Green house effect

:Objectives of the experiment

.Study green house effect on black body .1

.Study green house effect on white body .2

Tools of the experiment

Green house – white surface – light source – thermometer – stop

.watch

:Work steps
.Put the white body at a definite distance from the light source .1
.using the thermometer determine the temperature every minute .2
.Record the results in a table till the saturation stage .3
.Repeat this steps but with a blackbody .4
Draw the two relations on the same sheet and observe the .5
.difference

:Theory of the experiment

The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824,
first reliably experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858, and first
reported quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's surface and lower

atmosphere, is believed to be the result of a strengthening of the
greenhouse effect mostly due to human-produced increases in
atmospheric greenhouse gases.

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation

from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse
gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-
radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the
surface and the lower atmosphere. As a result, the temperature
there is higher than it would be if direct heating by solar radiation
were the only warming mechanism.
An actual greenhouse, which works by isolating warm air inside
the structure so that heat is not lost by convection ‫الحمل الحرارى‬.

The other and major mechanism in the green house effect is the
inhibition of convection. This is not ideal as there is a heat loss
.from the convection
The earth, in contrast, loses no heat by convection, but only by
.radiation

Greenhouse effect:
The black surface surrounded by insulating box and a transmitter
cover for light made of glass is called (flat plate collector).

The transparent glass or plastic cover permits the visible light

which has small wavelength of the sunlight to cross to the entire.
This visible light is absorbed by the black surface which radiates
energy infrared radiation of long wavelength that can't cross the
plastic or glass to the exterior. This radiation appears as a heat so
the green house collects heat inside.

Why we use a cover of glass?

The reason that makes us use glass is it has a very small

absorption coefficient of electromagnetic radiation in the visible
part of the spectrum. We can say it is transparent.

The light falls on the earth and never be reflected back into space
but it ends up as a heat.

All matters reradiate heat, mainly in the infrared part of spectrum.

Glass is opaque for infrared so we use it in green house effect to
be like a one way energy valve ‫ صمام‬.

The other and major mechanism in the green house effect is the
inhibition of convection. This is not ideal as there is a heat loss
.from the convection
The earth, in contrast, loses no heat by convection, but only by
.radiation
Greenhouse gas:

Simple diagram of greenhouse effect.

A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an
atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal
infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the
greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's
atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, and ozone. In the Solar System, the atmospheres of Venus,
Mars, and Titan also contain gases that cause greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth;
without them, Earth's surface would be on average about 33 °C
(59 °F) colder than at present.

The blackbody

The ideal radiator is known as a blackbody, which absorbs all

frequencies completely. It is also radiates all frequencies equally.
So the distribution of energy in the radiation is a function of the
distribution of energy across the spectrum. This is determined by
Wien's law (later modified by Planck) and is a function of
temperature only. Real bodies are not black but any black surface
.can be considered as a blackbody for the experimental purposes

When visible light or infrared radiations fall on an opaque body

some of the radiations will be absorbed and the other will be
reflected. The absorbed radiation increases the temperature of this
.body .the radiation is said to be converted to sensible heat

The increasement in the temperature of the body makes it radiate

.in the infra red region
.The white bodies will reflect light more than absorption
:Applications for the green house effect

:The first application of green house effect

:It helps also in

.control the ventilation. We can close it in windy and foggy days -
.So we can protect planets
Care of planets -
.care against insects-

:The second application is

:Experimental results

temperature
60

55 black surface

50
white body
temperature (C)

45

40

35

30

25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time (minute)