SEMESTER 2 MB 2.

1: General Chemistry 48Hrs I

1.

States of matter: Gases, Liquids & Solids Boyles law. 2. Charles law. 3. Gay-Lussacs law. 4. The combined gas law. 5. Daltons law of

partial pressures. 6. Avogadros law and Standard molar volume. 7. The ideal gas law. 8. Grahams law. 9. Kinetic molecular theory. 10. Deviation of real gases from the ideal gas law and Van der Vaals equation. 6Hrs

II. Atomic structure and bonding: Atomic theory of Dalton, Atomic weight, Atomic number, Mass, Isotopes, Isobars, Periodic law,* Electronic configuration of elements, Hunds rule, Periodic table based on electronic configuration, Lewis symbols and formulae, Exception to octet rule, formation of ionic and covalent bonds, multiple bonds, electronegativity. Orbitals: Shapes of s, p and d orbitals, Hybrid orbitals, multiple bonds, Resonance, Sigma and pi bonds, coordinate bond, transition metals, properties (colour, oxidation states, magnetic properties) double and complex salts, differences with examples. Werners theory, ligands- uni, bi, and polydentate. Coordination number. 15Hrs I. Chemistry of biologically important elements: Nitrogen: Nitrogen cycle, Nitrogen compounds, Ammonia, Nitric acid, Nitrogen dioxide. Phosphorous: Phosphorous cycle, Phosphorous compounds, Phosphates. Oxygen: Ozone, Reactive oxygen, oxygen free radicals. Sulphur: Sulphur compounds, Sulphates. Trace metals: Selenium, Molybdenum, cobalt. Toxicity of heavy metals: Lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic. IV.Concentration units: Mole, Mole fraction, Molarity, Avogadros number, Equivalent weight, Normality, Percentage composition, Theoretical yield, Percentage yield. V. Acids-bases and buffers: Lowry-Bronsted concept, Lewis concept of acids and bases, ionic product of water, pH scale, buffers, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, buffer capacity, preparation of buffers,. Theory of acid base indicators, choice of indicators, pH titration curves, calculation of isoelectric points, strengths of acids and bases. Ionization constant, formation constants, step-wise ionization constants for polyprotic acid. 8Hrs 7Hrs 12Hrs

SEMESTER 2 MB.2.2- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry 48Hrs

I.

Porphyrin nucleus and classification:

Important

metallo 3Hrs

porphyrins occurring in nature; structure and their biological importance (Haemoglobin, cytochrome, chlorophyll, vitamin B12). Bile pigments, chemical nature and their role. II. Radiochemistry: Natural and artificial radioactivity, characteristics of radio active elements, units of radioactivity, disintegration constant, half life, alpha, beta and gamma radiations. Detection of radioactivity by GM counter. Applications of radioisotopes 3H2 14C2, radiation.
131

I2, 60Co and 32P. Biological effects of Radioactive series. Applications-

Safety measures in handling radioisotopes. 8Hrs

sterilization, activation of drugs, detection of flow of fluids, induced chemical reactions. Nuclear fission and fusion.

III. Colligative properties:

Lowering of vapor pressure, Raoults law definition and equations - elevation of boiling point, Ebullioscopic constant, depression of freezing point, cryoscopic constant, their application in determination of molecular weight of non volatile solutes. Osmotic pressure and its measurement by Berkley and Hartleys method. Hypo, hyper and isotonic solution. equilibrium. Abnormal molecular weights. dissociation. Problems based on above concepts. 8Hrs Donnan membrane Vant Hoffs factor, Degree of association and

IV. Viscocity: Definition, determination of viscosity of liquids and solutions by Ostwalds viscometer

(Solutions of gum and protein to be taken as example). V. Photochemistry:

2Hrs

Electromagnetic radiations definition, different regions of EMR and properties of the radiations and their uses in structure determination. Photochemical reactions- definition and examples, laws of photochemistry Grothus-Drapper law, Einsteins law of photochemical equivalence, Lambert Beers law, quantum efficiency high quantum yield and low quantum yield with one example each. Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence with examples. 6Hrs

VI. Oxidation and reduction: Definitions and examples oxidation and reduction reactions - Redox reaction, reducing agents and oxidizing agents. Redox titrations, examples and uses, redox potential, electrode potential 4Hrs VII.Distribution law: Statement - Nernsts Distribution law, Equation example Iodine in water and carbon

disulphide, Partition co-efficient, simple problems limitations of Nernsts law, applications of distribution law with emphasis on solvent extraction. 2Hrs VIII.Electrochemistry: Definition and equations a) Specific, equivalent and molar conductance, units for each, Determination of equivalent conductance of a strong electrolyte theory and experimental method, applications of conductance measurements conductometric titrations: I) strong acid v/s. strong base ii) weak acid (amino acid) v/s. strong base. b) Electrochemical cell definition and representation of a cell. Electrode potential EMF, Nernsts equation for single electrode potential and electrochemical cell. Reference electrodes - (hydrogen electrode primary and calomel - secondary electrode). Secondary electrodes quinhydrode and glass, redox potential and redox electrode (Fe2+/Fe3+ as examples). Application of EMF measurements. I) Determination of pKa values of weak acids ii) Determination of pH of a buffer by potentiometric method using quinhydrone electrode. 10Hrs IX. Chemical kinetics Definition and equations rate of reaction, order of reaction, molecularity, first order and second order reactions. Enzyme catalyzed reactions example. Mechanism of enzyme- catalysed reactions. Inhibited enzyme catalyzed reactions. Theories of elementary reaction process collision theory and transition state theory. Temperature dependence of reaction rates. Hrs. Problems in all units have to be solved. 5

M. B. 2.3 PHYSICS 48Hrs. Part A. I. Viscosity: Streamline flow, explanation of Bernoulli's theorem. Coefficient of viscosity and Poiseuille formulae for capillary flow. Measurement of Viscosity by capillary flow, Reynold number and Viscometer. II. Thermodynamics: Definitions, Reversible and irreversible processes, Inter conversion of heat and work. III. First law of Thermodynamics: Concept of internal energy, Work done in adiabatic and isothermal expansion of an ideal gas. State functions. Exact or Perfect differentials. Thermodynamic criteria of an ideal gas. IV. Enthalpy: Concept of Enthalpy (H), Heat capacity of gases at constant volume and constant pressure and relationship between them. Kirchhoff s equations and their applications. V. Kinetic theory of Gases: Postulates and derivation of gas laws. Ideal gas equation. Van der Waal's equation, Liquifaction of gases. Adiabatic demagnetization. VI. Second law of Thermodynamics: Statement in different forms. Carnot cycle and the concept of entropy (S). Work function (A) and free energy (G), their concepts. Variation of free energy with pressure and temperature. Gibb' s- Helmholtz equation, Free energy change and its applications. Clausius- Clapeyron equation and its applications using Maxwells thermodynamic relations. 16 hrs Part B VII.Optical Instruments: Refractive index and its determination, Critical angle, Abbe's and Pulfrich refractometer. Compound microscope, Epidiascope and oil immersion objective. Colorimeter, Nephelometer and Fluorimeter. (Only basic principles). VIII. Physical optics: Huygen's principle of wave propagation. Young's experiment, expression for fringe width, Fresnel's biprism and Newton's rings (theory and experiment). Colours of thin films, Air wedge. IX. Diffraction: Elementary idea of diffraction and half period zones. Fresnel's and Fraunhoffer diffraction. Illustrations of diffraction patterns due single slit, circular aperture and circular obstacle. Diffraction grating- theory. Measurement of the wavelengths of spec1ral lines. Resolving power of microscope, Telescope. Dispersive power of prism and grating. X. Polarisation: Plane polarized light. Double refraction, dichrorism, Nicol prism. Elliptically and circularly polarized light (no theory) and their production, quarter and half wave plate,

Polarimeter. Molar refraction, Optical rotation, Optical activity and its measurement. 16 hours Part C XI.Electricity: Motion of a

charged particle in electric and magnetic field. -Application to Cathode ray Oscilloscope, Aston mass spectrograph and Electron microscope (with theory). Dipole moments and Dielectric constant, Dipole moment of biomolecules. XII Electronics: Cathode ray oscilloscope, Chacteristics of Diode, Zener diode, Transistor, (BJT, FET), Op-Amp Integrated circuits, Brief account of Power supply, Amplifier Oscillator, G M counters, Scintillation counters. XIII. Ultra Sonics: Properties, Production by Magnetostriction Oscillator and applications XIV. Atomic Physics: Concept of Quantum theory of radiation. Bohr's theory of atomic structure of Hydrogen like atoms. Origin of spectral lines. Energy level diagram. Emission and absorption spectra. Fraunhoffer spectra. Comparative study of electromagnetic spectra (properties and applications). Continuous and Characteristic X-rays. 16 hrs

SEMESTER-2 MB. 2. 4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES I. The Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental resources and Importance, Need for Public awareness. II. Natural Resources and associated problems: and their effects on forests and tribal people. a) b) c) d) Water resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems. Mineral Resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies. Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies. Energy Resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy resources use of alternate energy sources. Case studies. Land Resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification. III. Ecosystems: ecosystem a) b) c) Structure and function of an ecosystem. Producers, consumers and decomposers Energy flow in the ecosystem Ecological succession Food chains, food webs and webs and ecological pyramids. Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following Forest Ecosystem Grassland Ecosystem Desert ecosystem 6hrs ecosystem. 8 hrs Concept of 2 hrs Forest 48 Hours Definition, scope

Resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies, Timber extraction, mining dams

Aquatic Ecosystems (pond, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)

IV. Biodiversity and its conservation: Introduction- Definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Biogeographical classification of India Value of Biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical aesthetic and Biodiversity at global, National and local levels. India as a mega-diversity nation. Hot-spots of biodiversity Threat to biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts. Endangered and endemic species of India. 8 hrs Definition,

option values.

Conservation of bio-diversity: In-situ conservation of biodiversity. V. Environmental Pollution: Causes, effects and control measures of: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) waste. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution Pollution case studies Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution Marine pollution Noise pollution Thermal pollution Nuclear hazards

Solid waste management: causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial

Disaster management: floods, earthquakes, cyclone and landslides VI. Social issues and the Environment: From unsustainable to sustainable development Urban problems related to energy Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management.

8 hrs

Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns. Case studies. Environmental ethics: issues and possible solutions.

Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone depletion, nuclear accidents and Wasteland reclamation Consumerism and waste products Environment protection Act. Air (prevention and control of pollution) act. Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act. Wildlife protection Act. Forest Conservation Act. Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation. Public awareness. Population growth,

holocaust. Case studies.

VII. Human population and Environment: variation among nations. Population explosion - Family welfare programme. Environment and human health Human Rights Value Education HIV/AIDS Women and Child Welfare Role of Information Technology in Environment and human health. Case studies. 10 hrs VIII. Field Work:

Visit to a local area to document environmental assets - river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain. Visit to a local polluted site - Urban/Rural. Industrial/Agricultural Study of common plants, insects, birds. 6 hrs

Study of simple ecosystems - pond, river, hill slopes, etc (Field work Equal to 5 Lecture hours)

SEMESTER 4 MB-4.1: ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 48hrs I. Aromatic nitro compounds: Reduction in neutral, acidic and alkaline media, preparation and uses of TNT. 2 hrs II.Amines: Classification with examples, separation of mixture of amines by Hinesburgs method. Action of nitrous acid on different amines (both aliphatic and aromatic 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree amines). Effect of substitutes on the basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines, Hoffmann Martius rearrangement. Diazonium compounds: Preparation and synthetic applications of benzene 4 hrs. Classification, nomenclature of heterocycles with examples. diazonium chloride. III.Heterocyclic compounds:

Preparation of furan from mucic acid, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine from acetylene, pyrimidine from urea, Indole Fischer method, quinoline Skraup synthesis and isoquinoline from cinamaldehyde, aromaticity of pyrrole and pyridine. IV.Reduction and oxidation: Reduction: Catalytical 4 hrs hydrogenations (homogeneous and

heterogeneous) and reduction of functional groups, catalytic transfer hydrogenation reaction, Wilkinsons catalyst, LiA1H4, NaBH4, Birch reduction, Meerwein-Pondrof-Varley reduction, Wolf-Kishner reduction, Clemenson reduction. 8 hrs. V.Organic spectroscopy : Spectral analysis of the structure of organic compounds from:UVspectroscopy: (Absorption maxima values for simple organic molecules). IR-spectoscopy: Absorption frequencies for functional groups in simple organic molecules. NMR-spectroscopy, chemical shift, (delta scale) spin - spin coupling, coupling constant, application to simple organic molecules. Ethyl alcohol, ethane, propane, ethylene, methylamine, aniline, benzene, acetone, acetophenone, methyl cyanide and other simple molecules to be considered for all the spectroscopic methods (the students are to be familiarized in identifying the structure from the above data). 8 hrs 3 hrs VI. Terpenes : Classification, isolation, general properties. Isoprene rule, structural formulae of alpaterpeneol, camphor, menthol and geraniol. Biosynthesis of palmitic acid. VII.Alkaloids : Occurrence, isolation, classification and detection, synthesis and structural elucidation of nicotine, structural formulae of quinine, atropine, piperine, cocaine and morphine. Physiological importance of alkaloids. 4 hrs

VIII.Steroids : Introduction, biological importance, physiological action of cholesterol. Structural formulae of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone and their importance. examples. 3 hrs IX.Drugs : Definition and types of drugs-antipyretics, antibacterial, anti malarial, sulphadrugs with Synthesis and uses of paracetamol, sulphanilamide and sulphagunanidine. 4 hrs. Chemotherapy, chemotherapeuitic agents.

X.Insecticides and fungicides: Definition, classification and synthesis of organic insecticides and fungicides. Structural formulae and their importance or aldrin, BHC, lindane, malathion. Herbicides-definition structural and their importance of Diuren, 2,4D(2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) their applications. Wood protectors -definition, importance of cresol oil, pentol and chlorophenols. hemoglobin. Dyes: Colour and constitution, chromophore-auxochrome theory, classification of dyes based on applications with examples, synthesis of malachite green and indigo. Structural elucidation of alizarin and its synthesis. 4Hrs 4 Hrs XI.Natural pigments: Structural formulae and their importance of anthocyanin, beta-carotene,

SEMESTER 4 MB-4.2 MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL I. An overview of cells and cell research single cells to multicellular organisms. 4Hrs 48 Hrs 2 Hrs

II. The origin and evolution of cells: From molecules to cell, from prokaryotes to Eukaryotes, from

II. Cell organization and tools of cell biology: Cellular and sub cellular organization in prokaryotic
and Eukaryotic cells. Role of biomarkers in detection of cellular and sub cellular organelles. Immunolocalization - Imunofluorescence microscopy. Applications of confocal and phase contrast microscopy. Use of flow cytometry for sorting cells. Methods for isolation of sub cellular organelles. lysosomes and peroxisomes. melanogaster, A. thaliana, Vertebrates. ECM, gap junctions. and pinocytosis. 4Hrs 4Hrs 4Hrs 4Hrs 8Hrs

III. IV. Compartmentalization in cells: The cytosol, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus,
V. Cellular models and its developments: E.coli, yeasts, Dicteostelium discoideum, C. elegans, D. VI. Biomembrane and its constituents: Lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, membrane carbohydrate, VII. Membrane transport: small molecules, macromolecules and particles exocytosis, endocytosis VIII. Structure function of membranes or organelles: Role of plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cilia and flagella. 6 Hrs IX. Special features of plant and animal cells: Significance of cell wall, cell growth and division. 4 Hrs X. Cellular aging and senescence: Cellular changes during ageing, ageing and organ system, theories of ageing. culture, culture media, applications of cell culture. 4 Hrs 4 Hrs XI. Cell culture: Primary and established cell lines, kinetics of cell growth, animal and plant cell

SEMESTER 4 4.3. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY SECTION- A- ZOOLOGY and distribution of yolk, egg membranes. 3 hrs 24Hrs
I. Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis in mammals. Types of eggs based on quantity

II. Fertilization: i. Details of the process with reference to sea urchin - approach of gametes, fertilizin and
antifertilizin, gamones and its role, activation, penetration, reaction of the egg and amphimixis. Monospermy and Polyspermy (physiological and pathological), significance of fertilization. Fertilization in mammals: molecular events in fertilization. hrs III. Early Development: Cleavage: Cytoskeletal mechanisms, patterns of embryonic cleavage - holoblastic, meroblastic, radial, spiral rotational and superficial types with examples. Gastrulation: Gastrulation types, Organiser phenomenon - potencies of the dorsal lip of the blastopore of amphibian gastrula. Brachet's experiment, experiment of Spemann and Mangold. Induction -chemical nature of organizer -parts of organizer -theories of organizer phenomenon. Competence, determination and differentiation. Primary germ layers and their derivatives. 10 hrs IV Development in mammals: Blastocyst implantation types; placentation types; embryonic stem cells and their significance. 4 hrs. 2 hrs. VI. Parthenogenesis and cloning: Cytology of natural parthenogenesis -arrhenotoky, thelytoky (amictic and apomictic) and cyclical parthenogenesis with examples. Artifical parthenogenesis -Loeb's and Batailon's experiments with principles of activation and regulation. Significance of parthenogenesis. SECTION-B: BOTANY
I. An introduction to reproductive biology of Angiosperms.

ii. 3

V Post embryonic development: brief description of metamorphosis, regeneration and ageing

2 hrs 24 Hrs 1Hr

II. Microsporangium, Microsporogenesis and Male gametophyte: Development and structure of

the microsporangium, wall layers (special emphasis on the anther tapetum and its, functions); Microsporogenesis; development of male gametophyte/pollen; Concept of male germ unit; pollen

shedding; pollen morphological features; Palynology and its scope. 4Hrs

III. Megasporangium, Megasporogenesis and Female gametophyte: Structure and morphological

types of ovules; Ovular structures; Megasporogenesis; development of monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic types, structure, organization and nutrition of female gametophyte. 5Hrs

IV. Fertilization: Pollination in brief, types, contrivances for pollination, liver mechanism
(pollination in ficus). A general account of pollen-pistil interaction; obturator; polyspermy and heterofertilization. 4Hrs 2Hrs

V. Endosperm: Developmental types; endosperm haustoria; ruminate and composite endosperm. VI. Embryo: structure and development of Dicot and Monocot embryos; embryonal suspensor.
2Hrs

VII. Polyembryony: Types, causes, experimental induction and significance. Structure of monocot
and dicot seed. 2 Hrs 1Hr 2Hrs 1 Hr

VIII.

Gametophytic apomixis- a general account.

IX. Embryology in relation to taxonomy with reference to the following taxa- Loranthaceae,
Gentianaceae, Trapa and Exocarpus.

X. Experimental embryology: Nature and scope.

SEMESTER 4 MB 4.4 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 48Hrs

I. Water and plant cell: Transport process, Absorption by roots, Transport of water through xylem
role of cavitation and embolism. Continuum). Transpiration and SPAC (Soil plant-Atmosphere4Hrs Passive and active transport of solutes across membrane. Pinocytosis,

II. Solute transport:

exocytosis, endocytosis and a brief mention of GERL (Golgi complex-Endoplasmic reticulumLysosomes) and CURL (Compartment of Uncoupling of Receptors Ligand) concept. Ion transport proteins. Pumps and channels. Aquaporins and mechanism of opening and closing of stomata. A brief mention of Siderophore. 5Hrs

III. Transport in phloem: Pathways of translocation, source and sink relationship, Phloem sap and
pressure flow model for phloem transport. Vein loading and unloading. Transport signaling molecules. 5Hrs.

IV. Plant growth hormones: Definition, biochemistry, biosynthesis, storage and transport,
Mechanism of action & Physiological roles of Auxins, Gibberlins, Ethylene and Polyamines. Brassinosteroids, effect on growth & development, growth inhibitors Abscissic acid, Morphactins, Jasmonic acid and Expansins. Horticultural importance of growth hormones. 6Hrs

V. Phytochrome and signal transduction: Discovery, structure and physiological function of

phytochrome. Molecular mechanism of action of photoreceptors, G-Proteins, Phospholipid signaling, Calcium cal modulin cascade. 4Hrs

VI. Photosynthesis: Photochemistry, General concept, Historical background, photosynthetic

pigments, Light harvesting complexes, Photo-oxidation of water, Mechanism of electron and proton transport. Carbon assimilation: Calvin cycle (C3), C4 cycle and CAM pathway. Photosynthetic efficiency of C4 plants, Regulation of Calvins cycle and RUBISCO. Photorespiration and its significance: Comment on absence of C2 pathway (Photorespiration) in C4 plants, CO2 and HCO3 pumps. metabolic cycle 8Hrs

VII. Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle: Amphibolic nature of TCA Cycle. TCA Cycle as a central
connecting carbohydrates, lipids and aminoacid metabolism. Chlorophyll and haem synthesis. Glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis. Electron transport and Peter-Mitchelle theory of ATP synthesis (chemiosmotic hypothesis). Pentose phosphate pathway and cyanide insensitive respiration. Comparison of photosynthesis & respiration. 8Hrs

VIII. Brief account of lipids, waxes & phytosteroles in plants.

2Hrs

IX. Nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen cycle, Mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation, symbiotic and
non-symbiotic, nitrogenase complex, nodule formation and nod factors, Role of leghaemoglobin, nif genes and hup genes. 4Hrs 2Hrs

X.

Stress physiology: Water deficit and drought resistance, heat stress and heat shock, Chilling and freezing injury. Salinity and anaerobic stress.

SEMESTER 6 MB 6.1 METABOLISM I. Introduction: Catabolism, anabolism, catabolic, anabolic and amphibolic 48 Hrs pathways.

Carbohydrates -Glycolysis, energetics regulation. Pathways of utilization of pyruvate-lactate, ethanol, gluconeogenesis, regulation, Coricycle, citric acid cycle, its regulation, energetics, anapleurosis, glyoxylate cycle. HMP shunt pathway, interconversion of hexoses. II. Biosynthesis of: sucrose, starch and glycogen. phospholipases. Fatty acid degradation - 2 hrs. oxidation Knoop's experiment, saturated and 6 hrs

III. Lipids :Degradation of triacylglycerols and phospholipids -lipase, hormone sensitive lipase,

unsaturated FA. regulation. and oxidation. Energetics, Biosynthesis of FA - FA synthetase complex, chain elongation and denaturation. Pathways in plants and animals, conversion of linoleate to arachiodnante (scheme only). 6 hrs IV. Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Degradation -regulation. Metabolism of circulating lipids -chylomicrons, HDL, LDL and VLDL. Reverse cholesterol transport by HDL. Oxidized lipids and their metabolism. 4 hrs. V. Phospholipid Biosynthesis: denovo pathway and inter conversion, biosynthesis of sphingo lipids, ether lipids and glycolipids. Degradation and biosynthesis of gangliosides and cerebrosides, disorders: Taysach's disease, Nieman -Pick disease, Fabry's disease. VI. Biosynthesis of : prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes. VII. Integration of: carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, glucose paradox. 2 hrs. 2 hrs. 6 hrs.

VIII. Importance of nitrogen: in biological systems, (over view of nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen fixation symbiotic and non-symbiotic, nitrogenase complex), energetic and regulation. Assimilation of ammonia. 3 hrs. deamination, transamination, IX. General Mechanisms of Amino Acid metabolisms:

decarboxylation desulphuration, degradation and biosynthesis of individual amino acids. Differences in the pathways in microorganisms, plants and animals. Ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids. Regulation of amino acid biosynthesis, transglutaminase cycle, urea cycle. In born errors of amino acid degradation - phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, maple syrup urine. X. Proteins: glycoproteins, proteoglycans. glutathione and gramicidine. 4 hrs 2 hrs 5 hrs General mechanisms of degradation in cells, Degradation and biosynthesis of

XI. Biosynthesis and degradation of: heme, porphyrins. Biosynthesis of creatine, polyamines XII. Purines and Pyrimidines - Pathways of degradation of nucleic acids in cells, catabolism of purines and pyrimidines, uric acid formation. Salvage pathways, denovo biosynthetic pathways,

regulation of biosynthesis, conversion of nucleotides to deoxynuclotides. Mechanism of action of methotrexate, 5 fluorouracil, Azidothymidine. XIII. Biosynthesis of NAD+, FAD and coenzyme A. 1 hr 5 hrs

SEMESTER 6 MB 6.2 Molecular Physiology I. Mitochrondrial Electrontransport: 48Hrs Entry of reducing equivalents for oxidation - malate Organization of respiratory chain complexes,

aspartate shuttle, glycerol phosphate shuttle.

structure and function of the components - Fe-S proteins, cytochromes, Q cycle, proton transfer P/O ratio, respiratory control, oxidative phosphorylation, uncouplers and inhibitors, sequence of electron carriers based on redoxpotentials. ATP synthesis, ATP synthase complex, binding 12 hrs change mechanism, proton motive force, Mitchells hypothesis.

II. Photosynthesis : Overview of photosynthesis and photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants , Light harvesting antennae complex, role of pigments in trapping light energy, primary photochemical reaction Hill reaction, regulation of photosynthesis, photo inhibition, photorespiration, bacterial photosynthesis, structure and function of RUBISCO. hrs III. Biomembranes : Physico-chemical properties of biomembranes, membrane models, sandwich model, Robertsons model, S-N model, current models. Membrane asymmetry and its determination. Use of fluorescence technique, enzymes like PLA2 and lipid transfer proteins. Membrane domains, rafts and caveolae. 6 hrs IV. Membrane Transport: Laws of diffusion across membranes, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport - glucose transporter, Ma+ K+ ATPase, (over view of bacterial phosphotransferase system). 6 hrs V. Cell Signaling: Types of cell signaling. Autocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine, endocrine. Synchronization of cell functions. Muscle. Role of Calcium signaling by pheromones. Receptor system and functions. Example of alarm pheromones. Trailing pheromones 5 hrs VI. Plant hormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid, Structure, occurrence, mechanism of action, physiological effects, commercial importance. Other growth regulators. Assay of plant hormones. Senescence and Abscission. 10 hrs VII. Phototropism : Description of phenomenon, perception of stimulus. Phytochrome, Introduction, phytochrome as photoreceptor, Structure and properties of phytochrome, Mode of action, Juvenility, Photoperiodism, Vernalisation. 4Hrs Endocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, exocytosis, Ion channels, aquaproin channel, ionophores. Patch clamp technique. 5

SEMESTER 6 PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS 48Hrs I) Mendelism: organisms. History and Mendels work, Laws of inheritance in haploid and diploid 4hrs

II) Extension of Mendelism: Alleles, Pseudo alleles, Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Penetrance and expressivity, Interaction of genes. 8hrs III) Linkage and crossing over: Concept of linkage, genetic recombination and construction of genetic maps in Drosophila & maize, Interference and coincidence, Mitotic recombination. Sex linked inheritance in Drosophila and man; Inheritance of sex limited and sex influenced genes. 12 hrs IV) Chromosomes and their inheritance: Types of chromosomes, Chromosome theory of inheritance and Special chromosomes Polytene & Lamp brush. 8hrs V) Chromosomal aberrations: Structural - Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Centric fusion and fission; Numerical variations Aneuploidy, Euploidy,& Polyploidy; Chromosome syndromes- Causes & consequences of chromosomal aberrations; Karyotyping. 10hrs VI) Extra Chromosomal inheritance: Maternal effect Pigmentation in pellagra, Infectious heredity of Parameocium, Cytoplasmic inheritance Male sterility in plants and shell coiling, Mitochondrial disease in man. 6hrs

SEMESTER 6 MB 6.4 ENZYMOLOGY 48 Hrs I. General Aspects -Nature of enzymes, localization, isolation, purification and characterization of enzymes. Criteria of purity of enzymes. Units of enzyme activity, specificity and specific activity. Nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes. Assay methods -coupled enzyme assays, continuous, end point and kinetic assay. 10 hrs. II. Enzyme Kinetics -Rate of a reaction, order and molecularity. Michaelis Menten equation, initial velocity approach, steady state approach. Vmax Km and their significance. Linear transformation of Michaelis Menten equation -Lineweaver Burk plot, Eadie Hofstee, Haynes -Wolf and ComishBowden. Turnover number. 6 hrs. 3 hrs. 3 hrs. III. Inhibition - Competitive, non competitive, uncompetitive and product inhibition.Irreversible inhibition- suicide inhibition. Determination of Ki. General rate equation. Primary and secondary plots. IV. Bisubstrate Reaction - Clelands notation with examples of ordered, pingpong, and random. V. Mechnisms of Enzyme Catalysis - Active site structure. Methods of determining active site structure - isolation of ES complex, affinity labeling, chemical modification studies. Active site structure investigation. 4 hrs. VI. Nature of Enzyme catalysis - Transition state theory proximity and orientation, oribital steering, acid base catalysis, covalent catalysis, metal ion catalysis, nueleophilic and electrophilic catalysis, intramolecular catalyses, entropy effects. Effect of temperature and pH on enzyme catalysed reaction. 5 hrs. VII. Cooperativity - Binding of ligands to macromolecules - Scatchard plot, cooperativitiy, positive and negetive cooperativity. Oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Hill equation homotropic and heterotropic effectors, aspartyl transcarbamylase as an allosteric enzyme. catalysis, charge relay net work. CoA, Folic acid, Lipoic acid. enzyme complex (PDC) activity. 6 hrs. VIII. Mechanisms of Action of Specific Enzyme - Chymotrypsin zymogen activation, acid - base Lysozyme, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Ribonuclease, 4 hrs. 2 hrs. 3 hrs. 2 hrs. Carboxypeptidase A, RNA as enzyme, Coenzymic action of NAD+ FAD, TPP, PLP, Biotin, IX. Multimolecular Forms - Isozyzme, eg. LDH, Multifunctional enzyme (DNA polymerase) multi X. Metabolic regulation of Enzyme Activity - Feed back regulation, fine control of enzyme XI. Fast reactions - Stopped flow, temperature jump method with examples of enzymes.

SEMESTER 8 MB 8.1 MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF GENE EXPRESSION 48 Hrs I. Introduction - Historical perspective. Central dogma of molecular biology. 2 hrs II. DNA - Antiparallel nature - nearest neighbour base frequency analysis. Replication of DNA semi conservative nature - Messelson and Stahl experiment. Replication of double stranded DNA - direction of replication discontinuous replication - Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerase I II and III DNA ligase, DNA topoisomerases fidelity of replication. Replication in viruses - X174, single stranded DNA, rolling circle model. Application of microchlondrial DNA. hrs III. Nucleases: Classification, DNAses, RNAses, Endo and exo nucleases, Restriction endonucleases . IV. Transcription 4 hrs - Co linearity of genes and proteins RNA polymerase I II and III. RNA RNA 10

biosyntehsis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes initiation, elongation and termination. addition poly A tail addition, RNA editing. Processing of tRNA and mRNA transcripts. 8 hrs

dependent RNA synthesis - RNA replicase of QB virus. Processing of eukaryotic RNA cap

V. Translation - Genetic code, triplet codon, universality features of the genetic code, assignment of codons studies of Khorana, Nirenberg, triplet binding techniques, degeneracy, wobble hypothesis, evolution of genetic code and codon usage, variation in the codon usage. 8 hrs VI. 3D structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome: ribosome, proteins synthesis initiation elongation and termination. Role of mRNA and tRNA aminoacyl tRNA synthesis and its role in translation accuracy, signal sequence. 8 hrs. VII. Post translation modification of proteins signal cleavage, disulphide bond formation, O and N-glycosylation, folding of nascent protein, role of chaperons, attachment of glycosyl anchor, and other modifications. 8 hrs.

SEMESTER 8 MB 8.2 IMMUNOLOGY 48Hrs I) Introduction: Historical development and milestones in immunology Contributions of Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, Emilvon Behring & Kitasato, Metchinkoff, 4hrs 3hrs 3hrs 3hrs 6hrs Primary and econdary lymphoid organs Lymphatic system, Reticulo-endothelial system, Types of immunity, Innate & Acquired. phagocytosis. attach complex. Anaphylotoxins & Opsonine. antigens, Haptens. II) Non specific defenses in man: Barriers to infection skin, mucous membrane, inflammation, III) Complement system: Classical, alternate and lectin binding pathway, Generation of membrane IV) Antigens: Chemical nature & properties, Epitopes, Antigenecity, Immunogenecity, Valency of V) Antibodies: Structure, Classes and subclasses, Paratopes, Immunoglobulin variants Isotypes, Allotypes & Idiotypes, Valency of antibody, Genetic basis of antibody diversity. VI -a) Immune responses: Primary and secondary, class switching. VI b)MHC: Structure & functions-MHC antigens in man DPT, HBV, Adjuvants. 2hrs 1hr 2hrs

VII) Vaccines: Vaccines and their preparations (traditional and recombinant vaccines) BCG, Polio, VIII) Cellular basis of immunity: Hematopoiesis, Biology of T-cells and B-Cells. T-cell subsets. Tcell and B-Cell receptors. Antigen presenting cells and accessory cells (macrophages & dendritic cells), T-cell and B-Cell co-operation, Antigen processing & presentation, Clonal selection, Cytokines role in immunity. 8 hrs

IX) Transplantation: Tissue typing-Autograft, Isograft, Allograft & Xenograft. Graft versus host reactions (GVHI). Immunosuppression. 2hrs

X) Hypersensitivity: Types of Hypersensitivity reactions. Types I, II, III & IV Anaphylexis. 2hrs XI) Disorders of immunity: Immunological tolerance, Autoimmunity. Immunodeficiency disorders, SCID, AIDS. surveillance, TNF & , , immunotherapy. XIII) Monoclonal antibodies preparations & applications. 4hrs 2hrs 2hrs XII) Tumor immunology: Tumor associated antigens & Tumor specific antigens. Immune

XVI)

Immunological

techniques:

Preparations,

agglutinations, 4Hrs.

Complement

fixation,

Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Immunofluroscence, RIA & ELISA, Western blotting.

SEMESTER 8 MB 8.3 GENETIC ENGINEERING- I 48 Hrs. I. Genetic Engineering - extraction and purification of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) from biological sources. Gene cloning - genomic cloning, C-DNA cloning. Vectors - plasmids, phage, cosmids and phagemid, yeast cloning vectors, plant vectors, bacterial artifical chromosome, SV40, shuttle vectors, phagemids construction of expression vectors. Restriction endonucleases blunt end and staggered cut. Isochizomers. Preparation of end labeled DNA, other labeling methods, fluorescent labeling. Recombinant DNA techniques, Gene cloning in E.coli, cloning in gram +ve Bacillus. 21hrs

II) Techniques - Blotting techniques - dot blot, southern, northern, western blot, DNA foot print assay, DNA finger print assay, gel retardation assay nuclease protection assay. RFLP, RAPD, PCR Ligation - blunt end ligation, use of linkers, colony hybridization, plaque hybridization. Gene transfer techniques. Transgenic plants and animals, gene knockout. 18 hrs III) PCR Concept, methodology, types and applications. 3hrs

IV) Genetic engineering in plants: Agrobacterium mediated transformation, basics & applied aspects. 6hrs

SEMESTER 8 MB 8.4 MOLECULAR BASIS OF DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION 48 hrs I. An overview of gametogenesis and fertilization 1 hr.

I.

Molecular basis of early development and differentiation: right- left axes, control of blastomere identity. Differentiation of pharynx. 3 hrs.

Caenorhabditis elegans: Anterior- posterior axis formation, formation of the dorsal ventral and Drosophila: Primary axis formation during oogenesis. Generating dorsal ventral pattern in embryo. Segmentation and the anterior posterior body plan, segmentation genes, homeotic selector genes. 4 hrs. 3 hrs. II. Molecular basis of later development: Differentiation of neural tubes and neurons. Myogenesis, osteogenesis, heart and angiogenesis. Differentiation of pancreas. 10 hrs. Mammals: Anterior posterior axis formation, the dorsal ventral and right left axes in mice.

V. Reproductive biotechnology: Collection and cryopreservation ofgametes human and animals, superovulation and collection of eggs, invitro- fertilisation (test tube baby), surrogate mothers. 3 hrs. III. Development in plants:

i. Embryogenesis: Pattern formation, establishment of symmetry, Cell lineages positional control

2 hrs.

ii. Vegetative development: Embryonal axis meristems, Meristems as dynamic centers of cell
regeneration, Shoot, Leaf and Root Development Organization of shoot apical meristem (SAM); Control of cell division and cell to cell communication; Molecular analysis of SAM; Leaf development and differentiation, Development of dorsal and ventral symmetry in leaves; Organization of root apical meristem (RAM); Root hair and trichome development; Cell fate and lineages. 8 hrs. 2 hrs.

iii. Transition to flowering: Vegetative meristems to inflorescence and floral meristems. Overview
of Photoperiodism and its significance, Vernalization and hormonal control.

iv. Floral development: Formation of four whorls, stamen and carpel development, gametogenesis.
Genetic regulation of floral development. The ABC model for floral organ specification, development of asymmetry in flowers. 8 hrs. 2 hrs.

v. Fruit and seed development: maturation and germination of seeds

2 hrs.

vi. Parthenogenesis: Developmental routes to Parthenogenesis, Parthenocarpy, Apomixis

SEMESTER 10 MB 10.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 48 Hrs I. Introduction: Scope and significance of research methodology 1. Good laboratory practices, Quality control. 2 hrs. 4 hrs. 2Hrs.

2. Review of literature, identifying the gaps and formulating the hypothesis.

3. Research material: Use of taxonomic keys, Samples: Collection, transport, handling and
preservation of microorganisms, planktons, insects, animals from natural and lab bred population. Water and air samples. Relevance of sample size. Culture and maintenance of samples. Safe disposal of used and rejected samples and materials. 10Hrs.

4. Types of research studies: Collection of data sources; methods questionnaires, records,

archives; scaling Likert and Guteman scaling. 4 hrs.

5. Design of experiments: Cohort studies, Double blind, placebo control, crossover. Eg., UKPDS,
CUPS, Farmington), Clinical studies, toxicity studies. 4 hrs.

6. Selection methods: Reviewing, standardization of the methods, modification and experimental

design collection, analysis, statistical inference, presentation of the data. 4Hrs.

7. Review of research articles (To be done by students. Each student can select one paper review
and present it). 6 hrs. 2 Hrs.

8. Demonstration of writing a research proposal

9. Research proposal: The student will identify a topic for research and prepare a document with
the following information Back ground of research problems, Objectives, strategies for experimental work, Expected results, preparation of rough draft and bibliography. The student will also present and defend the research proposal, Evaluation of research proposal. 10Hrs.