CURRENTS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS MAGNETIC FIELD SURROUNDING A LONG STRAIGHT WIRE Apply Amperes Law to the circumference

a circle of radius r. of

B gdl
B=

s r

=0 i

0 i 2 r

MAGNETIC FIELD CENTRE OF A CIRCULAR LOOP A current i is maintained in a thin, tightly would coil of N Y turns, with a radius, R. X What is the magnetic field, B at the centre of the coil? Cant use Amperes Law (no symmetry) need to use Biot-Savart Law. The magnetic field at the centre of a coil of radius R with one turn is found from the Biot-Savart Law: B Z i

r r r o i dL R i dL dB = dB = o 2 3 4 R 4 R r r since dL and R are at right angles to each other. For N turns and integrating dB B = N dB = N

o N i o i i dL = N o 2 ( 2 R ) = 2 4 R 4 R 2R

Direction of B in Z-direction, if current anticlockwise in XY plane (Right Hand Screw Rule)

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MAGNETIC FIELD ALONG AXIS LONG SOLENOID

Consider the rectangular contour C shown in the figure. It encloses a total current of N i where i is the current through the wire and N is the number of turns. By Amperes Law

B ds = B L + 0 + 0 + 0 =
C

Ni

B=

o N i = 0 n I L
Magnetic field B ~ confined within coils Direction of B from Right Hand Screw Rule B0 dL C
start

N turns: Current i

B=0 L

see Good p82

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MAGNETIC FIELD - AIR FILLED TOROID What is the magnetic field inside an air-core toroid of radius r and cross-sectional area A with N turns.
Current in Z direction Current in Z direction Y

r B

d ds

The magnetic field B throughout the coil will not deviate appreciably from its value at the mean radius r of the torus, if the torus width d, is much less than its average circumference 2 r. The direction of B is clockwise (Right Hand Screw Rule). Applying Amperes Law around the circle with radius r, we get

.ds = B

r r

Ni B=

o N i 2 r

and m = B A

What is the area A?

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MATLAB MAGNETIC FIELD FROM A CURRENT LOOP The Biot-Savart law can be used to calculate the magnetic field from any current configuration. r r r o i dl r dB = 4 r 3 Although this equation looks difficult to perform calculations with, using Matlab it is relatively easy. We will consider a very important type of current configuration: a current loop of radius a, centered at the origin and in the xy plane. We will calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field B surrounding the current loop in the xz plane. To simplify the programming, the magnetic field is calculated in arbitrary units with a = 1. The limits of the region where the magnetic field (detector space) is calculated is given in terms of the radius of the current loop a. We sum the contribution from each current element dB at each detector point (xP, yP, zP). r r r dl r dB = r3 Steps in the calculation using current_loop.m Divide the circumference into N elements of length L. The center of each element (xC, yC, zC) and its (Lx, Ly, Lz = 0) components are specified by the radius of the circle a, and an angle which is measured anticlockwise with respect to the x axis. Set up a two dimension grid for the detector points (xP, yP = 0, zP) at which the magnetic field is calculated. For each element, calculate: The displacement r(rx, ry, rz) from the center of each element (xC, yC, zC) to each detector point P(xP, yP, zP). The cross product r r i j r r dl r = Lx Ly rx ry r r r dl r = i ( Ly rz ) r r r r k i j k Lz = Lx Ly 0 rz rx 0 rz r r j ( Lx rz ) + k ( rx Ly )

Sum the contribution of the magnetic field from each element.

p2/em/magnetism_2.doc

 Plot the magnetic field. From our magnetic field calculated in the xz plane, we can plot the magnetic field along the z axis. An expression for the magnetic field along the z axis when r >> a is 1 o 2 i a 2 or in our arbitrary units B = 3 zP 4 r 3 We can compare the two results, one from the using the Biot-Savart Law and one using the approximation. How well do the results agree with the default values? Increase the range for the z values so that r >> a by increasing both zPmin and zPmax. How do the approximation now compare? B= Note how the magnetic field drops off very rapidly with distance. What is the y component of the magnetic field? Is this what you expected? You can copy and edit this program to plot the magnetic field in an xy plane just above the current loop. MATLAB SCRIPT % current_loop.m clear all close all clc % current loop ============================================ a=1; % radius of current loop N = 115; % number of elements in current loop theta = zeros(1,N); % angle of current loop element xC = zeros(1,N); % xyz coordinates for point current lop element yC = zeros(1,N); zC = zeros(1,N); dtheta = 360/N; theta(1) = dtheta/2; theta(end) = 360-dtheta/2; for c = 2 : N-1 theta(c) = (c-1)*dtheta+theta(1); end xC = a.*cosd(theta); yC = a.*sind(theta); L = 2*pi*a/N; % length of each current loop element Lx = L.*cosd(90+theta); Ly = L.*sind(90+theta); clear theta % Detector space (xP, yP, zP) where B is calculated =================== NP = 217; % Detector points NP x N xPmax = 8*a; % Dimensions of detector space

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zPmin = 1*a/4; zPmax = 8*a; xP = linspace(-xPmax,xPmax,NP); zP = linspace(zPmin,zPmax,NP); [xxP zzP] = meshgrid(xP,zP); Bx = zeros(NP,NP);By = Bx; Bz = Bx; % Calculation of magnetic field B: sum over each current element for c = 1 : N rx= xxP - xC(c); rz = zzP - zC(c); ry = yC(c); r = sqrt(rx.^2 + ry.^2 + rz.^2); r3 = r.^3; Bx = Bx + Ly(c).*rz./r3; By = By - Lx(c).*rz./r3; Bz = Bz + Ly(c).*rx./r3; end B = sqrt(Bx.^2 + By.^2 + Bz.^2); B = B./max(max(B)); % normalize B to 1 % GRAPHICS ===================================================== figure(1) pcolor(xxP,zzP,B.^0.2); colormap(hot) shading interp; axis equal; axis([-xPmax xPmax 0 zPmax]); xlabel('xP');ylabel('zP'); set(gca,'XTick',[-6:2:6]); set(gca,'YTick',[0:2:6]); rectangle('Position',[-1 0 2 0.2],'FaceColor','k'); title('Magnetic field from current loop') colorbar figure(2); surf(xxP,zzP,B,'FaceColor','interp',... 'EdgeColor','none',... 'FaceLighting','phong') daspect([1 1 1]) axis tight view(-122,36) camlight left colormap(jet) grid off

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axis off colorbar title('Magnetic field from current loop') % B along z-axis: Biot-Savart & approx. B_theory = abs(1./zP.^3); B_theory = B_theory./max(B_theory); figure(3) index=find(B(1,:)==1); plot(zP,B(:,index),'b'); hold on plot(zP,B_theory,'r'); xlabel('zP'); ylabel('B'); legend('Biot-Savart','Approx'); title('Magnetic field from current loop: xP = 0')
Magnetic field from current loop

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Magnetic field from current loop: xP = 0 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 B (a.u) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 zP/a 5 6 7 8 Biot-Savart Approx

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Magnetic field along the z-axis for a current loop in the xy-plane The Biot-Savart law can be used to calculate the magnetic field along the z-axis for a current loop in the xy plane r r r o i dl r dB = 4 r 3 dBz = dB cos dBx = dB sin

dB

dB

r2 = a2 + z 2 z cos = r

dBz =

0 i dl i dl a 0 i dl a ia cos = 0 2 = = 0 dl 2 3 4 r 4 r r 4 r 4 ( z 2 + a 2 ) 3/ 2 0 i dl a 0 a 2 i iA (2 a ) = = 0 3 2 2 3/ 2 2 2 3/ 2 4 ( z + a ) 2 z 2( z + a )
B= A = a2

Bz = dBz =

In the centre of the loop (z = 0)

0 i 2a

p2/em/magnetism_2.doc

MAGNETIC DIPOLE

MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT

The circular current loop is a very important example because it leads to the concept of the magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. B m m=iA

Bz =

0 iA 2 z 3

Torque on a magnetic dipole in an external magnetic field r r r = mB = m B sin For B = Bz what is the torque when the loop is in an xz plane and in the xy plane? Draw diagrams to illustrate the answers. Potential energy of a magnetic dipole r r U = m gB = m B cos Take the zero of the potential energy function to be at = 90o. Draw a diagram showing the dipole at angles , = 0, = 90o, = 180o Sketch a graph of the potential function for from 0o to 180o. How is the dipole aligned in its lowest energy state? in its highest energy state?

Example A compass needle of pure iron ( Fe = 7900 kg.m-3) has a length of 30.0 mm, a width of 1.00 mm and a thickness of 0.500 mm. The magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment associated with an iron atom is mFe = 2.1 10-23 J.T-1

right hand scre rule w

9

(a)

If the magnetization of the needle is equivalent to the alignment of 10% of the atoms in the needle, what is the magnitude of the needles dipole moment m?

p2/em/magnetism_2.doc

(b)

With an inexpensive compass needle, we can measure a local magnetic field by disturbing the needle and timing its oscillations. If the compass needle is displaced slightly from its horizontal N-S equilibrium position and the period of oscillation was 2.20 s, what is the horizontal component of the Earths magnetic field?

The horizontal component of the Earths magnetic field exerts a torque about the needles pivot point when the needle is displaced by a small angle to return it to its equilibrium position M L2 I T = 2 12

I=

r r r = m B = m Bh sin = m Bh NA = 6.02 1023 molar mass Fe = 55.849 g Solution (a) Alignment of all iron N atoms in the needle would give a magnetic dipole moment of N mFe. Since only 10% of the atoms are aligned m = 0.10 N mFe We need to find the number of iron atoms, N then the magnetic dipole moment m Volume, V = (30)(1)(0.50) 10-9 m3 = 1.50 10-8 m3 mass of iron m = V = (7900)( 1.50 10-8) kg = 1.19 10-4 kg mass of 1 mole iron = 55.849 10-3 kg 1 mole contains NA molecules, NA = 6.02 1023 no. of moles of iron , n = (1.19 10-4) / (55.849 10-3) = 2.12 10-3 number of iron atoms, N = n NA = (2.12 10-3)( 6.02 1023) = 1.28 1021 m = 0.10 N mFe = (0.1)(1.28 1021)(2.1 10-23) J.T-1 = 2.68 10-3 J.T-1

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(b) The needle of the compass is free to rotate only horizontally and since the magnetic dipole moment of the needle is directed along its length, the horizontal component of the Earths magnetic field exerts a torque about the needles pivot point when the needle is displaced by a small angle to return it to its equilibrium position r r r = m B = m Bh sin = m Bh Since the motion can be described as angular simple harmonic motion:

=
Rearranging Bh =

I=

M L2 12

= m Bh T = 2

I M L2 = 2 12 m Bh

M L2 2 3mT 2 L = 0.03 m T = 2.2 s m = 2.68 10-3 J.T-1

M = 1.19 10-4 kg Bh = 2.7 10-5 T

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