NASA TT F-11,346

, *
I, 2
, i THEORY OF S T A B I L I T Y OF T H I N E L A S T I C HETEROGENEOUS
AT!IISOTROPIC PLATES OF VARIABLE R I G I D I T Y

E. G. Shulezhko

T r a n s l a t i o n of “K t e o r i i u s t o y c h i v o s t i uprugikh tonkikh
\
’ . anizotropnykh neodnorodnykh p l i t peremennoy
zhes t k o s t i ” . PrikZadnaya ?la5:er:ntika i
Mekhanika, V o l . 6 , N o . 2-3,
pp. 139-150, 1942.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546 NOVEMBER 1967
 - . .
NASA TT F-11,346

THEORY OF STABILITY OF THIN ELASTIC HETEROGENEOUS

ANISOTROPIC PLATES OF VARIABLE R I G I D I T Y

P. G. Shulezhko

ABSTRACT. T h i s a r t i c l e p r e s e n t s a n e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e t o t a l
~ p o t e n t i a l energy, t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n of t h e e l a s t i c
.. - s u r f a c e - of a p l a t e , and t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s f o r . aniso-
t r o p i c heterogeneous p l a t e s w i t h v a r i a b l e r i d i g i t y , assuming
t h a t t h e middle s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e i s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t h e
s u r f a c e of b o t h e l a s t i c and g e o m e t r i c symmetry. I t i s shown
t h a t K i r c h h o f f ’ s boundary c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e bending of p l a t e s
cannot always be extended t o t h e b u c k l i n g of p l a t e s .

An ever i n c r e a s i n g number cf s c i e n t i f i c works a r e p r e s e n t l y b e i n g devoted /139*

t o the q u e s t i o n of s t u d y i n g t h e s t r a i n and stress of b o t h homogeneous and h e t e r -
ogeneous a n i s o t r o p i c b o d i e s .

S. G. Mikhlin [l], S. G. L e k h n i t s k i y [ Z ] and H. M. S a v i n [ 3 ] have accom-

p l i s h e d s i g n i f i c a n t work i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n . These a u t h o r s were t h e f i r s t t o
f o r m u l a t e and s o l v e s e v e r a l extremely i m p o r t a n t fundamental q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g
t h e p l a n e t h e o r y of e l a s t i c i t y of a n i s o t r o p i c b o d i e s .

Some p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s of a n i s o t r o p y were c o n s i d e r e d by Saint-Venant [ 4 ] ,

Voigt [5], Somigliana [ 6 ] , M. Huber [ 7 ] , Y a . I. Sekerzh-Zen’kovich [ B ] , L. I .
Balabukh’[9], G. G. Rostovtsev [lo], S. V. S e r e n s e n [ll],and o t h e r s .

Saint-Venant,Voigt, and Somigliana were concerned w i t h t h e s t u d y of t h e

s t a t e of stress of an a n i s o t r o p i c body having t h e shape of a l o n g c y l i n d e r .

M. T. Huber examined t h e l a t e r a l bending of o r t h o t r o p i c p l a t e s .

Y a . I. Sekerzh-Zen’kovichand L. I. Balabukh s t u d i e d t h e b u c k l i n g of plywood

plates.

G. G. R o s t o v t s e v devoted h i s a r t i c l e t o t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e reduced w i d t h
of an o r t h o t r o p i c p l a t e .

S. V. Serensen, i n h i s c o u r s e on t h e t h e o r y of e l a s t i c i t y , d e r i v e s a funda-
mental e q u a t i o n of t h e p l a n e problem f o r a n o r t h o t r o p i c medium and g i v e s t h e so-
l u t i o n f o r a case of t h e bending of p l a n e beams, and a l s o d i s c u s s e s t h e works of
s e v e r a l o t h e r a u t h o r s devoted t o q u e s t i o n s concerning t h e t h e o r y of e l a s t i c i t y
of a n i s o t r o p i c b o d i e s .
-
.
-
. _T h i s a r t i c l e -c o_n s_ i d e r s the question_-of ghe s t a b i l i t y of- a n i s o t r o p i c -
.- - __
*Numbers i n t h e margin i n d i c a t e p a g i n a t i o n i n t h e f o r e i g n t e x t .
N.B.: Commas s h o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d as decimal p o i n t s i n a l l m a t e r i a l t h a t
has been reproduced d i r e c t l y from t h e o r i g i n a l f o r e i g n document.

1
, . .
*
NASA TT F-11,346

heterogeneous t h i n p l a t e s of v a r i a b l e r i g i d i t y w i t h a middle s u r f a c e t h a t i s si-

multaneously t h e p l a n e of e l a s t i c and g e o m e t r i c symmetry.

The a r t i c l e g i v e s t h e d e r i v a t i o n of a Brian-Timoshenko e q u a t i o n , an expres-

s i o n f o r t h e t o t a l p o t e n t i a l energy, and a l s o a d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n f o r t h e
e l a s t i c s u r f a c e of a p l a t e and boundary c o n d i t i o n s .

As f a r as w e know, n e i t h e r the Brian-Timoshenko e q u a t i o n , t h e e x p r e s s i o n of

t o t a l p o t e n t i a l energy, n o r t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n of t h e e l a s t i c s u r f a c e of
an a n i s o t r o p i c p l a t e of v a r i a b l e r i g i d i t y a r e encountered i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , n o t
t o speak of t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s , which have n o t been d e r i v e d f o r t h e case of
b u c k l i n g even f o r an i s o t r o p i c homogeneous p l a t e of c o n s t a n t r i g i d i t y . The boun-
dary c o n d i t i o n s d e r i v e d by Kirchhoff E121 f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r c a s e of l o a d i n g o f / 1 4 0
a p l a t e t h a t i s under c o n d i t i o n s of l a t e r a l bending have always been automati-
c a l l y extended t o t h e case of buckling. .As w e w i l l . see below, t h e s e boundary
c o n d i t i o n s cannot always b e a p p l i e d t o t h e case of b u c k l i n g .

1. Basic P r e m i s e s and Hypotheses

L e t us imagine a p l a t e whose l a t e r a l s u r f a c e i s formed by a c y l i n d e r f ( z , y ) =

= C, w h i l e i t s upper and lower s u r f a c e s a r e r e ? r e s e n t e d by t h e e q u a t i o n

Zk = ( - 1)k h, (5,y) (k = I, 2 ) .

L e t . u s f u r t h e r assume t h a t t h e p l a t e i s t h i n and hes s u r f a c e s of e l a s t i c

and g e o m e t r i c symmetry.

We s h a l l t a k e t h e middle s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e as t h e p l a n e nj.

The c o n d i t i o n of g e o m e t r i c symmetry h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

The c o n d i t i o n of e l a s t i c symmetry i n t h e c a s e under c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i l l b e

1131 :
b --
a, = a*, = a16= a,&= a3, = a, = a, =’ab6= 0, (3)
- i -

where a
ik (z,y) a r e t h e c o e f f e c i e n t s of e l a s t i c i t y of t h e g i v e n p l a t e m a t e r i a l .

L e t u s assume t h a t t h e known hypotheses [13, 1 4 , 1 5 1 t h a t a r e w e d when de-

r i v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n s of e q u i l i b r i u m of t h i n i s o t r o p i c homogeneous p l a t e s of con-
s t a n t r i g i d i t y can b e extended a l s o t o t h i n a n i s o t r o p i c heterogeneous p l a t e s of
v a r i a b l e r i g i d i t y , t h e middle s u r f a c e of which i s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t h e s u r f a c e of
elastic and g e o m e t r i c symmetry (under t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t t h e upper and lower
s u r f a c e s of t h e p l a t e a r e smooth s u r f a c e s ) .

2
 2. Brian-Timoshenko E q u a t i o n

L e t us c o n s i d e r a p l a t e t h a t i s i n a p l a n e s t a t e of stress under t h e a c t i o n
of f o r c e s p a r a l l e l t o i t s p l a n e .

If t h e f o r c e s a c t i n g on t h e p l a t e a r e e s s e n t i a l l y compressive, t h e p l a t e
may be i n one of two s t a t e s of stress: p l a n e , when i t h a s n o t y e t been de-
f l e c t e d , b u t i s b e i n g deformed i n i t s p l a n e ; and d e f l e c t e d , when, i n a d d i t i o n t o
deformation i n i t s p l a n e , i t i s a l s o b e i n g b e n t .

The work of t h e e x t e r n a l f o r c e s i n t h e f i r s t s t a t e , which i s e q u a l t o t h e

work of t h e i n t e r n a l stresses, can b e r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g form [15, 1 6 ,
171: - -.

k'here A1 i s t h e work of t h e e x t e r n a l f o r c e s i n t h e f i r s t s t a t e of t h e p l a t e ; u
and v are displacements of p o i n t s of t h e middle s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e i n t h e d i -
r e c t i o n of t h e x and y a x e s ; T and IT are t h e f o r c e s a p p l i e d t o a u n i t l e n g t h
1 2
and extending t h e p l a t e i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e x and y a x e s ; and S i s a tangen-
t i a l f o r c e , which i s a l s o a p p l i e d t o a u n i t l e n g t h and l i e s i n t h e p l a n e of t h e
plate.

The'work of t h e i n t e r n a l f o r c e s i n t h e second s t a t e of t h e p l a t e w i l l con-/141

s i s t of t w o p a r t s 115, 161: the work of t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l f o r c e s w i t h p l a t e d i s -
t o r t i o n taken i n t o a c c o u n t

and t h e work of p l a t e bending

where M1, M 2 and H a r e t h e e l a s t i c moments a p p l i e d t o a u n i t l e n g t h of t h e p l a t e ,

and which have t h e f o l l o w i n g form f o r a n a n i s o t r o p i c h e t e r o g e n e o u s p l a t e of vari-
a b l e r i g i d i t y [18] :

3
 . I

J
-h
.

where a
ik
(x,y) a r e t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s of e l a s t i c i t y of t h e g i v e n m a t e r i a l , and
r e p r e s e n t e d i n terms of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s g i v e n above by means of t h e formula [18]

The c o e f f i c i e n t s ci (z,y), i n t u r n , can b e r e p r e s e n t e d i n terms of t h e

ik
f o l l o w i n g " t e c h n i c a l " c o e f f i c i e n t s , which a r e more f a m i l i a r t o u s :

where

E and E are Young's moduli f o r e x t e n s i o n (compression) i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e

1 2
x and y a x e s ; v1 and v2 are Poisson's r a t i o s which c h a r a c t e r i z e t r a n s v e r s e com-
p r e s s i o n of t h e m a t e r i a l upon e x t e n s i o n a l o n g t h e x and y a x e s ; G i s t h e s h e a r
modulus f o r p l a n e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e xy p l a n e ; B 1 and B, a r e c o e f f i c i e n t s which / 1 4 2
c h a r a c t e r i z e e l o n g a t i o n due t o t h e e f f e c t of t a n g e n t i a l stress X o r , expressed
Y'
i n d i f f e r e n t t e n s , s h e a r due t o normal stresses X
X
and Y
Y
.
It f o l l o w s from t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p ci that
ik = aki
_-

4
 For an i s o t r o p i c homogeneous p l a t e of c o n s t a n t r i g i d i t y , MI, M and H, as
2
is known, have t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

where

i s t h e c y l i n d r i c a l r i g i d i t y of t h e p l a t e .

The c o n d i t i o n of e q u i l i b r i u m of t h e p l a t e i n t h e second s t a t e obviously,

w i l l have t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

where A i s t h e work of t h e e x t e r n a l f o r c e s i n t h e second s t a t e .

2
I n t h e t h e o r y of b u c k l i n g , we a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e e q u a t i o n which c o r r e s -
ponds t o t h e moment of t r a n s i t i o n of t h e p l a t e from t h e f i r s t s t a t e t o t h e sec-
ond. T h i s t r a n s i t i o n of t h e f i r s t s t a t e t o t h e second e v i d e n t l y can be accom-
p l i s h e d a t t h e moment t h a t t h e f o r c e s a c t i n g i n t h e p l a n e of t h e p l a t e have ex-
ceeded a c e r t a i n l i m i t , a l b e i t by a s m a l l q u a n t i t y .

W e s h a l l c a l l t h e system of f o r c e s t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h i s l i m i t t h e c r i t -
i c a l system, and w e s h a l l c a l l t h e s t a t e of t h e p l a t e t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h i s
system of f o r c e s t h e c r i t i c a l s t a t e .

A t t h e moment of t h e c r i t i c a l s t a t e ( a t t h e boundary of s t a b i l i t y ) t h e
p l a t e can assume b o t h a p l a n e and a d e f l e c t e d shape, i . e . , b o t h t h e f i r s t and
t h e second s t a t e of t h e p l a t e i s e q u a l l y p r o b a b l e . At t h a t moment, t h e work of
t h e e x t e r n a l f o r c e s of b o t h t h e f i r s t and t h e second s t a t e w i l l b e e q u a l t o
each o t h e r [ 1 7 , 191. All terms t h a t c o n t a i n u and u i n t h i s case w i l l c a n c e l
o u t , and w e s h a l l o b t a i n t h e sought Brian-Timoshenko e q u a t i o n :

5
 - -_ - __ -

or- r e p l a c i n g & e v a l u e s of M 1' M 2 and H i n e q u a t i o n (11) w i t h t h e i r e x p r e s s i o n s / l 4 3

(71, we f i n a l l y o b t a i n :

I f , however, w e r e p l a c e t h e v a l u e s of M1' M 2 and H i n ' e q u a t i o n (11) by t h e i r

cornon e x p r e s s i o n s ( 9 ) ' w e s h a l l o b t a i n t h e well-known Brian-Timoshenko e q u a t i o n
[161.
3. S t a b l e , Unstable, -a- Neutral-Equilibrium

Both e q u a t i o n (11) and (12) a r e t h e o n l y n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n of e q u i l i b r i u m .

The n e c e s s a r y and s u f f i c i e n t c o n d i t i o n of an e l a s t i c system whose f o r c e s have a
p o t e n t i a l , as w e know, i s t h a t t h e p o t e n t i a l energy i n t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o s i t i o n
have a s t a t i o n a r y v a l u e , i . e . ,
~.
6l-I=0,

or, e x p r e s s e d i n a n o t h e r manner,

( i = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .,n),

where II is t h e t o t a l p o t e n t i a l energy of t h e system and q i s a g e n e r a l i z e d

coordinate. i

The e q u i l i b r i u m of a m a t e r i a l system, as w e know, can b e s t a b l e , u n s t a b l e ,

OJC neutral. If t h e p o t e n t i a l energy h a s a minimum, i . e . ,

6'I-I > 0, i
I

the equilibrium w i l l be s t a b l e ,

6
 It is has a rnzximum, i.e., 1

t h e e q u i l i b r i u m w i l l b e u n s t a b l e ; and i f i t h a s n e i t h e r a minimum n o r a maximum,

i.e., -

E1l-I=Oand B r I = O , ' (17)

the equilibrium w i l l be neutral.

N e u t r a l e q u i l i b r i u m determined by e q u a t i o n s (17) w i l l o b v i o u s l y correspond

t o t h e c r i t i c a l s t a t e of e q u i l i b r i u m .

4. Expression ---
of t h e T o t a 1 , P o t e n t i a l Energy of a Plate I144

To f i n d t h e c r i t i c a l s t a t e , i t i s o b v i o u s l y n e c e s s a r y t o d e r i v e an expres-
s i o n f o r t h e t o t a l p o t e n t i a l energy. I n o u r c a s e , t h e l e f t - h a n d s i d e of equa-
t i o n (12) may b e c o n s i d e r e d as the t o t a l p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y of a p l a t e s u b j e c t t o
buckling.

I n d e e d , t h e f i r s t double i n t e g r a l i n e q u a t i o n (12) i s ' n o n e o t h e r t h a n t h e

work of t h e i n t e r n a l bending f o r c e s Ai, w h i l e t h e s e c o n d , i f i t i s r e a d w i t h a
minus s i g n , i s t h e work of the. e x t e r n a l f o r c e s A (boundary and volume f o r c e s ) .
e
Consequently, t h e t o t a l p o t e n t i a l energy f o r t h e case of b u c k l i n g can b e w r i t t e n
i n t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

'. n = A,- Ai

or

5. D i f f e r e n t i a l Equation of t h e E l a s t i c S u r f a c e of a P l a t e
-
and Boundary Conditions

We s h a l l u s e c o n d i t i o n (13) t o o b t a i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n and t h e
boundary c o n d i t i o n s .

By i n s e r t i n g t h e v a l u e of II from (19) i n t o (13) and performing v a r i a t i o n

and some t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , w e o b t a i n :

7
 f + 2 - + + +~- P- H a w
S i d z d y ( - - - d'M - + S - 3awf -
a [ T - aw d [ T z aw
dy+Sz])2w-
&t-

dz axay ay dz laz ay dy
(20)
ai
- \ds {Q&v-- M --
dn } - 2 Si (I?) Ew (s,) ,
i=1

where

--d [(M,-M,)
dS
COS (n,X ) C O S (n, y) - H (COS' (n, 5 ) - COY'. (n,y))] + (21)

-F [ T I g + S $ ] COS (n,z)+ [ T =au

?+SF] dr coa(n,y)} ?

_ _

M = M ,cos' (n,5j +2 H co 3 (n,5)c os ( n,y ) + nl' cos' (n,y) ,

N = ( M , - M , ) 00s (n,z)cos (n, y ) - H [oos' (n,x ) - cos' (n, 341,
.- ..

i n which 1 S . (N) d e n o t e s t h e sum of t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s which t h e f u n c t i o n N

2 //vs
i=1
undergoes a t t h e c o r n e r p o i n t s s t h e c o n t o u r ( n , z ) , and (n,y) a r e t h e a n g l e s
i of
between t h e e x t e r n a l d i r e c t i o n of t h e normal t o t h e c o n t o u r and t h e z and y ax-
es; t h & q u a n t i t i e s M M and H have t h e i r p r e v i o u s v a l u e s ( 7 ) .
1' 2
From (20)' w i t h t h e u s u a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , w e o b t a i n an Euler-Lagrange equa-
t i o n of o u r v a r i a t i o n problem:

o r , by s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e v a l u e s of M M and H i n (23) by t h e i r e x p r e s s i o n s ( 7 ) ,
1' 2

where X and Y are t h-e components of t h e r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r of t h e volume f o r c e s

i

L
a p p l i e d t o a u n i t area of t h e p l a t e .

E q u a t i o n (23) a l s o can be o b t a i n e d g e o m e t r i c a l l y
a f t e r c o n s i d e r i n g t h e e q u i l i b r i u m of a deformed element of t h e p l a t e .
The s t a t i c e q u a t i o n 12 = 0 a l s o g i v e s t h e sought e q u a t i o n (23)*.
The e q u a t i o n o b t a i n e d (24) makes i t p o s s i b l e t o w r i t e d i f f e r e n t i a l equa-
t i o n s a l s o f o r p l a t e s w i t h o t h e r v a l u e s of a i k ( z J y ) and J ( z , y ) .

W e s h a l l c i t e s e v e r a l p a r t i c u l a r cases of d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n ( 2 4 ) .

1. To o b t a i n a d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n f o r a n o r t h o g o n a l a n i s o t r o p i c p l a t e
of v a r i a b l e t h i c k n e s s , we must p l a c e t h e f o l l o w i n g i n e q u a t i o n ( 2 4 ) :

a,, =a,, = Q,, 5 a,, t

~ -

which i s e q u i v a l e n t t o
-

p,=p,=o,
The remaining c o e f f i c i e n t s w i l l t h e n t a k e on t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

'.
2. Equation (24) f o r t h e c a s e of a homogeneous o r t h o g o n a l a n i s o t r o p i c /146
p l a t e of c o n s t a n t t h i c k n e s s , t a k e s on t h e form:

where

B= EsJ
L- V,V, '
vEJ
2c=-
'IEsJ
' 2 1+ 4 GJ
i - VIV, .

*Equation (23) and a l s o e x p r e s s i o n s (21) and (22) o b v i o u s l y a r e i n v a r i -

a n t s b o t h w i t h respect t o t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e p l a t e m a t e r i a l and a l s o w i t h
r e g a r d t o t h e v a r i a t i o n of i t s r i g i d i t y .

9
 3. I n an i s o t r o p i c and homogeneous medium, b u t w i t h v a r i a b l e t h i c k n e s s ,
e q u a t i o n ( 2 4 ) assumes t h e following form:

where D = EJJ1 - V
2
i s t h e c y l i n d r i c a l r i g i d i t y of t h e p l a t e .

4. When D = c o n s t , e q u a t i o n (25) becomes a d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n f o r an

i s o t r o p i c p l a t e w i t h constant thickness:

ti& . e q u a t i o n was f i r s t d e r i v e d by R e i s s n e r [15]. I f w e s t a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g i n

e q u a t i o n (26),
- - . .
T,= cons1 , T,= const and 8 = const, ,
- --
,
we w i l l o b t a i n a Saint-Venant e q u a t i o n [20].

We s h a l l o b t a i n t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e p l a t e by c o n s i d e r i n g t h e
contour i n t e g r a l and t h e sum i n t h e e q u a t i o n ( 2 0 ) . -If t h e edge o f t h e p l a t e i s
p e r f e c t l y f r e e , then , by u s i n g t h e well-known r e a s o n i n g , we o b t a i n t h e follow-
ing :

03

i-I
. -

where &, M and N have t h e i r former v a l u e s (21), (221, (22a).

Thus, f o r example, f o r t h e f r e e s i d e y = b of a r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e , t h e /I47

boundary c o n d i t i o n s ( 2 7 ) assume t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

.
10
d , . ' .

I x = O Y y = b a n d x = a , y = b a t t h e c o r n e r s of t h e p l a t e :

The boundary c o n d i t i o n s f o r an i s o t r o p i c homogeneous p l a t e of constax:

r i g i d i t y w i l l b e o b t a i n e d i f i n s t e a d of K 1' M 2 and B i n ( 2 7 ) , w e s u b s t i t u r a
~

I
t h e i r common e x p r e s s i o n s ( 9 ) . I n p a r t i c u l a r , f o r the f r e e s i d e y = b of a rec-
~
t a n k u l a r p l a t e , t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s t a k e on t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

(28a)

x = 0, y = b and x = a, y = b a t t h e c o r n e r s of t h e p l a t e :

a t dy 2w (s,) = 0 .
si (5) (?Sa')

The u s u a l Kirchhoff boundary c o n d i t i o n s e n c o u n t e r e d i n a l l c o u r s e s on t h e

t h e o r y of e l a s t i c i t y w i l l b e obtained i f w e p l a c e (T2)y=b = (S)y=b = 0 i n (28a),
which c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e case of t h e absence of e x t e r n a l f o r c e s on t h e contour.
But s i n c e cases a r e encountered i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e where K i r c h h o f f ' s boundary
c o n d i t i o n s are extended t o i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c u l a r problems and t o loaded s i d e s
of a p l a t e , which n a t u r a l l y l e a d s t o e r r o r s , w e t h e n must c o n s i d e r t h i s ques-
t i o n i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l and c i t e an example.

A s a n example, l e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e r o d shown i n Figure 1

i n two v a r i a t i o n s : w i t h t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s g i v e n i n t h i s a r t i c l e , and
w i t h K i r c h h o f f ' s boundary c o n d i t i o n s .

The d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n of t h e e l a s t i c l i n e of the r o d w i l l b e obtained

as a p a r t i c u l a r case from ( 2 4 ) :
-

d
- dyl (EJ 2)+T ,
~ _-
@w
= 0. (29)

The boundary c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e f r e e loaded end of t h e L~.'I!

r o d w i l l b e obtained as a p a r t i c u l a r case from (28a):
~
- _. - -
[ - E Jcrw
~ + T e] =o,
(30)
'dy y=b
-_

11
 , ' .

K i r c h h o f f ' s boundary c o n d i t i o n s f o r the same f r e e end of the rod h a v e t h e

f o l l o w i n g form: - - - -_

The b o m d a r y c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e f a s t e n e d end, which a r e g i v e n here, and

K i r c h h o f f ' s boundary c o n d i t i o n s , c o i n c i d e :
- . -

Now, s o l v i n g the problem f o r a r o d under boundary c o n d i t i o n s (30) and (32)

and boundary c o n d i t i o n s (31) and (321, w e o b t a i n the f o l l o w i n g t r a n s c e n d e n t a l
e q u a t i o n f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c r i t i c a l f o r c e i n the f i r s t case:
-

and t h e f o l l o w i n g t r a n s c e n d e n t a l e q u a t i o n f o r the second case:

-- -_
sin'Ab+cosV,b=O. (33')
<-

E q u a t i o n ( 3 3 ' ) , as w e know, does n o t g e n e r a l l y have a r o o t , and consequent-

l y , we do n o t o b t a i n t h e c r i t i c a l f o r c e * .
\
Thik 'example i n d i c a t e s t h a t Kirchhoff
's boundary c o n d i t i o n s , which were
d e r i v e d f o r bending, cannot always b e extended t o b u c k l i n g .

L e t u s now c o n s i d e r o t h e r cases of boundary c o n d i t i o n s .

I f the edge of a p l a t e i s f r e e l y f a s t e n e d , 6w = 0 and Gw(si) = 0 , and con-

s e q u e n t l y , by a p p l y i n g well-known r e a s o n i n g , w e o b t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g :
-- . -

+2 H cos (n, z) cos ( n,y) + !li,

-~
w = 0 , M ,cos2 (n,z) COS* ( n,y) = 0 . (34)

I f the edge of t h e p l a t e i s r i g i d l y f a s t e n e d , i . e . , i t cannot b e t u r n e d

o r d i s p l a c e d , the boundary c o n d i t i o n s , as c a n b e e a s i l y comprehended, w i l l have
the f o l l o w i n g form:

*A s i m i l a r e x a m p l e c o u l d b e c i t e d a l s o f o r a p l a t e , b u t the i n c o r r e c t n e s s
. of a p p l y i n g K i r c h h o f f ' s c o n d i t i o n s i n that case i s n o t as clear t o d e t e c t as i n -
this case.

12
, . ' .
.
The boundary conditions could be derived also for the case of elastic
fastening of the edge of a plate, and also for the case of support of the edge
-
of a plate on an elastic contour, but in the presence of the fundamental bound-ll49
ary conditions given above, a description of these boundary conditions is not
difficult; therefore, we shall not dwell on them.

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FRANK C. FARNHAM COMPANY, I N C .

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Translated by Gerald E. Bernfeld
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