COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

CLAYEY OR MARSHY

GROUP WORK

COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
A structure made up of composite material is a composite structure A composite material is basically a combination of two or more materials, each of which retains it own distinctive properties. Example: R.C.C (Reinforced Cement Concrete structures are composite structure)

COMPOSITE STRUCTURE IN SPECIAL CONDITION

Composite structures in special conditions need special techniques of construction before constructing any building a few things should be kept in mind they are : 1. Inspection of the site 2. Examination of the ground using test pits, probing etc. 3. Bearing power of soil When these are checked & all factors are satisfied thats when construction starts. Now in some special condition for instance when soil type is weak or when the site is close to the sea or river or if the zone of construction is earthquake prone etc some special techniques of construction are applied

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
Choice of method of construction of composite structures in special conditions are determined by three major factors they are: 1. Cost of exploration 2. Nature of ground a. Clayey soil b. Rocks c. Sandy soil 3. Topography

CLAYEY SOIL
A special condition is going to be observed in this presentation when the building is made in clayey soil what are the measures to be taken The clayey soil is very soft, wet, pasty or muddy Its maximum safe bearing capacity is very low 5 t/m & only 50 kN/m

PILE FOUNDATION
For composite structure to stand in clayey soil the foundation should be pile foundation There are two types of cement concrete piles they are: 1. Cast-in-situ concrete piles 2. Pre-cast concrete piles

CASED CAST-IN-SITU
Cast-in-situ: in this type of concrete piles a bore is dug into the ground by inserting a casing. This bore is then filled with cement concrete after placing reinforcement, if any. The casing may be kept in position or it may be withdrawn. The former piles are known as cased cast-insitu concrete piles. The various patented processes have been developed under both of the above categories.

 It is possible to see that the casing is vertical, straight & undamaged but as the casing is kept along with the pile, it will increase the cost of piles. The casing protects the freshly placed concrete sets. The shell lengths are easily adjusted on the job during the installation process to suit the changing subsoil condition. The example of these piles are: Raymond piles.

RAYMOND PILES
Raymond piles are of two types: 1. Raymond standard concrete pile: it consist of a thin corrugated steel shell closed at bottom. The shell is driven into the ground with a collapsible steel mandrel or core in it. When the desired depth is reached, the mandrel is collapsed & withdrawn. The shell is then inspected internally by using the light from a mirror or flashlight or droplight. If the shell is found to be damaged during driving it is replaced by another shell. The concrete then poured in the shell to finish up the pile. The usual tip diameter is about 200mm & spirally wound wires are provided at 80mm pitch to serve as reinforcement.

2. Raymond step-taper concrete pile: it consist of shell selection of suitable length. The bottom of first shell to be driven is closed by a flat steel plate. The diameter of pile increases in steps at the rate of 25mm for each successive shell section. The required length of pile is obtained by joining the proper number of sections by screw connection. The process of forming the pile is the same as that of the standard concrete pile.

UNCASED CAST-IN-SITU
Uncased cast-in-situ: these are cheaper as no casting will be left in the ground but great skilled is required to make this foundation work because they are likely to get damaged by sub-soil pressure & ground movements. Example of an uncased cast-in-situ is simplex piles.

SIMPLEX PILES
Simplex piles: in this type of piles a steel tube fitted with cast-iron shoe is driven into the ground up to required depth. The reinforcement, if necessary, is put up. The concrete is poured into the tube & the tube is slowly withdrawn, leaving the shoe into the ground. The concrete is not tamped & the pile is completed. Such a pile is known as the simplex standard pile . If tamping of concrete is done at regular intervals as the tube is withdrawn its called the simplex tamped pile. In case of simplex alligator jaw pile the cast iron shoe is provided by alligator jaw point. When concrete is poured, the jaw opens & allows concrete to flow. The tube is slowly withdrawn. In this type of pile, the shoe does not remain in the ground
SIMPLEX STANDARD PILE

SIMPLEX JAW PILE