w

Channel wall u P1 y u(y)

x

0 P2

H u Channel wall FIGURE 7.1 Fully developed flow in a two-dimensional channel. v 0

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Channel wall
0.4

u/umax

Channel height (y/H)

0.2 0 0.2 0.4 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Shear (t *)

u/umax FIGURE 7.2 Velocity and shear distribution for fully developed flow in a two-dimensional channel.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

dA P1 vz vr 0 R P2
z

2prdr

dr r

vz

vr

FIGURE 7.3 Fully developed flow in a pipe.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Pipe
1.0

Radial distance (r/R)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

1.8

1.0

1.2

u/umax FIGURE 7.4 Velocity distribution in fully developed flow in a pipe.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Free surface boundary conditions y n s h H Free surface gx u v 0 txy 0 Patm constant Gravity term gy a g P(x, y H)

a x FIGURE 7.5 Fully developed flow down an inclined surface.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Free surface
1.0 0.8

umax

Depth ( y/H )

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2

Inclined surface

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

u/umax FIGURE 7.6 Velocity distribution in fully developed flow down an inclined surface.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Free surface boundary conditions n s h x y H0 u0 x h n P 2m u x u(h) Fapplied Fapplied txy P 0 txy 0

0 (thin film)

FIGURE 7.7 Film drawing from a rectangular die.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

3.0 2.5

Film parameters

F 4mQ

1 u/u0

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Die exit h/h0

0.8 1.0 1.2

X-direction FIGURE 7.8 Velocity distribution and film thickness profile as a function of the distance from the die.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

4.0 3.5 3.0

1m

dP/dx m0

10

Q/Q Newt

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.4

Shear thinning

Shear thickening Newtonian flow

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Power law exponent (n) FIGURE 7.9 Volumetric flow rate as a function of the power-law exponent n for a non-Newtonian fluid through a two-dimensional channel (constant pressure gradient).

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Distance along the channel (y/H)

0.500 0.375 0.250 0.125 0 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

dP/dx m0 n 1.5

10

1.0 n 0.8

Velocity distribution, u (m/s) FIGURE 7.10 Velocity profile as a function of the power-law exponent n for fully developed flow of a non-Newtonian fluid through a two-dimensional die (constant pressure gradient).

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Wind

Free surface P Patm u0 u u( y, t)

Increasing time

FIGURE 7.11 Impulsively, wind-induced flow of an initially stagnant free surface.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Free surface
4.0 3.5 3.0

vt y 2 n

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

u/u0
FIGURE 7.12 Nondimensional velocity distribution in an impulsively started free surface flow.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Tw
x

Tw

FIGURE 7.13 Non-isothermal flow fully developed flow through a two-dimensional channel with height H.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

0.500 0.375

Distance (y/H)

0.250 0.125 0 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Tw

3mQ 2 4kH2

Temperature difference FIGURE 7.14 Temperature distribution in non-isothermal, fully developed flow through a two-dimensional channel.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall

Weight Fixed surface Gap height Moving surface

Weight Fixed surface Gap U

FIGURE 7.15 Schematic for Problem 7.9.

Alexandrou, Principles of Fluid Mechanics, 1e, Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall