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Control of the asymmetric vortex flow around a nose cone at high angles of attack O. Rodriguez, J. Pruvost, C. Geiler 10th International Symposium on Flow Visualization Kyoto (Japon), August 26-29, 2002
TP 2002-163

Control of the asymmetric vortex flow around a nose cone at high angles of attack
Contrle de l'coulement tourbillonnaire asymtrique autour d'une pointe conique forte incidence
par

O. Rodriguez, J. Pruvost, C. Geiler

10th International Symposium on Flow Visualization Kyoto (Japon), August 26-29, 2002

R s u m : Le but de la prsente tude est de tenter de mettre en vidence les mcanismes arodynamiques l'origine du comportement asymtrique de l'coulement tourbillonnaire qui s'tablit autour d'une pointe conique, et des modifications induites en prsence d'un contrle par injection. Les essais sont raliss en tunnel hydrodynamique et les rsultats sont dduits d'une analyse de visualisations enregistres par strioscopie, grce un marquage thermique slectif des structures tourbillonnaires. On montre que l'asymtrie naturelle des coulements d'avant corps est lie une asymtrie des points d'clatements des tourbillons issus de l'apex.

NB : Ce document comporte 8 pages Ce Tir part fait rfrence au Document dAccompagnement de Publication DAAP0226

The 10th International Symposium on Flow Visualization August 26-29, 2002, Kyoto, Japan

F0097

Control of the Asymmetric Vortex Flow Around a Nose Cone at High Angles of Attack
Rodriguez,O.*1, Pruvost,J.*1,Geiler,C.*1
*1 Office National dEtudes et Recherches Aronautiques Centre de Lille. 5, boulevard Painlev 59045 Lille cedex France. Tel:+03-20.49.69.46 / FAX:+03.20.49.69.53 E-mail: rodriguez@imf-lille.fr Abstract: The purpose of the present study is to attempt to bring out the aerodynamic mechanisms that drive the asymmetric behavior of the vortex flow that is set up around a conic nose, and the modifications induced in the presence of an injection-type control. Water tunnel tests are conducted and the results are deduced from an analysis of schlieren visualizations made by selective thermal marking of the vortex structures. It is shown that the natural asymmetry of forebody flows is related to an asymmetry of the breakdown points in the vortices emanating from the apex. Keywords: : Visualization, Forebody Vortices, Flow control.

1. Introduction
It is known that the asymmetry of the vortex system that develops around the forward part of a body of revolution at high incidence will generate a lateral load whose intensity is of the same order of magnitude as the normal load (Koener et al., 1974, 1976). The yaw moment induced by this lateral force may affect an aircraft's control characteristics and limit its maneuverability, because conventional flight control surfaces are ineffective at high angles of incidence, and the vertical control surface may be affected by vortices from the forebody. There are two ways of dealing with the lateral load problem. The first is to minimize the intensity of the lateral load by causing a symmetrical separation on the forebody or destroying the coherence of the apex vortices. The second, more interesting approach, is to use the yaw moment generated by the front point to provide a directional control for the obstacle. Excellent reviews on this subject are given in the papers by Malcolm (1993) and Williams (1997). One efficient method to control the asymmetry is to use pneumatic control or blowing. Among the various technics of blowing used to control the flow, the most promising results nonetheless seem to be obtained when a very low mass flow rate is applied in the upstream direction parallel to the forebody axis, through orifices positioned to either side of the axis in the very vicinity of the point. On the basis of prior results obtained by blunting to suppress the asymmetry (Roos, 1993, 1994) Roos studied the effect of such microblowing on a model of the F15E (Roos, 2001). Microblowing is effective at high angles of attack because it generates and controls yaw moment levels comparable with those obtained by high-pressure jets, but with mass flow rates that are a hundred times smaller. Roos drew upon the works of Levy et al. (1995), who reproduced lateral force variations
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analogous to those observed in microblowing in a numerical simulation of a nose cone flow with a small geometric protuberance. Roos attributed the asymmetry control by microblowing to a displacement effect, so that he uses rather wide-diameter injection orifices in his experiments in order to inject mass rather than momentum. At the same time, Lee et al. (2000) performed tests on a delta wing mounted on a forebody of circular ogive shape equipped with orifices to provide control by jets in a way similar to what was done by Roos. Resuming the results from previous works (Alexan et al., 1994, Lee et al.1995), the authors alternately pulsed the flow through one orifice and then the other. The injection time interval through one orifice was variable, at t/T0 through a cycle of period T0, while the injection time interval through the other was then 1 t/T0. This strategy thus makes it possible to impart a proportional control of the lateral load induced by the asymmetry of the vortex flow. Moreover, it appears that the sign of the lateral load depends on the momentum flow rate coefficient, C. While a C of the order of 0.0004 is enough to set the lateral load in a given direction or the other depending on the orifice used, this lateral load flips and changes sign as soon as C reaches a value of about 0.0015. This switch coincides with the fact that the jet passes through the mixing zone and penetrates the potential flow (Alexan et al., 1994). Bernhardt and Williams (1998) also developed a proportional control of the asymmetry by axial injection around a blunted forebody. They use a synthetic jet, for which the mass flow rate is zero, on the average, and observe that proportional control is possible at an incidence of 45 but is no longer so at 55 because the flow then acquires a bistable behavior. The purpose of the present study is to attempt to bring out the aerodynamic mechanisms that drive the assymetric behavior of the vortex flow that is set up around a conic nose, and the modifications induced in the presence of an injection-type control. Water tunnel tests are conducted and the results are deduced from an analysis of schlieren visualizations made by selective thermal marking of the vortex structures.

2.Schlieren effect in water tunnel


Separated flows investigation in water tunnel suits particularly well to use the schlieren method for large scale vortex structures visualization (Rodriguez, 1991).
Incident light Perturbation Recording plane

x z

Fig.1 Deflection of a light ray in a optical disturbance The deviation of a light ray crossing the test section of the water tunnel may be estimated from principles of geometrical optics (fig.1). With the simplifying assumption that each ray may undergoes only infinitesimal deviations, Fiedler et al.(1985) have shown that, for a two-dimensional field and for a perturbation along the y-direction, the resulting displacement a of a light ray at the knife edge is given by : a

= f

e dn T where a is the n0 dT y

image source diameter at the knife edge, f the focal length of the mirror, e the distance covered by the rays and n0 the value of the refractive index n at T=20C : n0=1.333. The schlieren device being a double path system, we have f=4m and e=2h=0.60m where h is the test section width. The relationship between the refractive index and the temperature is
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given as a first approximation by (Dobbins and Peck, 1973) :

dn = 0.8 10 4 / C . To dT

determine the conditions to be satisfied for a schlieren visualization of a laminar boundary layer on a heated flat plate for example, it is necessary to estimate a mean value of the temperature gradient and incompressible

T through the boundary layer. In the schematic case of a steady y


it has been shown that the deflection

flow,

a is

then

a = f

e dn U Tw T (Rodriguez, 1991) where T is the upstream temperature and n0 dT x 2.4

Tw the wall temperature.Taking x=L=0.30m where L is the cord of a given profile, the above equation yields for our experimental conditions : a = 0.05 (Tw T ) . With the assumption that the image at the knife edge is a 2mm diameter spot and that a perceptible contrast in the schlieren picture may be expected if a is about 10% of the image width, the boundary layer is correctly visualized if : Tw-T 0.004C. This result show that very small temperature differences between the wall and the external flow are sufficient to perform schlieren visualizations. If separation occurs, downstream of a blunt base for example, heated particles of fluid are emitted from separation lines and will allow the visualization of large scale structures in the wake. Note that to make the temperature differences between the body and the external flow suitable for schlieren recording, it is necessary to heat the boundary layer. Indeed, the solution of the equation of energy for an adiabatic wall is (Schlichting, 1979) : Ta

T =

U2 2 cp

Pr = 1.5 10 6 C . This value is far too small to be

detected by a schlieren system.

2. Experimental
The tests were conducted in a vertical water tunnel with return circuit. Two pumps provide the flow, regulated by two electromagnetic flowmeters for flow stability in the farfield. The test section is 1 m long, with a 0.30 0.30m2 cross section. The four side walls of the section are equipped with windows to visualize the flow in the two directions normal to the farfield velocity over a length of 0.80 m. The farfield velocity is 1 m/s at most. The test model is a forebody consisting of a cone of revolution with a semi-angle of 15 at the apex, and length L = 0.10 m. This cone has two injection orifices (diameter = 0.9 mm) in the vicinity of the apex. These orifices come out parallel to the cone axis, and are used to control the vortex flow (fig. 2). When the model is at incidence, both are always on the leeward side to either side of the plane of symmetry. We also implanted two rings of holes at distances x/L = 0.25 and x/L = - 0.50 from the apex. Each ring consisted of eight orifices from which dye was injected to visualize the emission lines from the obstacle. The flow is visualized in both directions normal to the farfield velocity. Schlieren visualization is used in one of these directions, so the model was equipped with eight wire heating elements coming out flush with the obstacle skin along cone generatrices as shown in fig.2b. These elements can be supplied independently from each other and thus provide a means of marking the vortex flow thermally and selectively: only those fluid particles whose trajectories pass nearby the heated elements will be visible. In particular, only one of the two vortices emanating from the tip will be visualized if we activate only those heating elements located just upstream of the separation line from which this structure emanates. By thus individualizing the turbulent structures, this technique partly gets around the inherent integrating disadvantage of the schlieren technique, which is penalizing once the flows to be studied become highly three-dimensional. Moreover, if we inject a dye through one of the orifices in the model, the shadow of the corresponding emission line will be seen
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in the schlieren image. Theoretically, it would also have been possible to record visualizations along the second direction of sight to evaluate the three-dimensional character of the flow and notably the degree of asymmetry in the vortex structures emitted. However, the flow asymmetry is not pronounced enough in the present case and the structures then remain masked by the model. So, only the emission lines were filmed in the second directions, and this was done in video mode without using the shadowgraph.

a) Injection orifices position

b) Heating elements and rings of holes

Fig.2 Test model The images are transmitted from two video cameras to a computer, where they are digitized and recorded. The computer simultaneously records the signals transmitted by the flowmeters, and calculates all the characteristic physical parameters of the test at each time step. The flow is injected from a feed tank at a pressure of 4 bar. A volume flowmeter with ball indicator is used to control and measure the total average flow injected. Two electrically operated valves in the injection circuit are used to control the injection in continuous or pulsed mode. If Q = Vj s is the injected mass flow rate, where Vj is the velocity of the fluid in the injection plane and s = 2/4, then the momentum flow coefficient C is given by the relation:

C =

Q Vj 1 / 2 U S
2

= 2C1

S , s

in which U is the farfield fluid velocity, S the wing surface, the fluid's mass density, and C1 = Vjs/US the mass flow rate coefficient. The tests were carried out for a farfield velocity of 0.20 m/s. The highest injection frequency was 10 Hz.

3. Data
3.1 Natural asymmetry of the flow
The natural asymmetry of the forebody flow is illustrated by the visualizations of fig.3. When the heating elements are activated on the port side of the cone, corresponding to positive values of y, a longitudinal vortex structure can be seen emanating from a separation line localized on the port part of the forebody, exhibiting a breakdown point in the vicinity of the cone base (fig.3a). Upstream of the breakdown point, a transition zone can be seen with parallel structures emanating from the obstacle and winding around the
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vortex. Farther upstream there is a less visible laminar region stemming from the apex. The experiment shows that the wavelength of the structures in the transition zone varies with the Reynolds number. When the heating elements are activated on the starboard part of the cone (corresponding to negative values of y) and the other elements are inactive, a turbulent structure of the same type as before appears, but the breakdown point has now climbed forward toward the point tip. Moreover, the transition zone that can be seen on the port vortex seems to have disappeared (fig.3b). This asymmetry of the vortex flow is probably what originates the lateral load Fy experienced on the obstacle (fig.4). This interpretation will be supported when the flow is controlled by steady injection, which moves the vortex structures away from their equilibrium position.

Laminar zone

Transition Vortex breakdown

a) Port vortex

b) Starboard vortex

Fig.3 Natural asymetry of port and starboard vortices =50 - Re=1.07104

z Fy
y

Fig.4 Relationship between the lateral force and the vortex flow.

3.2 Flow control by steady injection


If fluid is injected at very low flow rate through the strarboard orifice, the vortex structure breakdown point is pushed downstream. We also see a transition region appear that did not exist without the injection. This phenomenon is clearly visible in fig.5a, which is recorded for a momentum flow rate coefficient C = 0.9 10-3. The shadow of the dyed injected fluid is clearly visible on this image. The injected fluid is convected in a longitudinal ribbon following well-defined contours, until it breaks up downstream of the starboard vortex breakdown point. When viewed from another angle, the intersection of this ribbon with a horizontal laser plane can be seen (fig.5b). This image also shows us the impact of a second dyed structure in the laser plane. The fluid making up this second structure comes from the injection point which, because it is located very close to the tip, allows a contamination of the two vortices from the apex under certain conditions. The ribbon that propagates within the port vortex is nonetheless visible in fig.5a. It can be seen that this breaks up well upstream of the starboard vortex breakdown point. Actually, this breakup is consecutive to the port vortex breakdown, which has moved upstream (fig.6). The conclusion of this analysis is that, by injecting the fluid at very low C through an
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orifice, we cause the breakdown point of the vortex on the same side of the cone to move downstream, and cause the opposite breakdown point to climb toward the apex. In terms of load, an injection at very low rate through the starboard orifice induces a rightward lateral load, and an injection by the port orifice produces a leftward lateral load.

Starboard vortex breakdown

a)

b)

Fig.5 Effect of the control on starboard vortex Starboard blowing.-C =0.910-3 =50 - Re=1.07104

Port vortex breakdown

Fig.6 Effect of the control on port vortex Starboard blowing.-C =0.910-3 -=50 Re=1 07104

The effect of this type of control on the vortex structure and on the applied loads remains valid as long as C is very small. If C rises above a threshold of about 1.5 10-3, the direction of the lateral load reverses ( Lee et al.,2000). This reversal corresponds to an incursion of the injected fluid into the external flow (fig.7). It should be noted that this phenomenon had already been observed by Lee et al.(2000).

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Fig.7 Blowing control at high C Starboard blowing.-C =1.910-3 -=50 - Re=1.07104

3.3 Flow control by pulsed injection


Pulsed injection can be used to control the flow with reduced injected mass flow rate (Lee et al., 2000). However, whatever the average value of C may be, we observe here that the injected flow always propagates into the external flow when the injection is pulsed. This corresponds to a lateral load of the same type as the one recorded at high values of C when the injection is continuous. Fig.8 gives flow visualizations for different injection frequencies and average values of C close to zero. This phenomenon can probably be attributed to the fact that, even if the average value of C is very small, its instantaneous value is still large enough to allow an incursion of the injected fluid into the external flow.

1Hertz - C = 1.110-4

5Hertz - C = 0.810-4

Fig.8 Effect of a pulsed blowing Starboard blowing. -=50 - Re=1.07104

4. Conclusion
This study has shown that the natural asymmetry of forebody flows is related to an asymmetry of the breakdown points in the vortices emanating from the apex. We were able to verify that this asymmetry can be controlled using a continuous injection applied parallel to the forebody axis. For a given injection point, the direction of the lateral load depends on the flow coefficient C. The change in the direction of the lateral load when C increases corresponds to an incursion of the injected fluid in the external flow in accordance with the
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findings of Lee et al.(1995). This type of control shows that the vortex flow can be manipulated from the sole singular point consisting of the apex. This hints that the flow is totally determined by the nature of this singularity, and that we are therefore dealing with a global instability. However, the existence of vortex breakdown points on the obstacle is an indication that the flow conditions downstream have an effect on the flow structure.

References
Alexan K., Hanff E.S. and Kind R. , 1994 Water-Tunnel Investigation of Dynamic Manipulation of Forebody Vortices. AIAA Paper 94-0503. Bernhardt J.E. and Williams D.R. , 1998 Proportionnal Control of Asymmetric Forebody Vortices. AIAA Journal, vol.36, n11. Dobbins H.M., Peck, E.R., 1973-Change of refractive index of water as a function of temperature. J. Opt.Soc. Amer. 63. Fiedler,H., Nottmeyer, K., Wegener, P.P., Raghu, S., 1985 Schlieren photography of water flow. Exp. Fluids 3. Koener E.R. and Chapmann G.T., 1974 Onset of Aerodynamic Side Force at Zero Sideslip on Symmetric Forebodies at High Angles of Attack. AIAA Paper 74-770. Koener E.R., Chapmann G.T. and Kruse R.L. , 1976 Effects of Mach Number and Afterbody Length on Onset of Asymmetric Forces on Bodies at Zero Sideslip ans High Angle of Attack. . AIAA Paper 76-66. Lee R., Hanff E.S. and Kind R. , 1995 Wind-Tunnel Investigation of Dynamic Manipulation of Forebody Vortices. AIAA Paper 95-1794. Lee R., Kind R.J. and Hanff E.S. , 2000 Active Control of Forebody Vortices on a Schematic Aircraft Model. RTO/AVT Symposium on Active Control Technology, Braunschweig. Levy Y., Hesselink L. and Degani D. , 1995 A Systematic Study of the Correlation Between Geometrical Disturbances ans Flow Asymetries. AIAA Paper 95-0365. Malcolm G.N. ,1993 Forebody Vortex Control A Progress Review. AIAA Paper 93-3540. Rodriguez O., 1991- Base drag reduction by control of the three-dimensional unsteady vortical structures. Exp. Fluids 11. Roos F.W. and Magness C.L. ,1993 Bluntness and Blowing for Flowfield Asymetry Control on Slender Forebodies. AIAA Paper 93-3409. Roos F.W. ,1994 - Low Energy Pneumatic Control of Forebody Vortices. NASA CP 10143, vol.3. Roos F.W. , 2001 - Microblowing for High Angle of Attack Vortex Flow Control on a Fighter Aircraft. Journal of Aircraft, vol.38, n3. Schlichting, H., 1979 Boundary layer theory. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Williams D.R.,1997 A Review of Forebody Vortex Control Scenarios. AIAA Paper 971967.

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