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  • Yes A Citizen of A State, Under Article IV Section 2 Clause 1 of The Constitution of The United States of America, Can Obtain A Passport

    Hochgeladen von

    Dan Goodman
    68 Ansichten16 Seiten
    22 U.S.C. 212 no longer applies to a citizen of the United States. In 1902, 22 U.S.C. 212 was changed. In the “Act June 14, 1902, substituted ‘those owing allegiance, whether citizens or not, to the United States’ for ‘citizens of the United States.” The reason this is so is because there are two citizens in the nation of the United States which owe allegiance to the United States; the first, is a citizen of the United States, under Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment, and the second, is a citizen of the several States (united), under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution. A citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America, since the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, cannot as such a citizen obtain a passport under 22 U.S.C. 212. This is because a citizen of a State, owes allegiance to a particular State. However, a citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, is entitled to privileges and immunities of a citizen of the several States, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, and as such is now also a citizen of the several States, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution. A citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, is a citizen of the several States (united), on the high seas. As such, a citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, is a citizen of the several States united under international law, or the law of nations. A citizen of the United States, before the Fourteenth Amendment, was the same as a citizen of the several States united. In the Slaughterhouse Cases, the Supreme Court split a citizen of the United States/a citizen of the several States united into two separate and distinct citizens; a citizen of the United States and a citizen of the several States. Thereafter, there was a citizen of the United States and a citizen of the several States (united). Since the Fourteenth Amendment and the Slaughterhouse Cases, there is a citizen of the United States, who is not a citizen of the several States (united) and a citizen of the several States (united) who is not a citizen of the United States. A citizen of the United States owes allegiance to the United States. A citizen of the several States (united) owes allegiance to the several States united; that is, the United States. Thus, a citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, can, as a citizen of the several States, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, obtain a passport under 22 U.S.C. 212. This is because a citizen of a State, as a citizen of the several States (united) owes allegiance to the several States united; that is, the United States.

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    Yes a citizen of a State, under Article IV Section 2 Clause 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America, can obtain a Passport

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    22 U.S.C. 212 no longer applies to a citizen of the United States. In 1902, 22 U.S.C. 212 was changed. In the “Act June 14, 1902, substituted ‘those owing allegiance, whether citizens or not, to the United States’ for ‘citizens of the United States.” The reason this is so is because there are two citizens in the nation of the United States which owe allegiance to the United States; the first, is a citizen of the United States, under Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment, and the second, is a citizen of the several States (united), under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution. A citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America, since the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, cannot as such a citizen obtain a passport under 22 U.S.C. 212. This is because a citizen of a State, owes allegiance to a particular State. However, a citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, is entitled to privileges and immunities of a citizen of the several States, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, and as such is now also a citizen of the several States, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution. A citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, is a citizen of the several States (united), on the high seas. As such, a citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, is a citizen of the several States united under international law, or the law of nations. A citizen of the United States, before the Fourteenth Amendment, was the same as a citizen of the several States united. In the Slaughterhouse Cases, the Supreme Court split a citizen of the United States/a citizen of the several States united into two separate and distinct citizens; a citizen of the United States and a citizen of the several States. Thereafter, there was a citizen of the United States and a citizen of the several States (united). Since the Fourteenth Amendment and the Slaughterhouse Cases, there is a citizen of the United States, who is not a citizen of the several States (united) and a citizen of the several States (united) who is not a citizen of the United States. A citizen of the United States owes allegiance to the United States. A citizen of the several States (united) owes allegiance to the several States united; that is, the United States. Thus, a citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, can, as a citizen of the several States, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, obtain a passport under 22 U.S.C. 212. This is because a citizen of a State, as a citizen of the several States (united) owes allegiance to the several States united; that is, the United States.

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    Yes A Citizen of A State, Under Article IV Section 2 Clause 1 of The Constitution of The United States of America, Can Obtain A Passport

    Hochgeladen von

    Dan Goodman
    22 U.S.C. 212 no longer applies to a citizen of the United States. In 1902, 22 U.S.C. 212 was changed. In the “Act June 14, 1902, substituted ‘those owing allegiance, whether citizens or not, to the United States’ for ‘citizens of the United States.” The reason this is so is because there are two citizens in the nation of the United States which owe allegiance to the United States; the first, is a citizen of the United States, under Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment, and the second, is a citizen of the several States (united), under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution. A citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America, since the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, cannot as such a citizen obtain a passport under 22 U.S.C. 212. This is because a citizen of a State, owes allegiance to a particular State. However, a citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, is entitled to privileges and immunities of a citizen of the several States, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, and as such is now also a citizen of the several States, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution. A citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, is a citizen of the several States (united), on the high seas. As such, a citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, is a citizen of the several States united under international law, or the law of nations. A citizen of the United States, before the Fourteenth Amendment, was the same as a citizen of the several States united. In the Slaughterhouse Cases, the Supreme Court split a citizen of the United States/a citizen of the several States united into two separate and distinct citizens; a citizen of the United States and a citizen of the several States. Thereafter, there was a citizen of the United States and a citizen of the several States (united). Since the Fourteenth Amendment and the Slaughterhouse Cases, there is a citizen of the United States, who is not a citizen of the several States (united) and a citizen of the several States (united) who is not a citizen of the United States. A citizen of the United States owes allegiance to the United States. A citizen of the several States (united) owes allegiance to the several States united; that is, the United States. Thus, a citizen of a State, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, can, as a citizen of the several States, under Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, obtain a passport under 22 U.S.C. 212. This is because a citizen of a State, as a citizen of the several States (united) owes allegiance to the several States united; that is, the United States.

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    YesacitizenofaState, underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution oftheUnitedStatesofAmerica, canobtainaPassport

    2011DanGoodman TherearetwoprovisionsthatrelatetogettingapassportintheUnitedStates(of America).Theyare: Nopassportshallbegrantedorissuedtoorverifiedforanyotherpersonsthat thoseowingallegiance,whethercitizensornot,totheUnitedStates.22U.S.C.212 (2010).


    http://uscode.house.gov/uscode cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t21t25+742+0++%28%29%20%20AND%20%28%2822 %29%20ADJ%20USC%29%3ACITE%20AND%20%28USC%20w%2F10%20%28212%29 %29%3ACITE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20

    BeforeapassportisissuedtoanypersonbyorunderauthorityoftheUnited Statessuchpersonshallsubscribetoandsubmitawrittenapplicationwhichshall containatruerecitalofeachandeverymatteroffactwhichmayberequiredbylaw orbyanyrulesauthorizedbylawtobestatedasaprerequisitetotheissuanceof anysuchpassport.IftheapplicanthasnotpreviouslybeenissuedaUnitedStates passport,theapplicationshallbedulyverifiedbyhisoathbeforeaperson authorizedandempoweredbytheSecretaryofStatetoadministeroaths.22U.S.C. 213(2010).


    http://uscode.house.gov/uscode cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t21t25+744+0++%28%29%20%20AND%20%28%2822 %29%20ADJ%20USC%29%3ACITE%20AND%20%28USC%20w%2F10%20%28213%29 %29%3ACITE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20

    Thefirstprovisiondealswithcitizenship.Thesecondconcernsidentity.This articledealswiththefirst. 22U.S.C.212nolongerappliestoacitizenoftheUnitedStates.In1902,22U.S.C. 212waschanged.IntheActJune14,1902,substitutedthoseowingallegiance, whethercitizensornot,totheUnitedStatesforcitizensoftheUnitedStates. 1

    [Footnote1]Amendments,22U.S.C.212(2010).Inaddition,at22U.S.C.211(a) (2010),itstates: TheSecretaryofStatemaygrantandissuepassports,andcausepassportstobe granted,issued,andverifiedinforeigncountriesbydiplomaticandconsularofficers oftheUnitedStates,andbysuchotheremployeesoftheDepartmentofStatewho arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesastheSecretaryofStatemaydesignate.


    http://uscode.house.gov/uscode cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t21t25+741+0++%28%29%20%20AND%20%28%2822 %29%20ADJ%20USC%29%3ACITE%20AND%20%28USC%20w%2F10%20%28211a%29 %29%3ACITE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20

    If22U.S.C.212appliedonlytocitizensoftheUnitedStates,thenthesection wouldhavebeenchangedbackwhenTitle22wasbeingcompiled,tobeconsistent with22U.S.C211(a).However,thiswasnotdone.Whichmeans22U.S.C.212does notapplytoonlycitizensoftheUnitedStates. ThereasonthisissoisbecausetherearetwocitizensinthenationoftheUnited StateswhichoweallegiancetotheUnitedStates;thefirst,isacitizenoftheUnited States,underSection1oftheFourteenthAmendment,andthesecond,isacitizenof theseveralStates(united),underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution. AcitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitutionofthe UnitedStatesofAmerica,sincetheratificationoftheFourteenthAmendment, cannotassuchacitizenobtainapassportunder22U.S.C.212.Thisisbecausea citizenofaState,owesallegiancetoaparticularState[Footnote2],[Footnote3]. However,acitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1ofthe Constitution,isentitledtoprivilegesandimmunitiesofacitizenoftheseveral States,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution[Footnote5],andas suchisnowalsoacitizenoftheseveralStates,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1 oftheConstitution.[Footnote6] AcitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,isa citizenoftheseveralStates(united),onthehighseas[Footnote7].Assuch,a citizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,isacitizen oftheseveralStatesunitedunderinternationallaw,orthelawofnations. [Footnote8] AcitizenoftheUnitedStates,beforetheFourteenthAmendment,wasthesameas acitizenoftheseveralStatesunited[Footnote10]. IntheSlaughterhouseCases,theSupremeCourtsplitacitizenoftheUnited States/acitizenoftheseveralStatesunitedintotwoseparateanddistinctcitizens;a 2

    citizenoftheUnitedStatesandacitizenoftheseveralStates[Footnote12]. Thereafter,therewasacitizenoftheUnitedStatesandacitizenoftheseveralStates (united): Itisquiteclear,then,thatthereisacitizenshipoftheUnitedStates,anda citizenshipofastate,whicharedistinctfromeachother,andwhichdependupon differentcharacteristicsorcircumstancesintheindividual. WethinkthisdistinctionanditsexplicitrecognitioninthisAmendmentofgreat weightinthisargument,becausethenextparagraphofthissamesection(first section,secondclause),whichistheonemainlyreliedonbytheplaintiffsinerror, speaksonlyofprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates,and doesnotspeakofthoseofcitizensoftheseveralstates.Theargument,however,in favoroftheplaintiffs,restswhollyontheassumptionthatthecitizenshipisthesame andtheprivilegesandimmunitiesguaranteedbytheclausearethesame. SlaughterhouseCases:83U.S.36,74(1873).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false

    SincetheFourteenthAmendmentandtheSlaughterhouseCases,thereisacitizen oftheUnitedStates,whoisnotacitizenoftheseveralStates(united)andacitizen oftheseveralStates(united)whoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates.[Footnote 13] AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesowesallegiancetotheUnitedStates,andifresident inaStateoftheUnion,owesallegiancealsototheparticularState.[Footnote14] AcitizenoftheseveralStates(united)owesallegiancetotheseveralStates united;thatis,theUnitedStates.[Footnote15] Thus,acitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution, can,asacitizenoftheseveralStates,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1ofthe Constitution,obtainapassportunder22U.S.C.212.Thisisbecauseacitizenofa State,asacitizenoftheseveralStates(united)owesallegiancetotheseveralStates united;thatis,theUnitedStates. ________________________ Footnotes: 1.Inparticular,onJune14,1902,CongresspassedAnActToamendsectionsfour thousandandseventysix,fourthousandandseventyeight,andfourthousandand 3

    seventyfiveoftheRevisedStatutes.AtSection2itstates: ThatsectionfourthousandandseventysixoftheRevisedStatutesishereby amendedsoastoreadasfollows:Nopassportshallbegrantedorissuedtoor verifiedforanyotherpersonsthanthoseowingallegiance,whethercitizensornot, totheUnitedStates.


    http://books.google.com/books?id=Jrm7L11MEekC&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false

    2.Onthetrialinthecourtbelowthevalidityofthediscriminatingprovisionsofthe statuteofVirginiabetweenherowncorporationsandcorporationsofotherStates wasassailed.Itwascontendedthatthestatuteinthisparticularwasinconflictwith thatclauseoftheConstitutionwhichdeclaresthatthecitizensofeachStateshall beentitledtoalltheprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensintheseveralStates, andtheclausewhichdeclaresthatCongressshallhavepowertoregulatecommerce withforeignnationsandamongtheseveralStates.Thesamegroundsareurgedin thiscourtforthereversalofthejudgment. Theanswerwhichreadilyoccurstotheobjectionfoundeduponthefirstclause consistsinthefactthatcorporationsarenotcitizenswithinitsmeaning.Theterm citizensasthereusedappliesonlytonaturalpersons,membersofthebody politic,owingallegiancetotheState,nottoartificialpersonscreatedbythe legislaturehasprescribed.Itistruethatithasbeenheldthatwherecontractsor rightsofpropertyaretobeenforcedbyoragainstcorporations,thecourtsofthe UnitedStateswill,forthepurposeofmaintainingjurisdiction,considerthe corporationasrepresentingcitizensoftheStateunderthelawsofwhichitis created,andtothisextentwilltreatacorporationasacitizenwithintheclauseof theConstitutionextendingthejudicialpoweroftheUnitedStatestocontroversies betweencitizensofdifferentStates.Paulv.StateofVirginia:75U.S.(Wall.8)168, at177thru178(1869). http://books.google.com/books?id= bwGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q&f=false 3.IntheSlaughterhouseCases,theSupremeCourtheldthatacitizenofaStatewas separateanddistinctfromacitizenoftheUnitedStates: OftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizenoftheUnitedStates,andof theprivilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizenoftheState,andwhattheyrespective are,wewillpresentlyconsider;butwewishtostateherethatitisonlytheformer whichareplacedbythisclause(Section1,Clause2oftheFourteenthAmendment) undertheprotectionoftheFederalConstitution,andthatthelatter,whateverthey 4

    maybe,arenotintendedtohaveanyadditionalprotectionbythisparagraphofthe amendment.SlaughterhouseCases:83U.S.(16Wall.)36,at74(1873).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false

    Inaddition: IntheSlaughterhousecases,16Wall.36,thesubjectoftheprivilegesor immunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates,asdistinguishedfromthoseofa particularState,wastreatedbyMr.JusticeMillerindeliveringtheopinionofthe court.Hestated...thatitwasonlyprivilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizenof theUnitedStatesthatwereplacedbythe[Fourteenth]amendmentunderthe protectionoftheFederalConstitution,andthattheprivilegesandimmunitiesof acitizenofaState,whatevertheymightbe,werenotintendedtohaveany additionalprotectionbytheparagraphinquestion,buttheymustrestfortheir securityandprotectionwheretheyhaveheretoforerested.Maxwellv.Dow:176 U.S.581,at587(1900).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=8toGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA587#v=onepage&q&f=false

    And: ...Itis,then,totheFourteenthAmendmentthattheadvocatesofthe congressionalactmustresorttofindauthorityforitsenactment,andtothefirst sectionofthatamendment,whichisasfollows:Allpersonsbornornaturalizedin theUnitedStates,andsubjecttothejurisdictionthereof,arecitizensoftheUnited States,andoftheStatewhereintheyreside.NoStateshallmakeorenforceanylaw whichshallabridgetheprivilegesorimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates,nor shallanyStatedepriveanypersonoflife,liberty,orproperty,withoutdueprocess oflaw,nordenytoanypersonwithinitsjurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthe laws. Inthefirstclauseofthissection,declaringwhoarecitizensoftheUnitedStates, thereisnothingwhichtouchesthesubjectunderconsideration.Thesecondclause, declaringthatnoStateshallmakeorenforceanylawwhichwillabridgethe privilegesorimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates,islimited,accordingto thedecisionofthiscourtinSlaughterHouseCases,tosuchprivilegesand immunitiesasbelongtocitizensoftheUnitedStates,asdistinguishedfrom thoseofcitizensoftheState.Nealv.StateofDelaware:103U.S.370,at406 (1880).[SeeFootnote4]
    http://books.google.com/books?id=Y7wGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA406#v=onepage&q&f=false

    SonowthereisacitizenofaStateandthereisacitizenoftheUnitedStates: WecometothecontentionthatthecitizenshipofEdwardswasnotaverredin thecomplaintorshownbytherecord,andhencejurisdictiondidnotappear. Inansweringthequestion,whethertheCircuitCourthadjurisdictionofthe controversy,wemustputourselvesintheplaceoftheCircuitCourtofAppeals,and decidethequestionwithreferencetothetranscriptofrecordinthatcourt. HadthetranscriptshownnothingmoreastothestatusofEdwardsthanthe avermentofthecomplaintthathewasaresidentoftheStateofDelaware,assuch anavermentwouldnotnecessarilyhaveimportedthatEdwardswasacitizenof Delaware,anegativeanswerwouldhavebeenimpelledbypriordecisions.Mexican CentralRy.Co.v.Duthie,189U.S.76;Hornev.GeorgeH.HammondCo.,155U.S.393; Dennyv.Pironi,141U.S.121;Robertsonv.Cease,97U.S.646.Thewholerecord, however,maybelookedto,forthepurposeofcuringadefectiveavermentof citizenship,wherejurisdictioninaFederalcourtisassertedtodependupon diversityofcitizenship,andiftherequisitecitizenship,isanywhereexpressly averredintherecord,orfactsarethereinstatedwhichinlegalintendment constitutesuchallegation,thatissufficient.Hornev.GeorgeH.HammondCo.,supra andcasescited. Asthisisanactionatlaw,weareboundtoassumethatthetestimonyofthe plaintiffcontainedinthecertificateoftheCircuitCourtofAppeals,andrecitedto havebeengivenonthetrial,waspreservedinabillofexceptions,whichformed partofthetranscriptofrecordfiledintheCircuitCourtofAppeals.Beingapartof therecord,andpropertoberesortedtoinsettlingaquestionofthecharacterof thatnowunderconsideration,Robertsonv.Cease,97U.S.648,wecometoascertain whatisestablishedbytheuncontradictedevidencereferredto. Inthefirstplace,itshowsthatEdwards,priortohisemploymentontheNewYork SunandtheNewHavenPalladium,waslegallydomiciledintheStateofDelaware. Next,itdemonstratesthathehadnointentiontoabandonsuchdomicil,forhe testifiedunderoathasfollows:OneofthereasonsIlefttheNewHavenPalladium was,itwastoofarawayfromhome.IlivedinDelaware,andIhadtogobackand forth.MyfamilyareoverinDelaware.Now,itiselementarythat,toeffectachange ofoneslegaldomicil,twothingsareindispensable:First,residenceinanew domicil,and,second,theintentiontoremainthere.Thechangecannotbemade, exceptfactoetanimo.Botharealikenecessary.Eitherwithouttheotheris insufficient.Mereabsencefromafixedhome,howeverlongcontinued,cannotwork thechange.Mitchellv.UnitedStates,21Wall.350. AsDelawaremust,then,beheldtohavebeenthelegaldomicilofEdwardsatthe timehecommencedthisaction,haditappearedthathewasacitizenofthe UnitedStates,itwouldhaveresulted,byoperationoftheFourteenth 6

    Amendment,thatEdwardswasalsoacitizenoftheStateofDelaware.Anderson v.Watt,138U.S.694.Bethisasitmay,however,Delawarebeingthelegaldomicilof Edwards,itwasimpossibleforhimtohavebeenacitizenofanotherState,District, orTerritory,andhemustthenhavebeeneitheracitizenofDelawareoracitizen orsubjectofaforeignState.Ineitherofthesecontingencies,theCircuitCourt wouldhavehadjurisdictionoverthecontroversy.But,inthelightofthetestimony, wearesatisfiedthattheavermentinthecomplaint,thatEdwardswasaresidentof theStateofDelaware,wasintendedtomean,and,reasonablyconstrued,mustbe interpretedasaverring,thattheplaintiffwasacitizenoftheStateofDelaware. Jonesv.Andrews,10Wall.327,331;ExpressCompanyv.Kountze,8Wall.342.Sun Printing&PublishingAssociationv.Edwards:194U.S.377,at381thru383(1904).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=tekGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381#v=onepage&q&f=false

    4.PrivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizenofaStatearelocatedintheconstitutionand lawsofanindividualState: ...Whatevermaybethescopeofsection2ofarticleIVandweneednot,in thiscaseenteruponaconsiderationofthegeneralquestiontheConstitutionof theUnitedStatesdoesnotmaketheprivilegesandimmunitiesenjoyedbythe citizensofoneStateundertheconstitutionandlawsofthatState,themeasureofthe privilegesandimmunitiestobeenjoyed,asofright,byacitizenofanotherState underitsconstitutionandlaws.McKanev.Durston:153U.S.684,at687(1894).


    http://books.google.com/books?id=mmkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA687#v=onepage&q=&f=false

    5.TherecanbenodoubtthatBalk,asacitizenoftheStateofNorthCarolina,had therighttosueHarrisinMarylandtorecoverthedebtwhichHarrisowedhim. BeingacitizenofNorthCarolina,hewasentitledtoalltheprivilegesand immunitiesofcitizensoftheseveralStates,oneofwhichistherighttoinstitute actionsinthecourtsofanotherState.Harrisv.Balk:198U.S.215,at223(1905).


    http://books.google.com/books?id=ceIGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q=&f=false

    ...So,aStatemay,byruleuniforminitsoperationastocitizensoftheseveral States,requireresidencewithinitslimitsforagiventimebeforeacitizenofanother Statewhobecomesaresidentthereofshallexercisetherightofsuffrageorbecome eligibletooffice.Ithasneverbeensupposedthatregulationsofthatcharacter materiallyinterferedwiththeenjoymentbycitizensofeachStateoftheprivileges andimmunitiessecuredbytheConstitutionTOCITIZENSOFTHESEVERAL STATES.TheConstitutionforbidsonlysuchlegislationaffectingcitizensofthe 7

    respectiveStatesaswillsubstantiallyorpracticallyputacitizenofoneStateina conditionofalienagewhenheiswithinorwhenheremovestoanotherState,or whenassertinginanotherStatetherightsthatcommonlyappertaintothosewho arepartofthepoliticalcommunityknownasthePeopleoftheUnitedStates,byand forwhomtheGovernmentoftheUnionwasordainedandestablished.Blakev. McClung:172US.239,at256thru257(1898).


    http://books.google.com/books?id=G2oUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q&f=false

    6.Theintentionofsection2ofArticle4wastoconferonthecitizensofthe severalStatesageneralcitizenship,andtocommunicatealltheprivilegesand immunitieswhichthecitizensofthesameStatewouldbeentitledtounderthelike circumstances,andthisincludestherighttoinstituteactions.Colev.Cunningham: 133U.S.107,at113thru114(1890).


    http://books.google.com/books?id=oGYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q=&f=false

    Inspeakingofthemeaningofthephraseprivilegesandimmunitiesof citizensoftheseveralStates,undersectionsecond,articlefourth,ofthe Constitution,itwassaidbythepresentChiefJustice,inColev.Cunningham,133U.S. 107,thattheintentionwastoconferonthecitizensoftheseveralStatesageneral citizenship,andtocommunicatealltheprivilegesandimmunitieswhichthe citizensofthesameStatewouldbeentitledtounderthelikecircumstances,and thisincludestherighttoinstituteactions..Maxwellv.Dow:176U.S.581,at592 (1900).


    http://books.google.com/books?id=8toGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA592#v=onepage&q&f=false

    7.AcitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,isa citizenoftheseveralStates,onthehighseas: IftheUnitedStatesmaycontroltheconductofitscitizensuponthehighseas, weseenoreasonwhytheStateofFloridamaynotlikewisegoverntheconductof itscitizensuponthehighseaswithrespecttomattersinwhichtheStatehasa legitimateinterestandwherethereisnoconflictwithactsofCongress.Savefor thepowerscommittedbytheConstitutiontotheUnion,theStateofFloridahas retainedthestatusofaSOVEREIGN..... ...Whenitsactiondoesnotconflictwithfederallegislation,thesovereign authorityoftheStateovertheconductofitscitizensuponthehighseasisanalogous tothesovereignauthorityoftheUnitedStatesoveritscitizensinlike 8

    circumstances.Skiriotesv.StateofFlorida:313U.S.69,at77,78thru79(1941).
    http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9757650854292938204

    However,intheareaofmarriage(anddivorce)aparticularStatehasexclusive authority: ...[I]tiscertainthattheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesconfersnopower whateveruponthegovernmentoftheUnitedStatestoregulatemarriageinthe Statesoritsdissolution.Andrewsv.Andrews:188U.S.14,at32(1903).


    http://books.google.com/books?id=Gd4GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false

    ...Everystatehasthepowertoenactlawswhichwillpersonallybindits citizenswhilesojourninginaforeignjurisdictionprovidedsuchlawsprofesstoso bindthem,andtodeclarethatmarriagescontractedbetweenitscitizensinforeign statesindisregardofthestatutesofthestateoftheirdomicilewillnotbe recognizedinthecourtsofthelatterstate,thoughvalidwherecelebrated.Rothv. Roth,104Ill.35,44AmRep.81.Thequestion,therefore,iswhetherthestatute quotedwasclearlyintendedtoapplytomarriagescontractedoutsidethestate,for, unlesstheintentionisclear,theoperationofthestatutemustbelimitedto marriageswithinthestate.... ...Thesecasessustaintheprinciplethat,whereastatehasenactedastatute lawfullyimposinguponitscitizensanincapacitytocontractmarriagebyreasonofa positivepolicyofthestatefortheprotectionofthemoralsandgoodorderofsociety againstserioussocialevils,amarriagecontractedindisregardoftheprohibitionof thestatute,wherevercelebrated,willbevoid.Wilsonv.Cook:100N.E.222,at222 thru223(1912).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=3PwKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA222#v=onepage&q&f=false

    AcitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,isa citizenoftheseveralStates,whenonthehighseas: Actiontohaveacertainmarriagebetweenplaintiffanddefendantdeclared validandbindingupontheparties.Asecondamendedcomplaintalleged:Thaton August2,1897,defendantwasaminoroftheageof15yearsand10months,and thatherfather,oneA.C.Thomson,washernaturalandonlyguardian.Plaintiffwas oftheageof21yearsand10months,andbothplaintiffanddefendantwere citizensandresidentsofLosAngelescounty,Cal.Onsaiddayplaintiffand defendant,atLongBeach,onthecoastofCalifornia,boardedacertainfishingand 9

    pleasureschooner,of17tonsburden,calledtheJ.Willey,dulylicensedunderthe lawsoftheUnitedStates,ofwhichW.L.Piersonwascaptain,andwasenrolledas masterthereof,andhadfullchargeofsaidvessel.Saidvesselproceededtoapoint onthehighseasaboutninemilesfromthenearestpointfromtheboundaryofthe stateandoftheUnitedStates.Thepartiesthenandthereagreed,inthepresenceof saidPierson,tobecomehusbandandwife,andthesaidPiersonperformedthe ceremonyofmarriage,and,amongotherthings,theypromisedinhispresenceto takeeachotherforhusbandandwife,andhepronouncedthemhusbandandwife. Neitherpartyhadtheconsentofthefatherormotherorguardianofdefendantto saidmarriage.... Appellantcontends(1)thatthemarriageisvalidbecauseperformeduponthe highseas;and(2)thatitwouldhavebeenvalidifperformedwithinthisstate, becausethereisnolawexpresslydeclaringittobevoid.Respondentpresentsthe caseupontwopropositions,claiming(1)thatnovalidmarriagecanbecontractedin thisstate,exceptincompliancewiththeprescribedformsofthelawsofthisstate, andcontractavalidmarriage. Sections4082,4290,722,Rev.St.U.S.,arecitedbyappellantasrecognizing marriagesatseaandbeforeforeignconsuls,andthatsection722declaresthe commonlawastomarriagetobeinforceonthehighseasonboardAmerican vessels.Wehavecarefullyexaminedthestatutesreferredto,anddonotfindthat theygivetheslightestsupporttoappellantsclaim.Thelawofthesea,asitmay relatetothemarriageofcitizensoftheUnitedStatesdomiciledinCalifornia, cannotbereferredtothecommonlawofEngland,anymorethanitcantothelawof FranceorSpain,oranyotherforeigncounty.Wecanfindnolawofcongress,and nonehasbeenpointedoutbyappellant,inwhichthegeneralgovernmenthas undertakenorassumedtolegislategenerallyuponthesubjectofmarriageon thesea.Nor,indeed,canwefindinthegrantofpowerstothegeneral governmentbytheseveralstates,asexpressedinthenationalconstitution,any provisionbywhichcongressisempoweredtodeclarewhatshallconstitutea validmarriagebetweencitizensoftheseveralstatesuponthesea,eitherwithin orwithouttheconventionalthreemilelimitoftheshoreofanystate;andclearly doesnosuchpowerrestincongresstoregulatemarriagesonland,exceptinthe DistrictofColumbiaandtheterritoriesoftheUnitedStates,orwhereispowerof exclusivejurisdiction.Wemustlookelsewherethantotheactsofcongressforthe lawgoverningthecaseinhand.Normanv.Norman:54Pac.Rep.143,143thru144 (1898).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=QwLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false

    AccordingtotheUnitedStatesNavy,onecanbeacitizenofaState,underArticle IV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,withoutbeingacitizenoftheUnited 10

    States,undertheFourteenthAmendment: AsamanmaybeacitizenofaStatewithoutbeingacitizenoftheUnited States,andasSection1428,RevisedStatutes,requiresallofficersofallUnited StatesvesselstobecitizensoftheUnitedStates,allofficersoftheNavalMilitiamust bemalecitizensoftheUnitedStatesaswellasoftherespectiveStates,Territories, oftheDistrictofColumbia,ofmorethan18andlessthan45yearsofage.General OrdersofNavyDepartment(Seriesof1913);Ordersremaininginforceupto January29,1918;GeneralOrderNo.153,Page17,Para73.


    http://books.google.com/books?id=zYEtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false

    And,fromtheUnitedStatesNavalInstituteProceedings,Volume45,No.7,July 1919,atpage1790thru1791thereisthefollowing:
    http://books.google.com/books?id=kEELP3wiHvAC&pg=PA1790#v=onepage&q&f=false

    MerchantMarine... Thenationalityofthoseshippedasofficers(excludingmasters)andmen (countingrepeatedshipments)beforeUnitedStatesShippingCommissioners,as returnedtotheBureauofNavigation,DepartmentofCommerce,wasasfollowsfor 1914and1919: Nationality19141919 Others11,44238,811 ThoseclassedasothersaremainlyfromthecountriesofSouthAmerica, citizensoftheseveralstateswhichhavebeencreatedbythewar,andSwiss shippingasstewards.U.S.Bulletin,9/8. ThisreportoftheNationalityofCrewscanbeseenfortheyears1907through 1922,inclusive,attheselinks:
    http://books.google.com/books?id=8y0pAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=oC4pAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false

    (onpage15) Again,acitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution, isacitizenoftheseveralStates,onthehighseas. 8.Referringto1307ofMr.JusticeStorysCommentariesontheConstitution,and 11

    thecasescited,towhichheaddedBentonv.Burgot,10S.&R.240,thelearnedjudge inquired:What,then,istherightofastatetoexerciseauthorityoverthepersonsof thosewhobelongtoanotherjurisdiction,andwhohaveperhapsnotbeenoutofthe boundariesofit?(p.450)andquotedfromVattel,Burge,andfromMr.JusticeStory (ConflictofLaws,c.14,539),thatnosovereigntycanextenditsprocessbeyond itsownterritoriallimitstosubjectotherpersonsorpropertytoitsjudicial decisions.Everyexertionofauthoritybeyondtheselimitsisamerenullity,and incapableofbindingsuchpersonsorpropertyinothertribunals,andthus continued:Suchisthefamiliar,reasonable,andjustprincipleofthelawofnations; anditisscarcesupposablethattheframersoftheConstitutiondesignedtoabrogate itbetweenStateswhichweretoremainasindependentofeachother,forallbut nationalpurposes,astheywerebeforetherevolution.....(page296) Publicistsconcurthatdomicilegenerallydeterminestheparticularterritorial jurisprudencetowhicheveryindividualissubjected.AscorrectlysaidbyMr. Wharton,thenationalityofourcitizensisthatoftheUnitedStates(theseveral Statesunited)[Fn9],andbythelawsoftheUnitedStates(theseveralStates united)[Fn9]theyareboundinallmattersinwhichtheUnitedStates(the severalStatesunited)ARE[SeeFootnote9]sovereign;butinothermatters,their domicileisintheparticularState,andthatdeterminestheapplicatoryterritorial jurisprudence.Aforeignjudgmentisimpeachableforwantofpersonalservice withinthejurisdictionofthedefendant,thisbeinginternationallyessentialto jurisdictioninallcasesinwhichthedefendantisnotasubjectoftheStateentering judgment;anditiscompetentforadefendantinanactiononajudgmentofasister State,asinanactionofaforeignjudgment,tosetupasadefense,wantof jurisdiction,inthathewasnotaninhabitantoftheStaterenderingthejudgment andhadnotbeenservedwithprocessanddidnotenterhisappearance.Whart. ConflictLaws,32,654,660;StoryConflictLaws,539,540,586. JohnBengewasacitizenofMarylandwhenheexecutedthisobligation.The subjectmatterofthesuitagainsthiminPennsylvaniawasmerelythe determinationofhispersonalliability.Grover&BakerSewingMachineCompany v.Radcliffe:137U.S.287,at296,297thru298(1890).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=htIGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA296#v=onepage&q&f=false

    9.ThetermtheUnitedStates,asusedtherein,referstotheseveralStatesunited: Atthetimeoftheformationoftheconstitution,theStatesweremembersofthe confederacyunitedunderthestyleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,anduponthe expressconditionthateachStateretainsitssovereignty,freedom,and independence.Andtheconsiderationthat,undertheconfederation,We,the peopleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,indubitablysignifiedthepeopleofthe 12

    severalStatesoftheUnion,asfree,independentandsovereignStates,coupledwith thefactthattheconstitutionwasacontinuationofthesameUnion(amoreperfect Union),andamererevisionorremodelingoftheconfederation,isabsolutely conclusivethat,bytheterm,theUnitedStatesismeanttheseveralStatesunited asindependentandsovereigncommunities;andbythewords,We,thepeopleof theUnitedStates,ismeantthepeopleoftheseveralStatesasdistinctandsovereign communities,andnotthepeopleofthewholeUnitedStatescollectivelyasanation. Stuntv.SteamboatOhio:4Am.Law.Reg.49,at95(1855),Dis.Ct.,HamiltonCounty, Ohio;and(samewording)PiquaBankv.Knoup,Treasurer:6Ohio261,at303thru 304(1856).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=pWhKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=UfADAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA303#v=onepage&q&f=false

    ThisisalsoshownintheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaatArticleIII, Section3,Clause1,whereatitstates: TreasonagainsttheUnitedStates,shallconsistonlyinlevyingWaragainst THEM.


    http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html

    10.TheactofCongressreferredtointhefirstsectionoftheactof11thApril,1799 isrepealedandsuppliedbyanactpassed14thApril,1802,whichisincorporatedin thisnoteforthepurposeofconnectingthewholelawonthesubject. Anacttoestablishanuniformruleofnaturalization,andtorepealtheacts heretoforepassedonthatsubject. Beinenacted,&c.Thatanyalienbeingafreewhiteperson,maybeadmittedto becomeacitizenoftheUnitedStates,oranyofthem[SeeFootnote11],onthe followingconditions,andnototherwise: First,Thatheshallhavedeclared,onoathoraffirmation,beforetheSupreme, Superior,DistrictorCircuitCourtofsomeoneofthestatesoroftheterritorial districtsoftheUnitedStates,oraCircuitorDistrictCourtoftheUnitedStates,three yearsatleastbeforehisadmission,thatitwas,bonafide,hisintentiontobecomea citizenoftheUnitedStates,andtorenounceforeverallallegianceandfidelitytoany foreignprince,potentate,stateorsovereigntywhereofsuchalienmay,atthetime, beacitizenorsubject. Secondly,Thatheshall,atthetimeofhisapplicationtobeadmitted,declareon 13

    oathoraffirmation,beforesomeoneofthecourtsaforesaid,thathewillsupportthe constitutionoftheUnitedStates,andthathedothabsolutelyandentirelyrenounce andabjureallallegianceandfidelitytoeveryforeignprince,potentate,state,or sovereigntywhatever,andparticularly,byname,theprince,potentate,state,or sovereigntywhereofhewasbeforeacitizenorsubject,whichproceedingsshallbe recordedbytheclerkofthecourt.LawsoftheCommonwealthofPennsylvania, FromtheFourteenthDayofOctober,OneThousandSevenHundred.Republished, UndertheAuthorityoftheLegislaturewithNotesandReferences,Volume4, (1810);Philadelphia:JohnBioren,page364.


    http://books.google.com/books?id=HO1BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA364#v=onepage&q=&f=false

    11.ThetermtheUnitedStates,asusedtherein,referstotheseveralStates united: Atthetimeoftheformationoftheconstitution,theStatesweremembersofthe confederacyunitedunderthestyleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,anduponthe expressconditionthateachStateretainsitssovereignty,freedom,and independence.Andtheconsiderationthat,undertheconfederation,We,the peopleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,indubitablysignifiedthepeopleofthe severalStatesoftheUnion,asfree,independentandsovereignStates,coupledwith thefactthattheconstitutionwasacontinuationofthesameUnion(amoreperfect Union),andamererevisionorremodelingoftheconfederation,isabsolutely conclusivethat,bytheterm,theUnitedStatesismeanttheseveralStatesunited asindependentandsovereigncommunities;andbythewords,We,thepeopleof theUnitedStates,ismeantthepeopleoftheseveralStatesasdistinctandsovereign communities,andnotthepeopleofthewholeUnitedStatescollectivelyasanation. Stuntv.SteamboatOhio:4Am.Law.Reg.49,at95(1855),Dis.Ct.,HamiltonCounty, Ohio;and(samewording)PiquaBankv.Knoup,Treasurer:6Ohio261,at303thru 304(1856).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=pWhKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=UfADAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA303#v=onepage&q&f=false

    ThisisalsoshownintheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaatArticleII, Section1,Clause7,whereatitstates: ThePresidentshall,atstatedTimes,receiveforhisServices,aCompensation, whichshallneitherbeincreasednordiminishedduringthePeriodforwhichhe shallhavebeenelected,andheshallnotreceivewithinthatPeriodanyother EmolumentfromtheUnitedStates,oranyofthem.


    http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html

    14

    12.However,theseveralStatesunitedwerenotaffectedbytheFourteenth Amendment.TheystillwereequivalenttotheUnitedStates: ThepeopleoftheUnitedStatesconstituteonenation,underonegovernment, andthisgovernment,withinthescopeofthepowerswithwhichitisinvested,is supreme.Ontheotherhand,thepeopleofeachStatecomposeaState,havingits owngovernment,andendowedwithallthefunctionsessentialtoseparateand independentexistence.TheStatesdisunitedmightcontinuetoexist.Withoutthe StatesinuniontherecouldbenosuchpoliticalbodyastheUnitedStates.Lane Countyv.theStateofOregon:74U.S.(Wall.7)71,at76(1868).


    http://books.google.com/books?id=MfY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false

    13.PrivilegesandimmunitiesofacitizenoftheseveralStatesarenotthesameas theprivilegesandimmunitiesofacitizenoftheUnitedStates: ...TheprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStatesprotectedbythe fourteenthamendment,areprivilegesandimmunitiesarisingoutofthenatureand essentialcharacterofthefederalGovernment,andgrantedorsecuredbytheConstitution. Duncanv.Missouri(1904)152U.S.377,14Sup.Ct.570,38L.Ed.485;SlaughterHouse Cases,16Wall.36,21L.Ed.394. Theprovisionsofsection2,art.4,ofthefederalConstitution,thatcitizensofeachstate shallbeentitledtoprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensoftheseveralstates,areheldtobe synonymouswithrightsofthecitizens.Corfieldv.Coryell,supra.Thissectionisakintothe provisionofsection1ofthefourteenthamendment,asrespectsprivilegesandimmunities, buttheformerisheldnottomaketheprivilegesandimmunities(therights)enjoyedby citizensoftheseveralstatesthemeasureoftheprivilegesandimmunities(therights)tobe enjoyedasofright,byacitizenofanotherstate,underitsConstitutionandlaws.McKanev. Durston,153U.S.684,14Sup.Ct.913,38L.Ed.867.Thisrulenecessarilyclassifiescitizens intheirrightstotheextentthatacitizenofonestatewheninanotherstatemustbe governedbythesameruleswhichapplytothecitizensofthatstateastomatterswhichare ofthedomesticconcernofthestate.Colev.Cunningham,133U.S.107,10Sup.Ct.269,33L. Ed.538;Peoplev.Gallagher,93N.Y.438,45Am.Rep.232;ButchersUnionv.CrescentCity, Mo.,111U.S.746,4SupCt.652,28L.Ed.585;ExparteKinney,14Fed.Cas.602;Douglasv. Stephens,1Del.Ch.465.Strangev.BoardofCommission:91N.E.242,at246(1910).
    http://books.google.com/books?id=T_QKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA246#v=onepage&q=&f=false

    1937.Itistobeobserved,however,thatitisnottheprivileges(and immunities)ofcitizensoftheseveralStateswhicharetobeprotectedunderthe clausenowbeingconsidered(Section1,Clause2oftheFourteenthAmendment), 15

    buttheprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates.Thedifferenceis inahighdegreeimportant.CommentariesontheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates, FifthEdition;JosephStory,LL.D.,(Boston:Little,Brown,andCompany);1891, VolumeII,page683,1937.


    http://books.google.com/books?id=Vr75ZxjpyRoC&pg=PA687#v=onepage&q&f=false

    14.The[citizens]oftheUnitedStatesresidentwithinanyStatearesubjecttotwo governments:oneState,andtheotherNational....Itisthenaturalconsequence of[such]citizenshipwhichowesallegiancetotwosovereigntiesandclaims protectionfromboth.Thecitizen(oftheUnitedStates)cannotcomplain,because hehasvoluntarilysubmittedhimselftosuchaformofgovernment.Heowes allegiancetothetwodepartments,sotospeak,andwithintheirrespectivespheres mustpaythepenaltieswhicheachexactsfordisobediencetoitslaws.Inreturn,he candemandprotectionfromeachwithinitsownjurisdiction.Cruishankv.United States:92U.S.542,at549,550thru551(1875).


    http://books.google.com/books?id=PGwUAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2 PA549#v=onepage&q&f=false

    NofortifyingauthorityisnecessarytosustainthepropositionthatintheUnited Statesadoublecitizenshipexists.AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesisacitizenofthe FederalGovernmentandatthesametimeacitizenoftheStateinwhichhe resides.DeterminationofwhatisqualifiedresidencewithinaStateisnothere necessary.Sufficeittosaythatonepossessingsuchdoublecitizenshipowes allegianceandisentitledtoprotectionfromeachsovereigntowhose jurisdictionheissubject.Kitchensv.Steele:112F.Supp.383,at386(1953).


    http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8878069912222383906&hl=en&as_sdt=2&a s_vis=1&oi=scholarr

    15.Story,(5th)CommentsontheConstitution,writesthefollowingontheword citizen: 1932.Thewordcitizenisemployedinthelawindifferentsensesunder differentcircumstances.Asgenerallyemployed,however,itmaybesaidtomeana personowingallegiancetothegovernment,andentitledtoprotectionfromit. CommentariesontheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,FifthEdition;JosephStory, LL.D.,(Boston:Little,Brown,andCompany);1891,VolumeII,page683,1932.


    http://books.google.com/books?id=Vr75ZxjpyRoC&pg=PA683#v=onepage&q&f=false

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