
molecule contains 2 atoms of O (1) 2
∴ molecular formula = C10H12O2 (1) 1
[13]

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 12 10
116. Amount Cl2 produced = 1.6 × 10 /71 or 2.25 × 10 mol (1)
10 10
Amount NaCl required = 2 × 2.25 × 10 or 4.5 × 10 mol (1)
ecf moles 2 × Cl2
10 10 3
Volume brine = 4.5 × 10 /4 = 1.125 × 10 dm (1)
ecf moles Cl2/4
10 3
i.e. 1.12 – 1.13 × 10 dm 3
[3]

117. 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 4HNO3 (1)

N from +4 to +5
O from 0 to –2 (1) Could be below equation 2
[2]

118. HCl and CH3COOH have same number of moles/

+
release same number of moles H /
1 mole of each acid produce ½ mol of H2 (1)
+ +
[H ] in CH3COOH < [H ] in HCl/
CH3COOH is a weaker acid than HCl (ora) (1)
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 (1)
Mg + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2 (1)
or
+ 2+
Mg + 2H → Mg + H2 (1)(1) 4
[4]

119. (i) mass sucrose = 0.47 × 43 g or 20.21 g (1)

Mr of sucrose = 342 (1)
moles sucrose = 0.47 × 43/342 or 0.059 mol (1)
(calc: 0.0590935672)
23 22
no of sucrose molecules = .059 × 6.02 × 10 = 3.6 × 10 (1) 4

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 (ii) C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) → 12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(l) (1)
Ignore state symbols
Energy = .059 × 5640 = 332.76 kJ (1)
= 332.76/4.18 = 79.6 Calories (1)
(i.e. mol sucrose from (a) × 5640/4.18)
If 0.059 is missed, 5640/4.18 = 1349 Calories would score 1 mark 3
[7]

120. Empirical formula

N : O = 63.64/14 : 36.36/16 (1)
= 4.56 : 2.27 = 2 : 1. Empirical formula = N2O (1)
Molecular formula
Mr of gas = 1.833 × 24 = 44 (1) (calc 43.992)
With these two pieces of evidence, assume that molecular formula = N2O 3
[3]

121. amount of NaOH in titration = 0.175 x 22.05/1000

–3 –3
or 3.86 × 10 (1) (calc: 3.85875 x 10 )
3
amount of A in 25.0 cm = 0.5 × mol NaOH
–3 –3
or 1.93 × 10 (1) (calc: 1.929375 × 10 )
3 –3 –2
amount of A in 250 cm = 10 × 1.93 × 10 or 1.93 × 10 (1)
–2
1.93 × 10 mol A has a mass of 2.82 g
–2 –1
molar mass of A = 2.82/1.93 × 10 = 146 g mol (1)
(or Mr of A is 146)
Therefore A is adipic acid / HOOC(CH2)4COOH (1) 5
[5]

3 –3
122. moles HCl in 23.2 cm = 0.200 × 23.2/1000 = 4.64 × 10 (1)
3 –3
moles B in 25 cm = moles HCl = 4.64 × 10 (1)
3 –3 –2
moles B in 250 cm = 4.64 × 10 × 10 = 4.64 × 10 (1)
–2
4.64 × 10 mol B has a mass of 4.32 g
–2 –1
molar mass of B = 4.32/4.64 × 10 = 93 g mol (1)
93 – 16 = 77 (1)
Therefore B is phenylamine / C6H5NH2 (1) 6
There may be other valid structures that are amines. These can
be credited provided that everything adds up to 93.
Answer could be a primary, secondary or tertiary amines.
[6]

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123. (a) (i) Oxidation state of nitrogen goes from +5 to +4 (1);
Oxidation state of oxygen goes from –2 to 0 (1);
Correct linking of changes of oxidation state with
reduction and with oxidation (1) 3
If oxidation state of barium given is incorrect max 1 for the
oxidation numbers.
Allow ecf from wrong oxidation states for the correct linking
mark
Both oxidation and reduction needed

(ii) Correct use of molar ratios (1);

Correct cycle (1);
–1
(+)1000 (kJ mol ) (1) 3
–1
Award full marks for (+) 1000 (kJ mol )
Only allow ecf for final lattice energy answer from a correct
cycle
Allow –1000 (1), +467 (2), +901 (2), +1558 (2)

(b) (i) Moles of Ba(NO3)2 = 0.005 or 0.00502 (1);

Moles of gas made = 0.0125 / 0.0126 (1);
3 3
Volume of gas = 300 cm to 302 cm (1) 3
Allow ecf within question
Ignore significant figures

(ii) Decomposition temperature may be too high / too much

gas will be produced / to fill a gas syringe need a smaller
amount of solid / gas syringe too small (1) 1
Allow NO2 is toxic / barium compounds are toxic
Answer is consequential on answer to (i)
[10]

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124. (a) moles of Cu = 0.68 × 5/1000 = 0.0034 (1)
mass of Cu = 0.0034 x 63.5 = 0.216 g (1)
% Cu = 0.216/0.28 = 77% (1) 3
ratios:
Cu = 26.29/63.5 = 0.41 1
N = 11.6/14 = 0.83 OR 2
O = 59.63/16 = 3.73 9
H = 2.48/1 = 2.48 6 (1)
empirical formula = CuN2O9H6 (1) 2
Formula with 3H2O shown separately scores 1:
i.e. CuN2O6.3H2O (1)
Correct formula shown with (NO3)2 scores 2nd mark:
Cu(NO3)2.3H2O (1)
(Correct answer automatically scores both marks) 2

2+
(b) Cu → Cu : Cu from 0 to +2 (1)
–
NO3 → NO: N from +5 to +2 (1)
+ – 2+
3Cu + 8H + 2NO3 → 3Cu + 2NO + 4H2O (1)
‘simple balance’ as the only creditworthy response scores 1 mark:
+ – 2+
i.e. Cu + 4H + NO3 → Cu + NO + 2H2O 3

–3
(c) moles of A = 90/24000 = 3.75 × 10 (1)
–3
Mr of A = 0.24/ 3.75 × 10 = 64 (1)
Gas is SO2 (1)
Cu + 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O /
+ 2– 2+
Cu + 4H + SO4 → Cu + SO2 + 2H2O /
+ – 2+
Cu + 3H + HSO4 → Cu + SO2 + 2H2O (1) 4
[14]

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