I.

Period of Intuitive Nursing It dated from pre-historic times, was practiced among primitive tribes and lasted through the early Christian era. Nursing was untaught and instinctive. It was performed out of compassion for others, out of wish to help others. A. Beliefs and Practices of the Pre-Historic Man 1. He was a nomad, his philosophy of life: best for the most and law of self-preservation 2. Nursing was a function belonged to women she took good care of the children, the sick and the aged. 3. He believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victims body by evil spirit, using black magic or voodoo. 4. He believed that the medicine man called shaman or witchdoctor had the power to heal by using white magic. The shaman used hypnosis, charms, dances, incantations, purgatives, massage, fire, water, herbs, etc. as means of driving illness from the victim. He also practiced trephining (drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without benefit of anesthesia), as a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the afflicted. B. Nursing In the Near East Beliefs and Practices 1. Mans mode of living changed from nomadic style to an agrarian society into an urban community life. 2. Man developed means of communication and the beginnings of a body of scientific knowledge. 3. Nursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, sisters or mothers. 4. Care of the sick was still closely related to religion, superstition and magic, added astrology and numerology in medical practice. 5. There was the birth of three religious ideologies: Judaism, Christianity and Mohammedanism. Contributions to Medicine and Nursing

C. Nursing In the Far East 1. China a. Imbued with beliefs of spirits and demons, - boy babies were given girls names and dressed in girls clothes to avoid evil befalling them. b. Practiced ancestor worship which prohibited the dissection of human body. c. Gave the world knowledge of material medica (pharmacology); a prescribed method of treating wounds, infections and muscular afflictions. d. There was no mention of nursing; it is assumed that care of the sick was done by female members of the household. 2. India a. Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive form of asepsis, and were proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery. b. Sushurutu made list of functions and qualifications of nurses. For the first time in recorded history, there was reference to the nurses taking care of patients. These nurses were described as combinations of pharmacists, masseurs, physical therapists and cooks. D. Nursing in Ancient Greece a. Nursing was the task of the untrained slave. b. Introduced the caduceus, the insignia of the medical profession today. c. Hippocrates, here in Greece is given the title Father of Scientific Medicine E. Rome: a. Transition from Pagan to Christian Philosophy took place. There was contrast between the materialism of the pagan society and the spirituality of the converted Christians. b. Romans attempted to maintain vigorous health, because illness was a sign of weakness. c. Care of the ill was left to the slave or Greek physicians; both groups were looked upon as inferior by Roman society. d. Fabiola a worldly, beautiful Roman matron who became a converted Christian through the help of friends Marcella and Paula; made her home the first hospital in the Christian World. II. Period of Apprentice Nursing

1. Babylonia: Code of Hammurabi provided laws that covered every facet of Babylonian life including medical practice. The medical regulations established fees, discouraged experimentation, designed specific doctors for each disease, and gave each patient the right to choose between the use of charms, the use of medications or a surgical procedure to cure his disease. There was no mention of nurses or nursing. 2. Egypt: a. Introduced the art of embalming, which enhanced their knowledge on human anatomy. b. Developed the ability to make keen clinical and hospital personnel. Slaves and patients families nursed the sick. 3. Hebrews: a. Moses wrote the five books of the Old Testament. b. Emphasized practice of hospitality to strangers and the acts of charity (Book of Genesis O.T.) c. Promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable disease and the ritual of circumcision of the male child. (Book of Leviticus) d. Reference to nurse is as midwife, wet nurse or childs nurse, whose acts were compassionate and tender, the outpouring of maternal instincts. e. Moses Father of Sanitation

It extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the Crusades which began in the 11th century to 1836, when the Deaconess School of Nursing at Kaisserwerth, Germany was established by Pastor Fliedner and his wife. It is called the period of on-the-job training. Nursing care is performed without any formal education; performed by people who are directed by more experienced nurses. Religious orders of the Christian Church were responsible for the development of this kind of Nursing. A. The Crusades

Crusades holy wars conducted in an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks who denied Christian pilgrims permission to visit the Holy Sepulcher. Military Religious Orders established hospitals and staffed them with men. Military Religious Orders and their works 1. Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Italian) devoted to religion and nursing. Discipline was strict, it also established the organization of rank, advocated principles of complete and unquestioned devotion to duty and traditional obedience to superiors

2. Teutonic Knights (German) took active part in the subsequent wars in the Holy Land. They established tent hospitals for the wounded. 3. Knights of St. Lazarus established primarily for the nursing of the lepers in Jerusalem after the city had been conquered by the Christians. 4. Alexian Brothers were members of the monastic order found in 1348, who established Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing, which was the largest school of Nursing under religious auspices and operated exclusively for men in the United States. The school was closed in 1969. During this period (Apprentice Nursing), there was also rise of Religious Nursing Orders. Although Christian teaching gave equality to all men, the value of women was still concentrated in her role as a wife and a mother. Only by entering a convent could she follow a career, obtain an education, and perform the acts of charity that her faith taught would help princesses and other ladies of royalty. THE RISE OF SECULAR ORDER - during this period, there were also the rise of the religious nursing orders for women. Only by entering a convent could she follow a career, obtain an education, and perform acts of charity that her faith taught would help her gain grace in heaven. Queens, princesses, and other ladies of royalty. Secular Orders founded: 1. Orders of St. Francis of Assisi (1200-present) a. First Order found by St. Francis of Assisi himself b. Second Order the Poor Clares; founded by St. Clare of Assisi c. Third Order (Tertiary Order) composed of members who devoted their lives to the order in their home town; improved their communities; and most of all performed nursing in the homes and in the hospitals.

service and chastity; gave nursing care to the sick and afflicted. 2. St. Elizabeth of Hungary The Patroness of Nurses the daughter of a Hungarian King, she lived her life frugally, despite her wealth. She used all her wealth to make the lives of the poor happy and useful. She built hospitals for the sick and the needy. She fed the sick with her own hands, made their beds. She provided for orphans and fed from 300-500 persons daily at her gate. To avoid idleness, she employed those who were able to work. She worked continually in her hospital and in the homes of the poor, went fishing in streams to help provide for the many sufferers. 3. St. Catherine of Siena the first lady with a lamp. Born of humble Italian parents, she was the 25th child. She pledged her life to the service at the age of seven and was referred to as a little saint. She was a hospital nurse, prophetess, preacher and reformer of society and the church. The world of nursing, despite wards and plague, made considerable progress under the influence of Christianity. It may be said that nursing owes its foundation to the work of benevolent men and women, the crusades and the guilds. But this progress in nursing is brought to a halt by industrial and political revolution and the Reformation in the 16th century. These left the world in the following situation: 1. The masses of people huddled in slums as a result of famine, wars and the introduction of machinery. 2. Living in blighted slum areas, the people sank into a brutal and immoral way of life. 3. Ambition for power and the antagonism resulting from the attempts to achieve this power replaced human empathy. 4. Class lines could now be bypassed in some parts of the world, and people struggled against one another for power, wealth and leisure. 5. Skepticism was the result of political, intellectural and ideological revolutions, everything in life had to be based upon scientific fact for nothing else was true. In this period, 16th century, hospitals were established for the car of the sick. The hospitals were gloomy, cheerless and airless. They were unsanitary, people entered hospital only under compulsion or a last resort. There was little employment and an education was only for the rich and the titled. Because of problems of poverty and poor health, St. Vincent de Paul organized the charity group called La Charite and the uncloistered who were dedicated to doing Gods work in caring for the sick, the poor, the orphaned and the widowed. Louisa de Gras (Nee de Marillae) first superior and cofoundress of The Community of Sisters of Charity III. The Dark Period of Nursing

- all of the three orders believed in devoting their lives to poverty and service to the poor. 2. The Beguines composed of lay nurses, who devoted their lives to the service of suffering mankind. Found in 1170 by priest Lambert Le Begue 3. The Oblates (12th Century) order similar to Beguines. 4. Other Religious Nursing Orders: a. Benedictines b. Ursulines c. Augustinians

Nurses during the rise of religious nursing orders, worked under the influence of religious taboos and social restrictions of their culture and education. Hospitals were poorly ventilated, beds were filthy. There was overcrowding of patients three or four patients, regardless of diagnosis or whether alive or dead may have shared one bed. Practice of environmental sanitation and asepsis were non-existent. Older nuns prayed with and took good care of the sick; the younger nuns washed soiled linens. Through these years (12th 16th centuries), nursing saints had emerged despite the many obstacles faced. Among them are: 1. St. Clare foundress of the Second Order of St. Francis of Assisi, took vows of poverty, obedience,

This extends from 17th to 19th centuries; from the period of Reformation until the civil war. The religious upheaval led by Martin Luther destroyed the unity of Christian faith. The wrath of Protestantism swept away everything connected with Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages and hospitals. Properties of hospitals and schools were confiscated. Nurses fled for their lives. In England, hundreds of hospitals were closed. There were no provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick. Nursing became the work of the least desirable of women women who took bribes from patients, stole the patients food and used alcohol as a tranquilizer. They worked seven days a week, slept in cubbyhole near the hospital ward or patient and ate scraps of food when they could find them.

Those women personified in Charles Dickens navel as Sairey Gamp and Betsy Prog filthy, drunken, harsh, uneducated. Several leaders sought reforms for the existing conditions. Among them were: 1. John Howard a prison reformer who helped improve living conditions and gave prisoners renewed hope. 2. Mother Mary Aikenhand established by the Irish Sisters of Charity to bring back into nursing the dedication of the early Christian era. 3. Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Fredericka Munster Fliedner established Deaconess School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany, the first organized training school of nurses. Requirements for entering the school: a. character reference from clergymen b. a certificate of health from a physician c. permission from their nearest male relative Nursing in the New World People began to settle in the North American Continent, to seek for new adventures, new conquests and new trade routes. Madam Jeanne Mance first laywoman who worked as a nurse on the North American continent. Founded the Hotel Dieu of Montreal, a log cabin hospital. Pre Civil War Nursing Nursing was carried on by religious orders both Catholic and Protestants in the U.S.A. and Canada Augustinian nuns, Ursuline Sisters, Deaconesses of Kaiserswerth, Protestant Sisters of Charity, and many others helped found and staff hospitals and gave nursing care during the civil war Mrs. Elizabeth Seaton an American, founded the Sisters of Charity at Emmetsburg, Maryland in 1809. American Reforms in Nursing 1. The Nurse Society of Philadelphia organized a school of nursing under the direction of Dr. Joseph Warrington in 1839. Nurses were trained on the hob and attended some courses. 2. Womens hospital in Philadelphia established a sixmonth course in nursing to increase the nurses knowledge while they worked. They were taught a minimum amount of medical and surgical nursing, materia medica and dietetics. Nursing During the Civil War Important Personages: 1. Dorothea Lynde Dix appointed Superintendent of Female Nurses for the U.S.A. Government. Directed the nursing of the injured. 2. Clara Barton founder of American Red Cross Nursing of the injured was left to the religious sisterhoods and to volunteers. Committee on the Training of Nurses created by the American Medical Association at the end of the civil war to investigate and make suggestions and recommendations for the training of nurses. Doctors were able to realize the need and advantages of having a qualified nurse. IV. Period of Educated Nursing This period began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London. This period traces the growth of Nursing in the United States and includes the social forces exerted and the

trends resulting from wars, from an aroused social consciousness, from the emancipation of women and from the increased educational opportunities offered to women. Important Dates, Events and Persons during this Period 1. June 15, 1860 the day the cornerstone of nursing in England was laid. 2. Florence Nightingale Mother of Modern Nursing also given the title The Lady with the Lamp born on May 12, 1820 in Florence Italy raised in an atmosphere of culture and affluence learned languages, literature, mathematics and social graces from her parents education was rounded-out by a continental tour not contented with the social custom imposed upon her as a Victorian lady, she developed her self- appointed goal to change the profile of nursing she developed the habit at a very early age of keeping a journal of her observations as she traveled she compiled notes of her visits to hospitals and her observations of the sanitation facilities, social problems of places she visited, need for preventive medicine, the need for good nursing she advocated care of those afflicted with the many diseased caused by lack of good hygienic practices She first met resistance from her family of her intention to enter a hospital for nurses training, but at the age of 31, she finally gained their consent. She entered the Deaconess school of nursing at Kaisserwerth Preparation for nursing: (a) 3 months training at Kaisserwerth. (b) working as a superintendent of the Establishment for Gentlewomen During Illness She disapproved the restrictions on admission of patients and considered this as unchristian and incompatible with health care She upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursing an honorable profession for gentlewomen She led the nurses that took care of the wounded during Crimean War. Her title during this service was Superintendent of Female Nursing Establishment of English General Hospitals in Turkey 3. St. Thomas Hospital in London where the Nightingale System of Nursing began. Concept of Florence Nightingale on Schools of Nursing 1. She believed that schools of nursing should be self-supporting and not subject to the whims of the hospital base 2. Should have decent living quarters for their students and they should have paid nurse instructors 3. should correlate theory to practice 4. Should support nursing research and promote continuing education for nurses. However, Miss Nightingale ignored bacteriologic research and did not believe in germ theory. She felt that disease could be eliminated by cleanliness. She opposed central registry for nurses. 4. Linda Richards first graduate nurse in the U.S. on Sept. 1, 1873. 5. Early School of Nursing in the U.S. a. Bellevue Training School for Nurses in New York City patterned after the Nightingale System Mrs. Joseph Habson chairman b. Connecticut Training School in New Haven c. Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston

tasks of housekeeping takes out of hands of the nurses and delegated to attendants 6. Euphemia Van Rensselaer wore the first nurses uniform the symbol of the nurse

Events and Trends: World Health Organization established by the United Nations to assist in fighting disease by providing health information and improving the nutrition, living standard and environmental conditions of all people. Trends: a) scientific and technical research b) use of Atomic Energy for medical diagnosis and treatment c) utilization of computers for collecting data, teaching, obtaining information, establishing a diagnosis, maintaining a perpetual inventory, making up payroll and paychecks, record keeping and billing. d) Use of more sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy. Ex: heart-lung machines, use of prostheses for defective tissues, transplantation of living tissues and organs, hemodialysis, pacemakers for heart muscle, etc. e) The advent of space medicine also brought about the development of aerospace nursing. Colonel Pearl E. Tucker developed a comprehensive one-year course to prepare nurses for aerospace nursing at Cape Kennedy

7. Isabel Hampton Robb first principal of the John Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing a graduate of Bellevue Training School she was the person most influential in directing the development of nursing in the U.S. during this period she had the ability to identify the problems of nursing education and sought resolution for them she worked for state registration and standardization of nursing education programs and teacher preparation for instruction in schools of nursing 8. Caroline Hampton first to wear the rubber gloves to protect her hands while working as an operating room nurse. 9. Dr. William Halstead designed the first rubber glove 10. Last 2 decades of 19th Century the awakening of the Nursing Profession (American Nurses Association) (National League for Nursing Education) 2 nursing organizations established which were contributory to the upgrading of nursing practice and nursing education 11. Clara Louise Maas engaged in medical research on Yellow fever during the Spanish American war. 12. 1900-1912 Nursing service developed not only in the hospital service but also in private duty settlement house nursing (forerunner of PHN), School of nursing, government service and prenatal and maternal health nursing. 13. First decade of 20th century the age of specialization students were required to have experience in the care of patients in all of the specialized fields 14. 1913-1937 a standard curriculum for school of nursing was prepared; practice of nursing was infiltrated with educational objectives. 15. National League for Nursing Education the nursing organization that made attempts to set standards of nursing education 16. Edith Louisa Cavell Mata Hari served the wounded soldiers during World War I 17. Julia Stimson the first woman to hold the rank of Major in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps 18. Miss Jane Delano directness of the American Nursing Service of the Red Cross during World War I 19. Armistice Period public health work was emphasized, Nurses had to deal with malnutrition, TB, influenza, epidemic and the rehabilitation of those disabled in war 20. October 29, 1929 beginning of the Period of Great Depression there was severe financial crisis in the U.S. there was oversupply of nurses; most nurses were unemployed because many hospitals were closed as a consequence of patient shortage. 21. 1935-1937 financial rehabilitation started through a series of Social Security laws passed by the Congress 22. Bolton Bill (Public Law No. 146) provided funds for refresher courses for nurses no longer in active nursing and stimulation of recruitments programs for schools of nursing V. Period of Contemporary Nursing The period began at the end of World War II. This period includes scientific and technological developments and many of the social changes occurring since 1945.

f)

Since health was perceived as a fundamental right, laws were legislated to provide such right. Ex: Medicare and Social Security laws. g) Nursing involvement in community health is greatly emphasized to support Primary Health Care. h) Technologic efficiency has relieved nurses from a numerous tedious task. Ex: Use of disposable, prepacked and pre-prepared hospital equipments i) The nurse of the modern times is constantly assuming responsibilities of patient care that were formerly the sole prerogative of the physician HISTORY OF NSG. IN THE PHILIPPINES I. EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

1. beliefs about causations of disease

-another person9enemy or witch) 2. people believed the evil spirits could be driven away by persons w/ powers to expel demons 3. people believed in special gods of healing, w/ the priest-physician (word-doctors) as intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they will called herb doctors(herbolaryo) HEALTH CARE DURING THE SPANISH REGIME NURSING DURING THE PHIL. REVOLUTION THE FIRST COLLEGES OF NSG. IN THE PHIL. NSG. LEADERS IN THE PHIL. Anastacia giron tupas- 1st fil. Nurse to hold the pos. of chief nurse superintendent; founder- PNA Cesaria tan- MAN abroad Socorro sirilan- pioneered in hospital social service in san lazaro hospital where she was the chief nurse. Rosa militar- pioneered in school health education Sor ricarda Mendoza- pioneered in nursing education Socorro diaz- first editor of PNA magazine called the message Conchita ruiz- first full-time editor of PNA mag called the Filipino nurse

II. III. IV. V.


VI.

Loreto tupaz- dean of phil. Nsg. Regarded as the Florence nightingale of Iloilo. HEALTH NSG. ORGANIZATIONS